Cymraeg
Welsh
Celtic
Also known as: Welsh, Cymraeg
Welsh (Cymraeg) is a Brythonic Celtic language related to Cornish and Breton, spoken mainly in Wales and also by smaller communities elsewhere, including Patagonia. It has official status in Wales; the 2021 census recorded 538,300 residents aged three or older who reported that they could speak it, while other surveys use different methods and produce different estimates. Welsh is normally written in the Latin alphabet and is noted for grammatical consonant mutations, including soft, nasal, and aspirate mutation, as well as a basic verb–subject–object word order. Welsh-medium education means education in which Welsh is a principal language of teaching and learning, not merely a subject taught in English-medium schools, and it is central to language transmission. The Welsh Government’s Cymraeg 2050 strategy aims for one million speakers and greater daily use by 2050.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Welsh
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Celtic
| Meaning | Welsh | Cornish | Breton | Swedish | Malaysian English | Australian English | Geordie |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | dŵr /duːr/ | dowr /dɔuɾ/ | dour /duːɾ/ | vatten /vatːɛn/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwoːɾə/ | water /ˈwɔːtɐ/ |
| Fire | tân /tɑːn/ | tan /tan/ | tan /tɑ̃ːn/ | eld /ɛld/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /fɑːə/ | fire /faɪə/ |
| Sun | haul /haɨl/ | howl /haʊl/ | heol /heːɔl/ | sol /suːl/ | sun /san/ | sun /sɐn/ | sun /sʊn/ |
| Moon | lleuad /ɬɛɨ̯ad/ | loor /loːɾ/ | loar /lwaːɾ/ | måne /moːnɛ/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ |
| Star | seren /ˈsɛrɛn/ | sterenn /ˈstɛrɛn/ | steredenn /steˈreːdɛn/ | stjärna /ˈɧæːɳa/ | star /staː/ | star /stɐː/ | star /staː/ |
| Night | nos /noːs/ | nos /noːz/ | noz /noːs/ | natt /natː/ | night /naɪt/ | night /nɑet/ | night /naɪt/ |
| Rain | glaw /ɡlau̯/ | glaw /ɡlɛu/ | glav /ɡlɑːw/ | regn /rɛŋn/ | rain /ɹeːn/ | rain /ɹæɪn/ | rain /ɹeːn/ |
| Snow | eira /əɨra/ | ergh /ɛrx/ | erc'h /ɛrx/ | snö /snøː/ | snow /snoː/ | snow /snɐʉ/ | snow /snəʊ/ |
| Wind | gwynt /ɡwɪnt/ | gwyns /ɡwɪnz/ | avel /ˈavɛl/ | vind /vɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ |
| Earth | pridd /priːð/ | dor /doːr/ | douar /ˈduːar/ | jord /juːrd/ | earth /ɜːt/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ |
| Stone | carreg /ˈkarɛɡ/ | men /mɛːn/ | maen /mɛːn/ | sten /steːn/ | stone /stoːn/ | stone /stoːn/ | stone /stɔːn/ |
| Mountain | mynydd /ˈmənɨð/ | menydh /ˈmɛnɪð/ | menez /ˈmeːnɛs/ | berg /bærj/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntən/ | mountain /ˈmæɔntən/ | mountain /ˈmuːntɪn/ |
| Sea | môr /moːr/ | mor /mɔːr/ | mor /moːr/ | hav /hɑːv/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ |
| Mother | mam /mam/ | mamm /mam/ | mamm /mɑ̃m/ | mamma /mamːa/ | mother /ˈmadə/ | mother /ˈmɐðə/ | mother /ˈmʊðɐ/ |
| Father | tad /tɑːd/ | tas /taːs/ | tad /taːd/ | pappa /papːa/ | father /ˈfadə/ | father /ˈfɐːðə/ | father /ˈfaːðɐ/ |
| Daughter | merch /mɛrx/ | myrgh /mɪrx/ | merc'h /mɛrx/ | dotter /ˈdɔtːɛr/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ | daughter /ˈdoːɾə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtɐ/ |
