Kirwa
Atlantiki-Kongo
Kirwa (pia huitwa Kimeru au Rwo) ni lugha ya Kibantu inayozungumzwa katika miteremko ya Mlima Meru katika Mkoa wa Arusha, kaskazini-mashariki mwa Tanzania, ikiwa na wazungumzaji wapatao 198,000. Ni ya kundi la Kilimanjaro Magharibi (Chaga ya Magharibi) ndani ya eneo E.60 la uainishaji wa Guthrie, na inahusiana kwa karibu na lugha za Kichaga za Mlima Kilimanjaro upande wa mashariki (kundi linalojumuisha Kimachame jmc, Kimoshi cha Kale old, na Kivunjo). Kirwa huhifadhi sifa za toni na ngeli za nomino zilizo za kawaida katika lugha za Kibantu, pamoja na ngeli takriban kumi na mfumo hai wa kimofolojia wa hali ya kitendo. Kazi ya kutafsiri Biblia tangu miaka ya 1990 imezaa vitabu vya kusomea vilivyosanifishwa, na Agano Jipya kwa Kirwa lilichapishwa katika miaka ya 2010.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kirwa
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Atlantiki-Kongo
| Maana | Kirwa | Kimashami | Kichasu | Kishambaa | Kinyamwezi | Kinyaturu | Kisukuma |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | mura /muɾa/ | mura /muɾa/ | mende /mende/ | mazi /mazi/ | minzi /minzi/ | maji /madʒi/ | minzi /minzi/ |
| Moto | muro /muɾo/ | muro /muɾo/ | mshika /mʃika/ | moto /moto/ | moto /moto/ | moto /moto/ | moto /moto/ |
| Jua | saa /saː/ | mwi /mwi/ | idhuva /iðuʋa/ | zuwa /zuwa/ | lyuba /ljuβa/ | yura /juɾa/ | liimi /liːmi/ |
| Mwezi | mwiri /mwiɾi/ | mwiiri /mwiːɾi/ | mwezi /mwezi/ | ṅwezi /ŋwezi/ | ngʼwezi /ŋweːzi/ | umweri /umweɾi/ | ng'weji /ŋweːdʒi/ |
| Nyota | nyinyiri /ɲiɲiɾi/ | nyinyiri /ɲiɲiɾi/ | nyenyeri /ɲeɲeri/ | ntondwe /ntondwe/ | nsonda /nsonda/ | njota /ndʒota/ | sonda /sonda/ |
| Usiku | kio /kio/ | kio /kio/ | usiku /usiku/ | kilo /kilo/ | buziku /buziku/ | utiku /utiku/ | bujiku /budʒiku/ |
| Mvua | fua /fua/ | mbuo /mbuo/ | mvua /mvua/ | fula /fula/ | mbula /mbula/ | mbura /mbura/ | mbula /mbula/ |
| Theluji | mboṛongo /mboɾoŋɡo/ | kyaamwi /kjaːmwi/ | chasheru /tʃaʃeru/ | — | theluji /θeluʒi/ | seluji /seludʒi/ | seluji /seludʒi/ |
| Upepo | mburaato /mbuɾaːto/ | uraato /uɾaːto/ | mpeho /mpeho/ | mpeho /mpeho/ | myaga /mjaɡa/ | mpefo /mpefo/ | nyaga /ɲaɡa/ |
| Udongo | uteri /uteɾi/ | uteri /uteɾi/ | isanga /isaŋɡa/ | shanga /ʃaŋɡa/ | bulongo /buloŋɡo/ | irongo /iɾoŋɡo/ | bulongo /buloŋɡo/ |
| Jiwe | iwe /iwe/ | iwe /iwe/ | ibwe /ibwe/ | iwe /iwe/ | iwe /iwe/ | igwe /iɡwe/ | iwe /iwe/ |
| Mlima | uro /uɾo/ | ifumbu /ifumbu/ | ntuvi /ntuvi/ | muima /muima/ | lugulu /luɡulu/ | gitanto /ɡitanto/ | lugulu /luɡulu/ |
| Bahari | nruva /nɾuva/ | yeeve /jeːve/ | bahari /bahari/ | bahali /bahali/ | nyanza /ɲanza/ | irambo /iɾambo/ | nyanza /ɲanza/ |
| Mama | mama /mama/ | mama /mama/ | mama /mama/ | mama /mama/ | mayu /maju/ | mama /mama/ | mayu /maju/ |
| Baba | baba /baba/ | baba /baba/ | baba /baba/ | tate /tate/ | baba /baba/ | tata /tata/ | baba /baba/ |
| Binti | mwana wa kika /mwana wa kika/ | mwana wa kyika /mwana wa kjika/ | mwana wa kibora /mwana wa kibora/ | ṅwana ywa kindele /ŋwana jwa kindele/ | mwana mukima /mwana mukima/ | muncha /muntʃa/ | nshike /nʃike/ |
