Tayal
Kiatayal
Kiaustronesia (Atayalic)
Atayal (Tayal) ni lugha kuu ya Kiformosa cha Kaskazini ya milima ya kaskazini mwa Taiwan, inayozungumzwa na watu wapatao 85,000 wakiwa na watumiaji wapatao 10,000 wa lugha ya kwanza (L1) wa kila siku. Inatambuliwa kama mojawapo ya lugha 16 za asili za Kiaustronesia za Taiwan. Lahaja kuu mbili: Squliq (yenye uhifadhi zaidi, msingi wa kiwango sanifu) na C'uli'. Maarufu kwa desturi ya chale ya uso (ptasan) inayoashiria utu uzima (ilipigwa marufuku na utawala wa kikoloni wa Kijapani mwaka 1913). Mofolojia ya kitenzi yenye urudufishaji mwingi na mfumo wa Kiaustronesia wa kuonyesha kitovu (focus-marking) wa Atayal ni ushahidi muhimu katika nadharia za Formosa-kama-nchi-asili.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kiatayal
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustronesia (Atayalic)
| Maana | Kiatayal | Kitruku/Seediq | Kibunun | Kithao | Kisasak | Kibatak cha Angkola | Kingaju |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | qsyaʼ /qsijaʔ/ | qsiya /qsija/ | danum /danum/ | sazum /saðum/ | aiq /aiʔ/ | aek /aek/ | danum /danum/ |
| Moto | puniq /puniq/ | puniq /puniq/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apuy /apuj/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | apui /apui/ |
| Jua | wagiʼ /waɡiʔ/ | hidaw /hidaw/ | vali /vali/ | fitulha /fituʎa/ | jelo /dʒəlo/ | mata ni ari /mata ni ari/ | matanandau /matanandau/ |
| Mwezi | byacing /bjatʃiŋ/ | idas /idas/ | buan /buan/ | furaz /fuɾað/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Nyota | bingah /biŋah/ | pngrah /pŋəɾah/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | fituʼish /fituʔiʃ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Usiku | mlhngan /mlhŋan/ | keeman /kəman/ | labian /labian/ | tanlhuan /tanɬuan/ | malem /maləm/ | borngin /borŋin/ | hamalem /hamaləm/ |
| Mvua | qwalax /qwalax/ | quyux /qujux/ | qudan /qudan/ | qusaz /qusað/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ | udan /uˈdan/ | ujan /udʒan/ |
| Theluji | hlaqiy /hlaqij/ | huda /huda/ | paav /paav/ | ulhza /uɬða/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ |
| Upepo | behuy /bəhuj/ | bgihur /bɡihuɾ/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | fari /faɾi/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | riwut /riwut/ |
| Udongo | rhzyal /rhzjal/ | dxgal /dəxɡal/ | dalah /dalah/ | pruq /pruq/ | tanaq /tanaʔ/ | tano /tano/ | petak /petak/ |
| Jiwe | btunux /btunux/ | btunux /btunux/ | batu /batu/ | fatu /fatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mlima | rgyax /rɣjax/ | dgiyaq /dɡijaq/ | ludun /ludun/ | huzun /huðun/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | dolok /dolok/ | bukit /bukit/ |
| Bahari | bsilung /bsiluŋ/ | gsilung /ɡsiluŋ/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | wazakan /waðakan/ | segare /səɡarə/ | laut /laut/ | tasik /tasik/ |
| Mama | yayaʼ /jajaʔ/ | bubu /bubu/ | tina /tina/ | ina /ina/ | inaq /inaʔ/ | inang /inaŋ/ | indu /indu/ |
| Baba | yabaʼ /jabaʔ/ | tama /tama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ | amaq /amaʔ/ | amang /amaŋ/ | bapa /bapa/ |
| Binti | laqi kneril /laqi knəril/ | wauwa /wauwa/ | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | — | anak nine /anak ninə/ | boru /boru/ | anak bawi /anak bawi/ |
| Mimi | kuzing /kuziŋ/ | yaku /jaku/ | saikin /saikin/ | yaku /jaku/ | aku /aku/ | au /au/ | aku /aku/ |
| Wewe | isuʼ /ʔisuʔ/ | isu /ʔisu/ | suu /suʔu/ | ihu /ʔihu/ | side /sidə/ | ho /ho/ | ikau /ikau/ |
| Sisi | itaʼ / sami /itaʔ / sami/ | ita / yami /ʔita / jami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | ita / yamin /ʔita / jamin/ | ite / kami /itə / kami/ | hita / hami /hita / hami/ | itah / ikei /itah / ikei/ |
| Jina | laluʼ /laluʔ/ | hangan /haŋan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | tanan /tanan/ | aran /aran/ | goar /ɡoar/ | aran /aran/ |