| I | fi /viː/ | my /mɪ/ | me /me/ | jag /jɑːɡ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /ɑɪ/ | I /aɪ/ |
| You | ti /tiː/ | ty /tɪ/ | te /te/ | du /dʉː/ | you /juː/ | you /jʉː/ | you /juː/ |
| We | ni /niː/ | ni /niː/ | ni /ni/ | vi /viː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ |
| Name | enw /ˈɛnu/ | hanow /ˈhanɔw/ | anv /ˈãːno/ | namn /namn/ | name /neɪm/ | name /næɪm/ | name /neːm/ |
| Person | person /ˈpɛrsɔn/ | den /deːn/ | den /deːn/ | människa /ˈmɛnːɪɧa/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ |
| Head | pen /pɛn/ | penn /pɛn/ | penn /pɛn/ | huvud /ˈhʉːvɵd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hed/ | head /hɛd/ |
| Eye | llygad /ɬəɡad/ | lagas /ˈlaɡas/ | lagad /laɡat/ | öga /øːɡa/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /ɑːe/ | eye /aɪ/ |
| Ear | clust /klɪst/ | skovarn /ˈskɔvarn/ | skouarn /ˈskwarn/ | öra /øːra/ | ear /iə/ | ear /ɪə/ | ear /ɪə/ |
| Nose | trwyn /truːɨ̯n/ | tron /troːn/ | fri /friː/ | näsa /ˈnɛːsa/ | nose /noːs/ | nose /nəʉz/ | nose /niəz/ |
| Mouth | ceg /keːɡ/ | ganow /ˈɡanɔʊ/ | genou /ˈɡeːnu/ | mun /mɵn/ | mouth /maʊt/ | mouth /mæːʉθ/ | mouth /muːθ/ |
| Tooth | dant /dant/ | dans /danz/ | dant /dãnt/ | tand /tand/ | tooth /tuːt/ | tooth /tʉːθ/ | tooth /tʊθ/ |
| Tongue | tafod /ˈtavɔd/ | taves /ˈtavəs/ | teod /tɛwt/ | tunga /ˈtɵŋa/ | tongue /taŋ/ | tongue /taŋ/ | tongue /tʊŋ/ |
| Hand | llaw /ɬaʊ/ | leuv /lœv/ | dorn /dɔɾn/ | hand /hand/ | hand /hæn/ | hand /hæːnd/ | hand /hand/ |
| Foot | troed /troːɨ̯d/ | troos /troːz/ | troad /troat/ | fot /fuːt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ |
| Heart | calon /kalɔn/ | kolon /ˈkɔlɔn/ | kalon /kalɔ̃n/ | hjärta /ˈjæʈːa/ | heart /haːt/ | heart /hɐːt/ | heart /haːt/ |
| Bone | asgwrn /ˈasɡʊrn/ | askorn /ˈaskɔrn/ | askorn /ˈaskorn/ | ben /beːn/ | bone /bon/ | bone /bəʉn/ | bone /bɔːn/ |
| Blood | gwaed /ɡwaɨd/ | goos /ɡoːz/ | gwad /ɡwaːt/ | blod /bluːd/ | blood /blad/ | blood /blad/ | blood /blʊd/ |
| Poop | cach /kaːx/ | kawgh /kauɣ/ | kac'h /kax/ | bajs /bajs/ | poop /puːp/ | poo /pʉː/ | poo /puː/ |
| Love | cariad /karjad/ | kerensa /kɛˈɾɛnsa/ | karantez /kaɾɑ̃ntes/ | kärlek /ɕæːɭɛk/ | love /laf/ | love /lɐv/ | love /lʊv/ |
| Tree | coeden /kɔɨdɛn/ | gwedhen /ˈɡwɛðən/ | gwezenn /ˈɡweːzɛn/ | träd /trɛːd/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ |
| Dog | ci /kiː/ | ki /kiː/ | ki /kiː/ | hund /hɵnd/ | dog /dɔk/ | dog /dɔɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ |
| Cat | cath /kɑːθ/ | kath /kaːθ/ | kazh /kaːs/ | katt /katː/ | cat /kæt/ | cat /kæːt/ | cat /kat/ |
| Fish | pysgodyn /pəsˈɡɔdɨn/ | pysk /pisk/ | pesk /pesk/ | fisk /fɪsk/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ |
| Bird | aderyn /aˈdɛrɨn/ | edhen /ɛðɛn/ | evn /ẽːvn/ | fågel /ˈfoːɡɛl/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ |
| Butterfly | glöyn byw /ˈɡlɔɨn ˈbɪu/ | tykki Duw /ˈtɪki dyʊ/ | balafenn /balaˈfɛn/ | fjäril /ˈfjæːrɪl/ | butterfly /ˈbatəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbɐɾəflɑɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʊtəflaɪ/ |
