Aln8baôdwawôgan
Western Abenaki
Algonquian
Western Abenaki (autonymously Aln8baôdwawôgan) is an Eastern Algonquian language of the Abenakian sub-branch, originally spoken across the Champlain Valley region of present-day Vermont, New Hampshire, and southern Quebec. The Abenaki were the indigenous inhabitants of these regions, and the western variety distinguishes itself from Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Maine) and the closely related Maliseet-Passamaquoddy. By the late 19th century, US assimilationist policies and Vermont eugenics laws had largely suppressed the Abenaki community, with most speakers shifting to French at Odanak, Quebec, where many Abenaki had taken refuge from US persecution. By the 1980s, only a handful of fluent speakers remained. The 1995 Day dictionary and Odanak community immersion programs have launched a vibrant heritage revival, particularly among young Abenaki at the Odanak community.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Western Abenaki
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Algonquian
| Meaning | Western Abenaki | Maliseet-Passamaquoddy | Atikamekw | Munsee | Algonquin | Cree | Ojibwe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | nebi /nebi/ | samaqan /samakʷan/ | nipi /nipi/ | mpíi /mbiː/ | nibì /nɪbiː/ | ᓂᐱᕀ /nipij/ | nibi /nibi/ |
| Fire | skweda /skweda/ | sqot /skʷot/ | ickote /iʃkote/ | lúhsuw /luhsuw/ | ishkotè /ɪʃkɔteː/ | ᐃᐢᑯᑌᐤ /iskoteːw/ | ishkode /iʃkode/ |
| Sun | kisos /kisos/ | kisuhs /kisuhs/ | pisimw /pisimʷ/ | kíishux /kiːʃux/ | kìzis /kiːzɪs/ | ᐲᓯᒼ /piːsim/ | giizis /ɡiːzis/ |
| Moon | nanibossad /nanibossad/ | nipawset /nipawset/ | tipiskaw pisim /tipiskaw pisim/ | nipáhum /nipahum/ | tibik-kìzis /tɪbɪkkiːzɪs/ | ᑎᐱᐢᑳᐏ ᐲᓯᒼ /tipiskaːwi piːsim/ | dibik-giizis /dibik ɡiːzis/ |
| Star | alakws /alakʷs/ | possesom /pəsːesɒm/ | atcakoc /atʃakoʃ/ | alaánkw /alaːŋkʷ/ | anang /aˈnaŋ/ | ᐊᒑᐦᑯᐢ /atʃaːhkos/ | anang /anaŋ/ |
| Night | tebokw /tebokʷ/ | nipayiw /nipajiw/ | tipisko /tipisko/ | piskeew /piskeːw/ | tibik /tibik/ | ᑎᐱᐢᐠ /tipisk/ | dibik /dibik/ |
| Rain | soglon /soɡlon/ | — | kimiwon /kimiwon/ | — | kimiwan /kimiwan/ | ᑭᒥᐘᐣ /kimiwan/ | gimiwan /ɡimiwan/ |
| Snow | wazôli /wazɔ̃li/ | wast /wast/ | kon /kon/ | koon /koːn/ | kòn /kɔːn/ | ᑰᓇ /koːna/ | goon /ɡoːn/ |
| Wind | kzelômsen /kzelɔ̃msen/ | — | rotin /ɾotin/ | — | nòdin /nɔːdin/ | ᔫᑎᐣ /joːtin/ | noodin /noːdin/ |
| Earth | ki /ki/ | ktahkomiq /ktahkomikʷ/ | aski /aski/ | — | aki /aki/ | ᐊᓯᐢᑭᕀ /asiskij/ | aki /aki/ |