| Mtu | squliq /squliq/ | seediq /sədiq/ | bunun /bunun/ | caw /θaw/ | dengan /dəŋan/ | halak /halak/ | uluh /uluh/ |
| Kichwa | tunux /tunux/ | tunux /tunux/ | bungu /buŋu/ | punuq /punuq/ | otak /otak/ | ulu /ulu/ | takuluk /takuluk/ |
| Jicho | roziq /roziq/ | dowriq /dowɾiq/ | mata /mata/ | maca /maθa/ | mate /matə/ | mata /mata/ | mate /mate/ |
| Sikio | papak /paˈpak/ | birat /biɾat/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | lharina /ɬarina/ | kentok /kəntok/ | pinggol /piŋɡol/ | pinding /pindiŋ/ |
| Pua | nguhuw /ŋuhuw/ | muhing /muhiŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | muzin /muðin/ | irung /iruŋ/ | igung /iɡuŋ/ | urung /uruŋ/ |
| Mdomo | nqwaq /nqwaq/ | quwaq /quwaq/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | ruzic /ɺuðiθ/ | biwih /biwih/ | baba /baba/ | nyama /ɲama/ |
| Jino | gʼnux /ɡʔnux/ | rupun /ɾupun/ | nipun /nipun/ | nipin /nipin/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ipon /ipon/ | kasinga /kasiŋa/ |
| Ulimi | hmaʼ /hmaʔ/ | hema /həma/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | zama /ðama/ | elaq /əlaʔ/ | dila /dila/ | jela /dʒelaʔ/ |
| Mkono | qbaʼ /qbaʔ/ | baga /baɡa/ | ima /ima/ | lima /lima/ | ime /imə/ | tangan /taŋan/ | lengen /ləŋən/ |
| Mguu | kakay /kakaj/ | papak /papak/ | bantas /bantas/ | kuskus /kuskus/ | naé /nae/ | pat /pat/ | pai /pai/ |
| Moyo | nyux /njux/ | lnglungan /lŋluŋan/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | putul /putul/ | ate /ate/ | roha /roha/ | atei /atei/ |
| Mfupa | baqniʼ /baqniʔ/ | but /but/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | puʼu /puʔu/ | tolang /tolaŋ/ | holi-holi /holiˈholi/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Damu | ramuʼ /ramuʔ/ | dara /daɾa/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | talhum /taɬum/ | daraq /daraʔ/ | mudar /mudar/ | daha /dahaʔ/ |
| Kinyesi | quciʼ /qutsiʔ/ | quti /quti/ | taki /taki/ | caqi /θaqi/ | tai /tai/ | — | tai /tai/ |
| Upendo | kmalu inlungan /kmalu inluŋan/ | gmalu /ɡmalu/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | madaidaz /madaiðað/ | tresne /trəsnə/ | holong /holoŋ/ | sinta /sinta/ |
| Mti | qhuniq /qhuniq/ | qhuni /qhuni/ | kahu /kahu/ | lhalum /ʎalum/ | lolon kayu /lolon kaju/ | hayu /haju/ | kayu /kaju/ |
| Mbwa | huzil /huzil/ | huling /huliŋ/ | asu /asu/ | atu /atu/ | acong /aˈtʃoŋ/ | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ |
| Paka | ngiyaw /ŋijaw/ | ngiyaw /ŋijaw/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | posi /posi/ | meong /meoŋ/ | huting /hutiŋ/ | posa /posa/ |
| Samaki | qulih /quliç/ | qsurux /qsuɾux/ | iskan /iskan/ | rusaw /ɾusaw/ | empaq /əmpaʔ/ | ihan /ˈihan/ | lauk /ˈlauk/ |
| Ndege | qbhniq /qbhniq/ | qbhni /qbhəni/ | hazam /hazam/ | rumfaz /ɾumfað/ | kedit /kədit/ | unggas /uŋɡas/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Kipepeo | kperay /kpəraj/ | klaway /klawaj/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | kurari /kuɾaɾi/ | — | — | kakupu /kakupuʔ/ |
| Yai | bazing /baziŋ/ | balung /baluŋ/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | qaricuy /qaɾiθuj/ | teloq /təloʔ/ | pira /pira/ | tanteluh /tantəluh/ |
| Dubu | ngarux /ŋarux/ | sumay /sumaj/ | tumaz /tumað/ | cumay /θumai/ | beruang /bəruaŋ/ | gompul /ɡompul/ | bahuang /bahuaŋ/ |
| Farasi | rmeʼ /rməʔ/ | dmay /dmaj/ | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | tishmamraw /tiʃmamɾaw/ | jaran /dʒaran/ | kudo /kudo/ | kuda /kuda/ |
| Nyumba | ngasal /ŋasal/ | sapah /sapah/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | kayan /kajan/ | bale /bale/ | bagas /baɡas/ | huma /huma/ |
| Maziwa | mirukuʼ /mirukuʔ/ | nunuh /nunuh/ | susu /susu/ | — | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ |
| Asali | buq na hzing /buq na hziŋ/ | beyuq /bejuq/ | vanu /vanu/ | fulhia wa madahun /fuɬia wa madahun/ | madu /madu/ | aer ni loba /aer ni loba/ | madu /madu/ |