| Egg | wy /uːɨ/ | oy /ɔɪ/ | vi /viː/ | ägg /ɛɡː/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /eɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ |
| Bear | arth /arθ/ | arth /arθ/ | arzh /ars/ | björn /bjœːɳ/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ |
| Horse | ceffyl /ˈkɛfɨl/ | margh /marx/ | marc'h /marx/ | häst /hɛst/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hoːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ |
| House | tŷ /tɨː/ | chi /tʃiː/ | ti /tiː/ | hus /hʉːs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /hæːʉs/ | house /huːs/ |
| Milk | llaeth /ɬaːɨθ/ | leth /lɛθ/ | laezh /leːs/ | mjölk /mjœlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ |
| Honey | mêl /meːl/ | mel /meːl/ | mel /meːl/ | honung /ˈhoːnɵŋ/ | honey /ˈhani/ | honey /ˈhani/ | honey /ˈhʊni/ |
| Salt | halen /ˈhalɛn/ | holan /ˈhɔlan/ | holen /ˈhoːlɛn/ | salt /salt/ | salt /sɔlt/ | salt /soːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ |
| Wine | gwin /ɡwiːn/ | gwin /ɡwiːn/ | gwin /ɡwiːn/ | vin /viːn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /wɑɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ |
| Rice | reis /reis/ | ris /riːs/ | riz /riːs/ | ris /riːs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹɑɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ |
| Chocolate | siocled /ˈʃɔklɛd/ | choklet /ˈtʃɔklɛt/ | chokolad /ʃoˈkoːlat/ | choklad /ɕʊˈklɑːd/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɔklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɔklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ |
| Iron | haearn /ˈheɨarn/ | horn /hɔɾn/ | houarn /ˈhuːaɾn/ | järn /jæːɳ/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈɑːən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ |
| Wheel | olwyn /ˈɔlʊɨn/ | ros /roːz/ | rod /roːd/ | hjul /juːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ |
| Silk | sidan /ˈsɪdan/ | — | seiz /sɛjs/ | silke /ˈsɪlkɛ/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ |
| Book | llyfr /ɬɪvr/ | lyver /ˈlɪvɛr/ | levr /lɛvr/ | bok /buːk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ |
| Eat | bwyta /bʊɨta/ | dybri /ˈdɨbɾi/ | debriñ /debɾĩː/ | äta /ɛːta/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ |
| Drink | yfed /əvɛd/ | eva /ˈɛva/ | evañ /eːvɑ̃/ | dricka /drɪkːa/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ |
| Sleep | cysgu /ˈkəsɡɨ/ | koska /ˈkɔska/ | kousket /ˈkuskət/ | sova /ˈsuːva/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ |
| One | un /ɨːn/ | onen /ˈɔnən/ | unan /yːnɑ̃n/ | en /eːn/ | one /wan/ | one /wɐn/ | one /wʊn/ |
| Two | dau /daɨ/ | dew /dɛʊ/ | daou /dɔw/ | två /tvoː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tʉː/ | two /tuː/ |
| Three | tri /triː/ | tri /triː/ | tri /triː/ | tre /treː/ | three /tɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ |
| Four | pedwar /ˈpɛdwar/ | peswar /ˈpɛzwar/ | pevar /ˈpɛːvar/ | fyra /ˈfyːra/ | four /fɔː/ | four /foː/ | four /fɔː/ |
| Five | pump /pɨmp/ | pymp /pɪmp/ | pemp /pɛmp/ | fem /fɛmː/ | five /faɪv/ | five /fɑɪv/ | five /faɪv/ |
| Hundred | cant /kant/ | kans /kans/ | kant /kãnt/ | hundra /ˈhɵndra/ | hundred /ˈhandɹɛd/ | hundred /ˈhandɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʊndɹəd/ |