| Mimi | inyi /iɲi/ | yeny /jeɲ/ | mine /mine/ | imi /imi/ | nene /ˈnene/ | une /une/ | nene /nene/ |
| Wewe | iwe /iwe/ | yewe /jewe/ | uwe /uwe/ | iwe /iwe/ | gwegwe /ˈɡweɡwe/ | uwe /uwe/ | bebe /bebe/ |
| Sisi | ise /ise/ | yese /jese/ | uswi /uswi/ | ishwi /iʃwi/ | iswe /iswe/ | sese /sese/ | yise /jise/ |
| Jina | irina /irina/ | irina /irina/ | izina /izina/ | zina /zina/ | lina /ˈlina/ | rina /ɾina/ | lina /lina/ |
| Mtu | nndu /ndu/ | nndu /ndu/ | mntu /mntu/ | mntu /mntu/ | munhu /munhu/ | muntu /muntu/ | munhu /munhu/ |
| Kichwa | nrwe /nɾwe/ | nrwe /nɾwe/ | mtwi /mtwi/ | mtwi /mtwi/ | mutwe /mutwe/ | itwe /itwe/ | ntwe /ntwe/ |
| Jicho | iriso /iɾiso/ | iriso /iɾiso/ | iiso /iːso/ | zisho /ziʃo/ | liso /liso/ | riho /riho/ | liso /liso/ |
| Sikio | kuri /kuɾi/ | kuri /kuɾi/ | isikio /isikio/ | shikio /ʃikio/ | itwi /itwi/ | ikutwi /ikutwi/ | gutu /ɡutu/ |
| Mdomo | kana /kana/ | kana /kana/ | momo /momo/ | kanwa /kanwa/ | mulomo /mulomo/ | momo /momo/ | nomo /nomo/ |
| Jino | iyoo /ijoː/ | iyoo /ijoː/ | jino /dʒino/ | zino /zino/ | lino /lino/ | ino /ino/ | lino /lino/ |
| Ulimi | ulumi /ulumi/ | ulumi /ulumi/ | ulimi /ulimi/ | ulimi /ulimi/ | lulimi /lulimi/ | urimi /urimi/ | lulimi /lulimi/ |
| Mkono | uko /uko/ | woko /woko/ | mkono /mkono/ | mkono /mkono/ | kukono /kukono/ | ukuboko /ukuboko/ | nkono /nkono/ |
| Mguu | urende /uɾende/ | urende /uɾende/ | ivunda /ivunda/ | mulundi /mulundi/ | kugulu /kuɡulu/ | mughuu /muɣuː/ | lupambala /lupambala/ |
| Moyo | ngoo /ŋɡoː/ | ngoo /ŋɡoː/ | ngiti /ŋɡiti/ | moyo /mojo/ | moyo /mojo/ | umutima /umutima/ | ng'holo /ŋholo/ |
| Mfupa | ifua /ifua/ | ifua /ifua/ | ivindi /ivindi/ | vuha /vuha/ | iguha /iɡuha/ | ikufa /ikufa/ | iguha /iɡuha/ |
| Damu | usao /usao/ | samu /samu/ | sakame /sakame/ | mpome /mpome/ | magazi /maɡazi/ | sakami /sakami/ | mininga /miniŋɡa/ |
| Upendo | ikunda /ikunda/ | ìkwenda /ikwenda/ | lumba /lumba/ | kukunda /kukunda/ | butogwa /butoɡwa/ | butogwa /butoɡwa/ | butogwa /butoɡwa/ |
| Mti | nri /nɾi/ | nri /nɾi/ | mti /mti/ | mti /mti/ | muti /muti/ | umuti /umuti/ | nti /nti/ |
| Mbwa | mboha /mboha/ | ikite /ikite/ | mbwa /mbwa/ | kuli /kuli/ | mbwa /mbwa/ | imbwa /imbwa/ | mva /mva/ |
| Paka | paka /paka/ | paka /paka/ | paka /paka/ | nyau /ɲau/ | paka /paka/ | paka /paka/ | nyabu /ɲabu/ |
| Samaki | ikunga /ikuŋɡa/ | kunga /kuŋɡa/ | samaki /samaki/ | samaki /samaki/ | somba /soːmba/ | somba /somba/ | ndilo /ndilo/ |
| Ndege | ndee /ndeː/ | ndeye /ndeje/ | ideghe /ideɣe/ | deghe /deɣe/ | noni /noni/ | nyonyi /ɲoɲi/ | noni /noni/ |
| Yai | ngosho /ŋɡoʃo/ | ipore /ipoɾe/ | igi /iɡi/ | tagi /taɡi/ | igi /iɡi/ | ighe /iɣe/ | igi /iɡi/ |
| Farasi | farasi /faɾasi/ | frasi /fɾasi/ | farasi /farasi/ | faashi /faːʃi/ | falasi /falasi/ | nyumbu /ɲumbu/ | falasa /falasa/ |
| Nyumba | numba /numba/ | mmba /mːba/ | nyumba /ɲumba/ | nyumba /ɲumba/ | numba /numba/ | nyumba /ɲumba/ | numba /numba/ |
| Maziwa | maruva /maɾuva/ | malela /malela/ | mavee /maveː/ | mele /mele/ | mabeele /maβeːle/ | maya /maja/ | mabeele /mabeːle/ |