| Chumvi | cimuʼ /tsimuʔ/ | cimu /tsimu/ | hasila /hasila/ | qtilha /qtiɬa/ | sie /siə/ | sira /sira/ | uyah /ujah/ |
| Mchele | bwax /bwax/ | buwax payay /buwax pajaj/ | cilas /tsilas/ | — | beras /bəras/ | — | behas /behas/ |
| Chuma | baliq /baliq/ | xiluy /xiluj/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | balis /balis/ | besi /bəsi/ | bosi /bosi/ | wasi /wasi/ |
| Gurudumu | hbangan /hbaŋan/ | ribaw /ɾibaw/ | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | — | gegiling /ɡəɡiliŋ/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ |
| Kitabu | biruʼ /biruʔ/ | patis /patis/ | patasan /patasan/ | patashan /pataʃan/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ |
| Kula | maniq /maniq/ | meekan /meekan/ | maun /maun/ | kuman /kuman/ | mangan /maŋan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | kuman /kuman/ |
| Kunywa | mnbuw /mnbuw/ | mimah /mimah/ | muqun /muqun/ | naqayan /naqajan/ | nginem /ŋinəm/ | minum /minum/ | mihop /mihop/ |
| Kulala | mʼabiʼ /mʔabiʔ/ | mtaqi /mtaqi/ | masabah /masabah/ | malhus /maɬus/ | tindoq /tindoʔ/ | modom /modom/ | batiruh /batiruh/ |
| Moja | qutux /qutux/ | kingal /kiŋal/ | tasa /tasa/ | tata /tata/ | sekéq /səkeʔ/ | sada /sada/ | ije /ije/ |
| Mbili | sazing /saziŋ/ | dha /daha/ | dusa /dusa/ | tusha /tuʃa/ | due /duə/ | dua /dua/ | due /ˈdue/ |
| Tatu | cyugal /tsjuɡal/ | teru /təɾu/ | tau /tau/ | turu /tuɾu/ | telu /təlu/ | tolu /tolu/ | telo /təlo/ |
| Nne | payat /pajat/ | sepac /səpats/ | paat /paːt/ | shpat /ʃpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | opat /opat/ | epat /əpat/ |
| Tano | magal /maɣal/ | rima /ɾima/ | hima /hima/ | rima /rima/ | lima /limə/ | lima /lima/ | lime /lime/ |
| Mia | kbhul /kβhul/ | kbekuy /kbəkuj/ | saba /saba/ | shaba /ʃaba/ | satus /satus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ |
| Habari | lokah /lokah/ | embiyax /əmbijax/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | ya /ja/ | salam /salam/ | horas /horas/ | salamat /salamat/ |
| Asante | mhuway /mhuwaj/ | mhuway /mhuwaj/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | mihu /mihu/ | tampi asih /tampi asih/ | mauliate /mauliate/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ |
| Nzuri | blaq /blaq/ | malu /malu/ | masial /masial/ | kapah /kapah/ | solah /solah/ | denggan /deŋɡan/ | bahalap /bahalap/ |
| Mpya | geqas /ɡəqas/ | bgurah /bɡuɾah/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | faqlhu /faqɬu/ | baru /baru/ | imbaru /imbaru/ | taheta /taheta/ |
| Nyekundu | mtalah /mtalah/ | mbanah /mbanah/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | mashinaw /maʃinaw/ | beaq /beaʔ/ | rara /rara/ | bahandang /bahandaŋ/ |
| Nyeupe | plqwiʼ /plqwiʔ/ | bhgay /bhəɡaj/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | mapuzi /mapuði/ | putiq /putiʔ/ | bontar /bontar/ | baputi /baputi/ |
| Nyeusi | mqalux /mqalux/ | mqalux /mqalux/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | maqusum /maqusum/ | bideng /bidəŋ/ | lomlom /lomlom/ | babilem /babiləm/ |
| Kijani | mtasiq /mtasiq/ | msama /msama/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | ijo /idʒo/ | rata /rata/ | bahijau /bahidʒau/ |
| Buluu | mtasiq /mtasiq/ | mgkarats /mŋ̩kaɾats/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | biru /biru/ | rata langit /rata laŋit/ | biru /biru/ |
| Kompyuta | tennaw /tənnaw/ | patas samaw | tinnau /tinnau/ | tiannau /tiannau/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ |
| Chai | ocyaʼ /otsjaʔ/ | ocya /otsja/ | ucia /utsia/ | — | tih /tih/ | — | teh /teh/ |
| Sukari | kmsyaʼ /kmsjaʔ/ | qmsiya /qəmsija/ | kamasia /kamasia/ | — | gule /ɡulə/ | — | — |
| Chungwa | yutak /jutak/ | mami /mami/ | izuk /izuk/ | — | — | — | — |
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