| Hello | helô /hɛˈloː/ | dydh da /dɪð daː/ | demat /deːmat/ | hej /hɛj/ | hello /həˈlo/ | g'day /ɡəˈdæɪ/ | hello /həˈloː/ |
| Thank you | diolch /diːɔlx/ | meur ras /mœːɾ ɾaːs/ | trugarez /tɾyɡaɾes/ | tack /takː/ | thanks /tɛŋks/ | thanks /θæːŋks/ | thanks /θaŋks/ |
| Good | da /dɑː/ | da /daː/ | mat /maːt/ | bra /brɑː/ | good /ɡʊt/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ |
| New | newydd /ˈnɛwɨð/ | nowydh /ˈnɔwɪð/ | nevez /ˈneːves/ | ny /nyː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njʉː/ | new /njuː/ |
| Red | coch /koːx/ | rudh /ryːð/ | ruz /ryːs/ | röd /røːd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹed/ | red /ɹɛd/ |
| White | gwyn /ɡwɪn/ | gwynn /ɡwɪn/ | gwenn /ɡwɛn/ | vit /viːt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /wɑɪt/ | white /waɪt/ |
| Black | du /dɨː/ | du /dyː/ | du /dyː/ | svart /svart/ | black /blæk/ | black /blæːk/ | black /blak/ |
| Green | gwyrdd /ɡwɪrð/ | gwyrdh /ɡwɪrð/ | gwer /ɡwɛr/ | grön /ɡrøːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ |
| Blue | glas /ɡlaːs/ | glas /ɡlaːz/ | glas /ɡlɑːs/ | blå /bloː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /blʉː/ | blue /bluː/ |
| Cuckoo | cog /koːɡ/ | koukou /ˈkukuː/ | koukoug /ˈkukuk/ | gök /jøːk/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ |
| Woof | wff wff /ʊf ʊf/ | — | wouf wouf /wuf wuf/ | voff voff /vɔf vɔf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ |
| Computer | cyfrifiadur /kəvrɪvˈjaːdɨr/ | jynn-amontya /dʒɪn əˈmɔntja/ | urzhiataer /yrzjaˈtaɛːr/ | dator /ˈdɑːtɔr/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjʉːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ |
| Sushi | swshi /ˈsʊʃi/ | sushi | sushi /ˈsyʃi/ | sushi /ˈsʉːɧi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsʉːʃiː/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ |
| Tea | te /teː/ | te /teː/ | te /teː/ | te /tʰeː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ |
| Coffee | coffi /ˈkɔfi/ | koffi /ˈkɔfi/ | kafe /ˈkafe/ | kaffe /ˈkafːɛ/ | coffee /ˈkɔfi/ | coffee /ˈkɔfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ |
| Sugar | siwgr /ˈʃʊɡʊr/ | sugra /ˈsuɡra/ | sukr /sykɾ/ | socker /ˈsɔkːɛr/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡɐ/ |
| Orange | oren /ˈɔrɛn/ | owraval /ɔwˈraval/ | orañjez /oˈrãʒɛs/ | apelsin /apɛlˈsiːn/ | orange /ˈɔɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɔɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ |
| Ninety-nine | naw deg naw /nau dɛɡ nau/ | nownsek ha peswar ugens /naʊnzɛk ha ˈpɛzwar ˈɪɡənz/ | naontek ha pevar-ugent /nãwntek a pewaɾˈyːɡɛn/ | nittionio /ˈnɪtːiuˌniːu/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ |
| Dopamine | dopamin /dɔˈpamɪn/ | Dopamin /dɔˈpamɪn/ | dopamin /doˈpamin/ | dopamin /dɔpaˈmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdoːpamiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdəʉpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdəʊpəmiːn/ |
| At sign | malwen /ˈmalwɛn/ | — | — | snabel-a /ˈsnɑːbɛlɑː/ | at /æt/ | at /æt/ | at /at/ |
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