| Asali | uki /uki/ | ukyi /ukji/ | nzoke /nzoke/ | woki /woki/ | buuki /buːki/ | ruke /ruke/ | buuki /buːki/ |
| Chumvi | munyu /muɲu/ | shumbi /ʃumbi/ | munyu /muɲu/ | munyu /muɲu/ | munu /munu/ | munyu /muɲu/ | munhu /munhu/ |
| Mvinyo | mfinyo /mfiɲo/ | mfinyo /mfiɲo/ | mvinyo /mviɲo/ | mvinyo /mviɲo/ | mvinyo /mviɲo/ | divai /divai/ | mvinya /mviɲa/ |
| Chuma | minya /miɲa/ | minya /miɲa/ | kighera /kiɣera/ | kiama /kiama/ | kisinza /kisinza/ | ichuma /itʃuma/ | jisinza /dʒisinza/ |
| Hariri | hariri /haɾiɾi/ | — | hariri /hariri/ | halili /halili/ | — | hariri /haɾiɾi/ | halili /halili/ |
| Kitabu | kitabu /kitabu/ | kyitabu /kjitabu/ | kitabu /kitabu/ | kitabu /kitabu/ | kitabu /kitabu/ | gitabu /ɡitabu/ | shitabo /ʃitabo/ |
| Kula | ilya /ilja/ | ìlya /iʎa/ | kurya /kurja/ | kuja /kuɟa/ | kulya /kuʎa/ | kuria /kuɾia/ | kulya /kuʎa/ |
| Kunywa | inwa /inwa/ | ìnyo /iɲo/ | kunwa /kunwa/ | kunywa /kuɲwa/ | kunwa /kunwa/ | kunywa /kuɲwa/ | kung'wa /kuŋwa/ |
| Moja | mongo /moŋɡo/ | ìmwí /imwi/ | imwe /imwe/ | ṅwenga /ŋwenɡa/ | imo /imo/ | umwe /umwe/ | imo /imo/ |
| Mbili | fivili /fivili/ | fiwii /fiwiː/ | avili /aβili/ | mbili /mbili/ | ibili /iβili/ | aviri /aβiri/ | ibili /ibili/ |
| Tatu | firaru /fiɾaɾu/ | fihahu /fihahu/ | adatu /adatu/ | katatu /katatu/ | idatu /idatu/ | itatu /itatu/ | idatu /idatʊ/ |
| Nne | fiini /fiːni/ | fiina /fiina/ | — | kane /kaːne/ | inne /inːe/ | inne /inːe/ | ine /ine/ |
| Tano | firaanu /fiɾaːnu/ | fihanu /fihanu/ | — | kashano /kaʃano/ | itaano /itaːno/ | itano /itano/ | itano /itano/ |
| Mia | iyana /ijana/ | iyana /ijana/ | ighana /iɣana/ | gana /ɡana/ | igana /iɡana/ | ighana /iɣana/ | igana /iɡana/ |
| Habari | kira /kiɾa/ | máshàlòmà /maʃaloma/ | shiloi /ʃiloi/ | — /—/ | mwadita /mwadita/ | mbukire /mbukiɾe/ | mwangaluka /mwaŋɡaluka/ |
| Asante | asante /asante/ | ahsànte /ahsante/ | mwasanga /mwasaŋɡa/ | asante /asante/ | twabakaba /twaβakaβa/ | asante /aˈsante/ | nakulumba /nakulumba/ |
| Nzuri | kya /kja/ | ìchá /itʃa/ | mwamba /mwamba/ | mtana /mtana/ | soga /soɡa/ | kihi /kihi/ | awiza /awiza/ |
| Mpya | shiiya /ʃiːja/ | shiiya /ʃiːja/ | shaa /ʃaː/ | mpya /mpja/ | pya /pja/ | mpya /mpja/ | pya /pja/ |
| Nyekundu | itondoṛie /itondoɾie/ | idodorye /idodoɾje/ | nkundu /nkundu/ | nkundu /nkundu/ | laluku /laluku/ | ntune /ntune/ | ndulu /ndulu/ |
| Nyeupe | sheelwa /ʃeːlwa/ | shaa /ʃaː/ | jewa /dʒewa/ | yengʼaa /jeŋaː/ | pe /pe/ | njeru /ndʒeru/ | ape /ape/ |
| Nyeusi | shuu /ʃuː/ | shuu /ʃuː/ | jiru /dʒiru/ | size /size/ | pi /pi/ | njiutiki /ndʒiutiki/ | api /api/ |
| 99 | makumi kyeenda na kyeenda /makumi kjeːnda na kjeːnda/ | makumi kyeenda na kyeenda /makumi kjeːnda na kjeːnda/ | makumi kenda na kenda /makumi kenda na kenda/ | milongo kenda na kenda /miloŋɡo keːnda na keːnda/ | makumi kenda na kenda /makumi kenda na kenda/ | makumi kenda na kenda /makumi kenda na kenda/ | makumi kenda na kenda /makʊmi kenda na kenda/ |
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