Rotokas
Kirotokas
familia ya Kaskazini ya Bougainville (kama lugha pekee)
Lugha ya Kirotokas ni maarufu kwa kuwa na mojawapo ya mifumo midogo zaidi ya fonimu duniani: lahaja ya kati ina konsonanti 6 tu (p, t, k, β, ɾ, ɡ) na vokali 5, jumla ya fonimu 11, bila konsonanti yoyote ya nazali. Inazungumzwa na takriban watu 4,000 katika maeneo ya milimani ndani ya kisiwa cha Bougainville (Papua New Guinea). Ilielezwa kwa kina na Firchow & Firchow (1973).
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kirotokas
Vyanzo
- Firchow & Firchow (1973) SIL Rotokas vocabulary
- Robinson (2006) "The Phoneme Inventory of the Aita Dialect of Rotokas." Oceanic Linguistics 45(1): 206-209
- Glottolog: Rotokas (roto1249)
- WALS: Rotokas
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: familia ya Kaskazini ya Bougainville (kama lugha pekee)
| Maana | Kirotokas | Kienga | Kihiri Motu | Kimussau-Emira | Kimotu | Kikanite | Kihuli |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | uukoa /uːkoa/ | endaki /endaki/ | ranu /ɾanu/ | manu /manu/ | ranu /ɾanu/ | tina /tina/ | iba /iba/ |
| Moto | tuitui /tuitui/ | ita /ita/ | lahi /lahi/ | kuraa /kuraː/ | lahi /lahi/ | ata /ata/ | ira hungu /iɾa huŋɡu/ |
| Jua | ravireo /ɾaβiɾeo/ | niki /niki/ | dina /dina/ | sinaka /sinaka/ | dina /dina/ | yage /jaɡe/ | ni /ni/ |
| Mwezi | kekira /kekiɾa/ | kana /kana/ | hua /hua/ | ulana /ulana/ | hua /hua/ | ika /ika/ | ege /eɡe/ |
| Nyota | aaviiko /aːβiːko/ | bui /bui/ | hisiu /hisiu/ | katoto /katoto/ | hisiu /hisiu/ | kaʼnefi /kaʔnefi/ | yapibiya /japibija/ |
| Usiku | rupa /ɾupa/ | kuka /kuka/ | hanuaboi /hanuaboi/ | voo /voː/ | hanuaboi /hanuaboi/ | hani /hani/ | biraga /biɾaɡa/ |
| Mvua | kokeva /kokeβa/ | apu /apu/ | medu /medu/ | vaoo /vaoo/ | medu /medu/ | kola /kola/ | ta /ta/ |
| Upepo | kiuvu /kiuβu/ | poo /poː/ | lai /lai/ | kuukuu /kuukuu/ | lai /lai/ | yasi /jasi/ | puyabu /pujabu/ |
| Udongo | rasito /ɾasito/ | yuu /juː/ | tano /tano/ | kosa /kosa/ | tano /tano/ | mopa /mopa/ | dindi /dindi/ |
| Jiwe | aveke /aβeke/ | kana /kana/ | nadi /ˈnadi/ | atu /atu/ | nadi /nadi/ | yafa /jafa/ | ege to̱le̱ /eɡe tɔlɛ/ |
| Mlima | pukui /pukui/ | yuu manda /juː manda/ | ororo /ororo/ | motouru /motouru/ | ororo /oɾoɾo/ | agoʼya /aɡoʔja/ | hari /hari/ |
| Bahari | toruva /toɾuβa/ | solowata /solowata/ | davara /davara/ | paamanu /paamanu/ | davara /davara/ | hage li /haɡe li/ | iba solowara /iba solowara/ |
| Mama | aako /aːko/ | endangi /endaŋɡi/ | sina /sina/ | kina /kina/ | sinana /sinana/ | ita /ita/ | ai̱ya /aĩja/ |
| Baba | aite /aite/ | takange /takaŋɡe/ | tama /tama/ | tama /tama/ | tamana /tamana/ | nafa /nafa/ | aba /aba/ |
| Binti | oviiva /oβiːβa/ | wanenge /waneŋɡe/ | natuna kekeni /natuna kekeni/ | natuna vause /natuna vause/ | natuna kekenina /natuna kekenina/ | muna /muna/ | wane /wane/ |
| Mimi | ragai /ɾaɡai/ | namba /namba/ | lau /lau/ | aghi /aɣi/ | lau /lau/ | nagaya /naɡaja/ | i /i/ |
| Wewe | vii /βiː/ | emba /emba/ | oi /oi/ | io /io/ | oi /oi/ | kagaya /kaɡaja/ | í /í/ |
| Sisi | vigei / igei /βiɡei / iɡei/ | naima /naima/ | ita / ai /ita / ai/ | ita / ami /ita / ami/ | ita / ai /ita / ai/ | tagaya /taɡaja/ | ina /ina/ |