| Stone | sen /sen/ | ponapsq /ponapskʷ/ | asini /asini/ | asun /əsən/ | asin /asin/ | ᐊᓯᓂᕀ /asinij/ | asin /aˈsin/ |
| Sea | sobagw /sobaɡʷ/ | supeq /supekʷ/ | kitcikami /kitʃikami/ | — | kichigam /kitʃiɡam/ | ᑭᐦᒋᑲᒥᕀ /kihtʃikamij/ | gichigami /ɡitʃiɡami/ |
| Mother | nigawes /niɡawes/ | wikuwossit /wikuwossit/ | okawi /okawi/ | nkáhees /ŋkaheːs/ | ningà /nɪŋɡaː/ | ᓂᑲᐎᕀ /nikaːwij/ | nimaamaa /nimaːmaː/ |
| Father | mitôgwes /mitõɡwes/ | mihtaqsit /mihtakʷsit/ | otawi /otawi/ | nóoxw /noːxw/ | nòs /nɔːs/ | ᓄᐦᑖᐎᕀ /noːhtaːwij/ | indede /indede/ |
| I | nia /nia/ | nil /nil/ | nir /niɾ/ | nii /niː/ | niin /niːn/ | ᓂᔭ /nija/ | niin /niːn/ |
| You | kia /kia/ | kil /kil/ | kir /kiɾ/ | kii /kiː/ | giin /ɡiːn/ | ᑭᔭ /kija/ | giin /ɡiːn/ |
| We | kiona / niona /kiona / niona/ | kilun / nilun /kilun / nilun/ | kirano / ninan /kiɾano / ninan/ | kiilóona / niilóona /kiːloːna / niːloːna/ | giinawind / niinawind /ɡiːnawind / niːnawind/ | ᑭᔭᓈᓇᐤ / ᓂᔭᓈᐣ /kijaːnaw / nijanaːn/ | giinawind / niinawind /ɡiːnawind / niːnawind/ |
| Name | wizôwôgan /wizɔ̃wɔ̃ɡan/ | wisuwon /wisəwɒn/ | icinikatewin /iʃinikatewin/ | wiinzuwaakan /wiːnzuwaːkan/ | wiinzowin /wiːnzowin/ | ᐏᐦᐅᐎᐣ /wiːhowin/ | izhinikaazowin /iʒinikaːzowin/ |
| Head | mdup /mdup/ | woniyakon /wonijakon/ | octikwaninan /oʃtikwaninan/ | — | oshtigwàn /ɔʃtiɡwaːn/ | ᒥᐢᑎᒁᐣ /mistikwaːn/ | oshtigwaan /oʃtiɡwaːn/ |
| Eye | msizukw /msizukʷ/ | ʼsisoq /sisokʷ/ | ockicikonan /oʃkiʃikonan/ | wíikšiit /wiːkʃiːt/ | oshkìnzhig /ɔʃkiːnʒɪɡ/ | ᒥᐢᑮᓯᐠ /miskiːsik/ | oshkiinzhig /oʃkiːnʒiɡ/ |
| Ear | otawagw /otawaɡʷ/ | ʼcalokoss /tʃalokos/ | otokainan /otokainan/ | — | otawag /ɔtawaɡ/ | ᒥᐦᑕᐘᑲᕀ /mihtawakaj/ | otawag /otawaɡ/ |
| Mouth | mdon /mdon/ | ʼtun /tun/ | otoninan /otoninan/ | — | odòn /ɔdɔːn/ | ᒥᑑᐣ /mitoːn/ | odoon /odoːn/ |
| Tooth | wibit /wibit/ | wipit /wipit/ | wipit /wipit/ | nipit /nipit/ | wiibid /wiːbid/ | ᒦᐱᐟ /miːpit/ | wiibid /wiːbid/ |
| Tongue | wilalo /wilalo/ | wilol /wilol/ | oterininan /oteɾininan/ | wilanew /wilanew/ | apijan /apidʒan/ | ᒥᑌᔭᓂᕀ /miteːjanij/ | denaniw /denaniw/ |
| Hand | melji /meldʒi/ | ʼpihtin /pihtin/ | otcitcinan /otʃitʃinan/ | mléelii /mleːliː/ | ninj /nɪndʒ/ | ᒥᒋᐦᒋᕀ /mitʃihtʃij/ | ninij /ninidʒ/ |
| Foot | mzid /mzid/ | ʼsit /sit/ | osit /osit/ | nzíit /nziːt/ | ozid /ozid/ | ᒥᓯᐟ /misit/ | nizid /nizid/ |
| Heart | mlawôgan /mlawɔ̃ɡan/ | moshun /moshun/ | otehinan /otehinan/ | ulehyii /ulehjiː/ | odè /ɔdeː/ | ᒥᑌᐦ /miteːh/ | odeʼ /odeʔ/ |
| Bone | oskan /oskan/ | skonis /skonis/ | oskaninan /oskaninan/ | wakan /wakan/ | okan /okan/ | ᒥᐢᑲᐣ /miskan/ | okan /okan/ |