| Jina | vaisia /βaisia/ | kenge /keŋɡe/ | ladana /laˈdana/ | arari /arari/ | ladana /ladana/ | agi /aɡi/ | mini /mini/ |
| Kichwa | kukueva /kukueβa/ | ayamba /ajamba/ | kwarana /kʷarana/ | uru /uru/ | kwara /kʷaɾa/ | anu /anu/ | haguane /haɡuane/ |
| Jicho | osireito /osiɾeito/ | lenge /leŋɡe/ | matana /matana/ | mata /mata/ | matana /matana/ | aulaga /aulaɡa/ | de /de/ |
| Sikio | uvareoua /uβaɾeoua/ | kale /kale/ | taiana /taiana/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | taiana /taiana/ | agesa /aɡesa/ | hale /hale/ |
| Pua | iruvaoto /iɾuβaoto/ | lyaa /ʎaː/ | udubaubauna /udubaubauna/ | ngusu /ŋusu/ | udu-baubau /udubaubau/ | — | gui /ɡui/ |
| Mdomo | akuta /akuta/ | kambu /kambu/ | uduna /uduna/ | paa /paa/ | udu /udu/ | avaya /avaja/ | ne hariga /ne haɾiɡa/ |
| Jino | reuri /ɾeuɾi/ | nenge /neŋɡe/ | isena /isena/ | ngalungalu /ŋaluŋalu/ | ise /ise/ | ave /ave/ | ne /ne/ |
| Ulimi | arevuoto /aɾeβuoto/ | keke /keke/ | mala /mala/ | ramuramuti paa /ramuramuti paa/ | mala /mala/ | avefuʼna /avefuʔna/ | hege /heɡe/ |
| Mkono | vavae /βaβae/ | kingi /kiŋɡi/ | ima /ima/ | nima /nima/ | ima /ima/ | ayana /ajana/ | ki /ki/ |
| Mguu | kokoto /kokoto/ | moko /moko/ | ae /ae/ | keke /keke/ | ae /ae/ | aiya /aija/ | ge /ɡe/ |
| Moyo | vovouisi /βoβouisi/ | mona /mona/ | kudouna /kudouna/ | urunguita /uruŋuita/ | kudouna /kudouna/ | agu /aɡu/ | gubalini /ɡubalini/ |
| Mfupa | kerua /keɾua/ | kuli /kuli/ | turia /turia/ | riu /riu/ | turia /turia/ | ayamufa /ajamufa/ | kuni /kuni/ |
| Damu | revasiva /ɾeβasiβa/ | taiyoko /taijoko/ | rara /rara/ | rae /rae/ | rara /rara/ | kola /kola/ | darama /daɾama/ |
| Upendo | kavikoa /kaβikoa/ | auu kaenge /auː kaeŋɡe/ | lalokau /lalokau/ | aielousi /aielousi/ | lalokau /lalokau/ | avesi /avesi/ | hando /hando/ |
| Mti | evaova /eβaoβa/ | ita /ita/ | au /au/ | ai /ai/ | au /au/ | yosa /josa/ | ira /iɾa/ |
| Mbwa | kaakau /kaːkau/ | yana /jana/ | sisia /sisia/ | paua /paua/ | sisia /sisia/ | kala /kala/ | yamu /jamu/ |
| Paka | epusi /epusi/ | pusi /pusi/ | pusi /pusi/ | busi /busi/ | gosi /ɡosi/ | pusi /pusi/ | pusi /pusi/ |
| Samaki | atarito /ataɾito/ | amane /amane/ | gwarume /ɡʷaɾume/ | kko /kːo/ | gwarume /ɡʷaɾume/ | noyame /nojame/ | wena /wena/ |
| Ndege | kokioto /kokioto/ | yaka /jaka/ | manu /manu/ | ghila /ɣila/ | manu /ˈmanu/ | nama /nama/ | ega /eɡa/ |
| Kipepeo | kokopuoto /kokopuoto/ | — | kaubebe /kaubebe/ | kaubebe /kaubebe/ | kaubebe /kaubebe/ | — | — |
| Yai | takura /takuɾa/ | tuku /tuku/ | gatoi /ɡatoi/ | otolu /otolu/ | gatoi /ɡatoi/ | — | haba /haba/ |
| Dubu | bea /bea/ | bea /bea/ | bea /bea/ | beaa /beaː/ | bea /bea/ | pea /pea/ | bea /bea/ |
| Farasi | hos /hos/ | osa /osa/ | hosi /hosi/ | ooso /ooso/ | hosi /hosi/ | hosi /hosi/ | nogo hosi /noɡo hosi/ |
| Nyumba | kepa /kepa/ | anda /anda/ | ruma /ɾuma/ | ale /ale/ | ruma /ɾuma/ | no /no/ | anda /anda/ |
| Asali | koisi ovi /koisi oβi/ | oni /oni/ | — | iruena /iɾuena/ | bada ranuna /bada ɾanuna/ | — | mone ibane /mone ibane/ |
| Chumvi | avaka /aβaka/ | aipi /aipi/ | damena /damena/ | uela /uela/ | damena /damena/ | sole /sole/ | ibi /ibi/ |
| Mvinyo | vuropa ovi /βuɾopa oβi/ | waene /waene/ | uaina /uaina/ | uaeni /uaeni/ | vine ranuna /vine ɾanuna/ | — | waini iba /waini iba/ |
| Chuma | ain /ain/ | aene /aene/ | auri /ˈauɾi/ | aeana /aeana/ | auri /ˈauɾi/ | — | aeane /aeane/ |
| Gurudumu | viriviria /βiɾiβiɾia/ | — | uili /uili/ | — | ava-keikei /avakeikei/ | — | garo ge /ɡaɾo ɡe/ |
| Kitabu | vuku /βuku/ | buku /buku/ | buka /ˈbuka/ | vuku /vuku/ | buka /buka/ | avo /avo/ | mbuga /mbuɡa/ |
| Kula | aio /aio/ | nepenge /nepeŋɡe/ | ania /ania/ | nama /nama/ | aniani /aniani/ | ne /ne/ | na /na/ |
| Kunywa | ukaio /ukaio/ | na pee /na peː/ | inua /inua/ | ropi /ropi/ | inuinu /inuinu/ | ne /ne/ | ila /ila/ |
| Kulala | uusi /uːsi/ | luu palenge /luː paleŋɡe/ | mahuta /maˈhuta/ | asekanue /asekanue/ | mahuta /maˈhuta/ | fae /fae/ | palia /palia/ |
| Moja | katai /katai/ | mendai /mendai/ | ta /ta/ | sesa /sesa/ | ta /ta/ | nagoke /naɡoke/ | mbira /mbiɾa/ |
| Mbili | erao /eɾao/ | lapo /lapo/ | rua /rua/ | lua /lua/ | rua /rua/ | tole /tole/ | kira /kiɾa/ |
| Tatu | vo peva /βo peβa/ | tepo /tepo/ | toi /toi/ | kotolu /kotolu/ | toi /toi/ | tagufa /taɡufa/ | tebira /tebiɾa/ |
| Nne | vo resura /βo ɾesuɾa/ | kitomende /kitomende/ | hani /hani/ | ghaata /ɣaata/ | hani /hani/ | foʼa /foʔa/ | maria /maɾia/ |
| Tano | vo vavae /βo βaβae/ | yuungi /juːŋɡi/ | ima /ima/ | lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | faefuʼa /faefuʔa/ | duria /duɾia/ |
| Mia | katai vovoto /katai βoβoto/ | andate /andate/ | handred /handred/ | kateva ai /kateva ai/ | sinahu /sinahu/ | vani hataleti /vani hataleti/ | handari /handari/ |
| Habari | vearoa /βeaɾoa/ | kotaka /kotaka/ | namona /namona/ | elue talaua /elue talaua/ | namo gida /namo ɡida/ | naipa /naipa/ | balu /balu/ |
| Asante | vearovira /βeaɾoβiɾa/ | yaka pilyino lenge /jaka piʎino leŋɡe/ | tanikiu /tanikiu/ | kaili emasina /kaili emasina/ | oi namo /oi namo/ | muse /muse/ | wei /wei/ |
| Nzuri | rekoreko /ɾekoɾeko/ | epe /epe/ | namo /namo/ | masina /masina/ | namo /namo/ | kanale /kanale/ | bayale /bajale/ |
| Mpya | aire /aiɾe/ | enenge /eneŋɡe/ | matamata /matamata/ | ouna /ouna/ | matamata /matamata/ | haegafa /haeɡafa/ | gahenge /ɡaheŋɡe/ |
| Nyekundu | revasia /ɾeβasia/ | kone /kone/ | kakakaka /kakakaka/ | raeraeana /raeraeana/ | kakakaka /kakakaka/ | haesa /haesa/ | daramabi /daɾamabi/ |
| Nyeupe | popote /popote/ | kyeo /kjeo/ | kurokuro /kurokuro/ | usousoana /usousoana/ | kurokuro /kurokuro/ | efeʼage /efeʔaɡe/ | pele /pele/ |
| Nyeusi | rupa /ɾupa/ | pumbuti /pumbuti/ | korema /korema/ | voovongiena /voovoŋiena/ | koremakorema /koɾemakoɾema/ | anupa /anupa/ | mindi /mindi/ |
| Kijani | kokovara /kokoβaɾa/ | sakapae /sakapae/ | gadoka gadoka /ɡadoka ɡadoka/ | — | gadokagadoka /ɡadokaɡadoka/ | — | — |
| Buluu | kuuva /kuːβa/ | sakapae /sakapae/ | gadoka gadoka /ɡadoka ɡadoka/ | — | gadokagadoka /ɡadokaɡadoka/ | — | mindibi /mindibi/ |
| Kahawa | koopi /koːpi/ | kopi /kopi/ | kofi /kofi/ | — | kofi /kofi/ | — | — |
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