| Blood | bagakan /baɡakan/ | pokahkon /pokahkon/ | miko /miko/ | mokw /mokʷ/ | miskwi /miskwi/ | ᒥᐦᑯ /mihko/ | miskwi /miskwi/ |
| Love | — /—/ | kseltom /kseltom/ | sakihiwewin /sakihiwewin/ | ahóoluw /ahoːluw/ | sàgiʼà /saːɡiʔaː/ | ᓵᑭᐦᐃᐍᐏᐣ /saːkihiweːwin/ | zaagiʼiwewin /zaːɡiʔiweːwin/ |
| Tree | abazi /abazi/ | opos /opos/ | mictikw /miʃtikʷ/ | hìttuk /hitːuk/ | mitig /mɪtɪɡ/ | ᒥᐢᑎᐠ /mistik/ | mitig /mitiɡ/ |
| Dog | alemos /alemos/ | olomuss /olomuss/ | atimw /atimʷ/ | mwáakaneew /mwaːkaneːw/ | animosh /anɪmɔʃ/ | ᐊᑎᒼ /atim/ | animosh /animoʃ/ |
| Cat | minowis /minowis/ | psuwis /psuwis/ | minoc /minoʃ/ | póshiis /poʃiːs/ | — /—/ | ᒥᓅᐢ /minoːs/ | gaazhagens /ɡaːʒaɡens/ |
| Fish | namas /namas/ | nomehs /nomehs/ | names /names/ | names /names/ | kikons /kiɡons/ | ᑭᓄᓭᐤ /kinoseːw/ | giigoonh /ɡiːɡõː/ |
| Bird | sips /sips/ | sips /sips/ | pirecic /piɾeʃiʃ/ | awehléeshoosh /awehleːʃoːʃ/ | — | ᐱᔦᓰᐢ /pijeːsiːs/ | bineshiinh /bineʃĩː/ |
| Egg | wôwan /wɔ̃wan/ | wawon /wawon/ | waw /waw/ | wáhwal /wahwal/ | — | ᐚᐎ /waːwi/ | waawan /waːwan/ |
| Bear | awasos /awasos/ | muwin /muwiːn/ | masko /masko/ | maxkw /maxkʷ/ | makwa /makwa/ | ᒪᐢᑿ /maskwa/ | makwa /makwa/ |
| Horse | ases /ases/ | ahahs /ahahs/ | atikw /atikʷ/ | — | pejòshkwe /peʒɔːʃkʷe/ | ᒥᐢᑕᑎᒼ /mistatim/ | bebezhigooganzhii /bebeʒiɡoːɡanʒiː/ |
| House | wigwôm /wiɡwõm/ | wikuwam /wikuwam/ | mikiwam /mikiwam/ | wíikwam /wiːkwam/ | wàkàigan /waːkaːiɡan/ | ᐚᐢᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ /waːskahikan/ | wiigiwaam /wiːɡiwaːm/ |
| Milk | todosnôbo /todosnɔ̃bo/ | molaqs /molakʷs/ | tcotcocanapo /tʃotʃoʃanapo/ | — | tòdòshànàbò /tɔːdɔːʃaːnaːbɔː/ | ᑐᐦᑑᓵᐳᕀ /tohtoːsaːpoj/ | doodooshaaboo /doːdoːʃaːboː/ |
| Salt | siwan /siwan/ | salawey /salawej/ | ciwotakan /ʃiwotakan/ | shíiwang /ʃiːwaŋ/ | shìwitàgan /ʃiːwitaːɡan/ | ᓰᐑᐦᑖᑲᐣ /siːwiːhtaːkan/ | zhiiwitaagan /ʒiːwitaːɡan/ |
| Wine | makwbagak /makʷbaɡak/ | meqpahak /mekʷpahak/ | minicapo /miniʃapo/ | — | — | ᓲᒥᓈᐳᕀ /soːminaːpoj/ | mazhoominaaboo /maʒoːminaːboː/ |
| Wheel | wakôlikws /wakɔ̃likʷs/ | wahkaliqs /wahkalikʷs/ | toro /toɾo/ | — | — | ᐅᑎᐦᑎᐱᐸᔨᐤ /otihtipipajiw/ | detibised /detibised/ |
| Silk | silki /silki/ | — | taripanekin /taɾipanekin/ | — | — | ᓭᓂᐹᓀᑭᐣ /seːnipaːneːkin/ | zenibaawegin /zenibaːweɡin/ |
| Eat | midjoda /midʒoda/ | mitsu /mitsu/ | mitciso /mitʃiso/ | mit /mit/ | wìsini /wiːsɪni/ | ᒦᒋᓱᐤ /miːtʃisow/ | wiisini /wiːsini/ |
| Drink | minoda /minoda/ | lossomu /lossomu/ | minikwew /minikwew/ | mneew /mneew/ | minikwe /mɪnɪkwe/ | ᒥᓂᐦᐠᐌᐤ /minihkweːw/ | minikwe /minikwe/ |
| One | ngwedi /ŋɡwedi/ | pesq /peskʷ/ | peikw /pejkʷ/ | ngwútii /ŋɡwutiː/ | pejig /peʒɪɡ/ | ᐯᔭᐠ /peːjak/ | bezhig /beʒiɡ/ |
| Two | nis /nis/ | nis /nis/ | nicw /niʃʷ/ | niisha /niːʃa/ | niizh /niːʒ/ | ᓃᓱ /niːso/ | niizh /niːʒ/ |
| Three | nas /nas/ | nihi /nihi/ | nicto /niʃto/ | nxáh /nxaːh/ | nisin /nisin/ | ᓂᐢᑐ /nisto/ | niswi /niswi/ |
| Four | iaw /jaw/ | new /new/ | new /new/ | néewa /neːwa/ | niwin /niwin/ | ᓀᐓ /neːwo/ | niiwin /niːwin/ |
| Five | nôlan /nõlan/ | nan /nan/ | niaran /niaɾan/ | náalan /naːlan/ | naanan /naːnan/ | ᓂᔮᓇᐣ /nijaːnan/ | naanan /naːnan/ |
| Hundred | nguedatgua /ŋɡwedatɡwa/ | ʼqotatq /kʷotatkʷ/ | mitato mitana /mitato mitana/ | nkwətaːpóxkə /nkwətaːpoxkə/ | — | ᒥᑖᑕᐦᑐᒥᑕᓇᐤ /mitaːtahtomitanaw/ | ingodwaak /inɡodwaːk/ |
| Hello | kwai /kwai/ | qey /kʷej/ | kwei /kwej/ | hé /heː/ | Kwe /kwe/ | ᑖᓂᓯ /taːnisi/ | boozhoo /boːʒoː/ |
| Thank you | wliwni /wliwni/ | woliwon /woliwon/ | mikwetc /mikwetʃ/ | wanìshi /waniʃi/ | Migwech /mɪɡwetʃ/ | ᑭᓇᓈᐢᑯᒥᑎᐣ /kinanaːskomitin/ | miigwech /miːɡʷetʃ/ |
| Good | wlaha /wlaha/ | woli /woli/ | mirwacin /miɾwaʃin/ | weltóok /weltoːk/ | mino /mɪnɔ/ | ᒥᔫ /mijoː/ | mino /mino/ |
| New | wski /wski/ | pileyu /pileju/ | ocki /oʃki/ | — | oshki /ɔʃki/ | ᐅᐢᑳᔨ /oskaːji/ | oshki /oʃki/ |
| Red | mkwi /mkwi/ | mqeyu /mkʷeju/ | mikwaw /mikwaw/ | maxkeew /maxkeːw/ | miskwa /miskwa/ | ᒥᐦᒁᐤ /mihkwaːw/ | miskwaa /miskwaː/ |
| White | wôbi /wɔ̃bi/ | wapeyu /wapeju/ | wapaw /wapaw/ | waapeew /waːpeːw/ | wàbà /waːbaː/ | ᐚᐱᐢᑳᐤ /waːpiskaːw/ | waabishkaa /waːbiʃkaː/ |
| Black | mkazawi /mkazawi/ | mokoseweyu /mokoseweju/ | makatewaw /makatewaw/ | — | makadewà /makadewaː/ | ᑲᐢᑭᑌᐚᐤ /kaskiteːwaːw/ | makadewaa /makadewaː/ |
| Green | askaskui /askaskwi/ | — | ocawackwaw /oʃawaʃkwaw/ | — | ozhàwashkwà /ɔʒaːwaʃkwaː/ | ᐊᐢᑭᐦᑕᒁᐤ /askihtakwaːw/ | ozhaawashkwaa /oʒaːwaʃkwaː/ |
| Blue | wlôwi /wlɔ̃wi/ | musqonocihte /muskʷonotʃihte/ | — | — | — | ᓰᐱᐦᒁᐤ /siːpihkwaːw/ | ozhaawashkwaa /oʒaːwaʃkwaː/ |
| Tea | di /di/ | ti /ti/ | nipicwapo /nipiʃwapo/ | — | — | ᓂᐦᑎᕀ /nihtij/ | aniibiish /aniːbiːʃ/ |
| Coffee | kapi /kapi/ | kahpe /kahpe/ | kapi /kapi/ | — | — | ᐱᐦᑲᐦᑌᐚᐳᕀ /pihkahteːwaːpoj/ | makade-mashkikiwaaboo /makade maʃkikiwaːboː/ |
| Sugar | zogal /zoɡal/ | sukol /sukol/ | — | — | — | ᓰᐏᓂᑲᐣ /siːwinikan/ | ziinzibaakwad /ziːnzibaːkwad/ |
| Orange | wasawas /wasawas/ | alonocis /alonotʃis/ | — | — | — | ᐅᓵᐚᐢ /osaːwaːs/ | wezaawiminagizid /wezaːwiminaɡizid/ |
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