Lutherdeutsch
Luther-era German
Indo-European (Germanic, West, Frühneuhochdeutsch / Early New High German) · historical / hidden variety
Early New High German (Frühneuhochdeutsch, ENHG, c. 1350-1650) is the German of the Reformation: Luther's Bible (1522 NT, 1534 complete, 1545 final), Hans Sachs's plays, the Volksbücher tradition. Luther's East Central German (ostmitteldeutsch) Saxon chancery prose became the basis on which Modern Standard German (Hochdeutsch) was standardized in the following centuries. Distinct from Middle High German (gmh, 1050-1350) by the New High German Diphthongization (MHG mîn → ENHG mein "my", MHG hûs → ENHG haus "house", MHG iuwer → ENHG euer "your"). Distinct from Modern German (de) by archaic Fraktur-era spellings (Hauß for Haus, Danck for Dank, Hertz for Herz, Bawm for Baum) and pre-standard regional variation. The pedagogical canon taught in German Liceum classes for reading Luther, the Reformation pamphlet tradition, and ENHG literary corpus. Anchored at Wittenberg — Luther's home, site of the 95 Theses (1517), and center of Reformation print culture.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Luther-era German
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (Germanic, West, Frühneuhochdeutsch / Early New High German)
| Meaning | Luther-era German | Swiss Standard German | Austrian German | German | Luxembourgish German | East Franconian | Pennsylvania German |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | Wasser /ˈvasːər/ | Wasser /ˈvasər/ | Wasser /vasɐ/ | Wasser /vasɐ/ | Wasser /vasɐ/ | Wasser /vasːə/ | Wasser /vasər/ |
| Fire | Fewr /ˈfɔɪ̯ər/ | Feuer /ˈfɔɪ̯ər/ | Feuer /fɔɪɐ/ | Feuer /fɔɪ̯ɐ/ | Feuer /fɔɪ̯ɐ/ | Feier /faɪɐ/ | Feier /faɪər/ |
| Sun | Sonne /ˈzɔnə/ | Sonne /ˈsɔnə/ | Sonne /sɔnə/ | Sonne /zɔnə/ | Sonne /zɔnə/ | Sunn /sʊn/ | Sunn /sʊn/ |
| Moon | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Maa /maː/ | Muun /muːn/ |
| Star | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ | Stern /ʃtɛʁn/ | Stern /ʃtɛʁn/ | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ | Schteern /ʃteːrn/ |
| Night | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ |
| Rain | Regen /ˈreːɡən/ | Regen /ˈreːɡən/ | Regen /ˈreːɡn̩/ | Regen /ˈʁeːɡn̩/ | Regen /ˈʁeːɡn̩/ | — | Regge /ˈrɛɡə/ |
| Snow | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ |
| Wind | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnd/ | Wind /vɪnd/ |
| Earth | Erde /ˈeːrdə/ | Erde /ˈeːrdə/ | Erde /eːɐdə/ | Erde /eːɐdə/ | Erde /eːɐdə/ | Erd /ɛɐd/ | Erd /ɛrd/ |
| Stone | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | — | Schtee /ʃteː/ |
| Mountain | Berg /bɛrk/ | Berg /bɛrk/ | Berg /bɛɐk/ | Berg /bɛʁk/ | Berg /bɛʁk/ | — | Barig /ˈbarɪç/ |
| Sea | Meer /meːr/ | Meer /meːr/ | Meer /meːɐ̯/ | Meer /meːɐ̯/ | Meer /meːɐ̯/ | — | See /seː/ |
| Mother | Mutter /ˈmʊtər/ | Mutter /ˈmʊtər/ | Mutter /mʊtɐ/ | Mutter /mʊtɐ/ | Mutter /mʊtɐ/ | Mudder /mʊdɐ/ | Mudder /mʊdər/ |
| Father | Vater /ˈfaːtər/ | Vater /ˈfaːtər/ | Vater /ˈfaːtɐ/ | Vater /faːtɐ/ | Vater /faːtɐ/ | Vadder /fadɐ/ | Daadi /daːdi/ |
| Daughter | Tochter /ˈtɔxtər/ | Tochter /ˈtɔxtər/ | Tochter /ˈtɔxtɐ/ | Tochter /ˈtɔxtɐ/ | Tochter /tɔxtɐ/ | Dochder /dɔxdɐ/ | Dochder /dɔxdər/ |
| I | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ | i /i/ | ich /ɪç/ |
| You | du /duː/ | du /duː/ | du /duː/ | du /duː/ | du /duː/ | du /du/ | du /du/ |
| We | wir /viːr/ | wir /viːr/ | wir /viːɐ/ | wir /viːɐ̯/ | wir /viːɐ̯/ | mir /miɐ/ | mir /miːɐ̯/ |
| Name | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Nama /ˈnamɐ/ | Naame /ˈnɔːmə/ |
| Person | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | — | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ |
| Head | Heubt /hɔɪ̯pt/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ | — | Kopp /kɔp/ |
| Eye | Aug /aʊk/ | Auge /ˈaʊɡə/ | Auge /ˈaʊ̯ɡə/ | Auge /aʊ̯ɡə/ | Auge /aʊ̯ɡə/ | Aach /aːx/ | Aag /ɔːk/ |
| Ear | Ohr /oːr/ | Ohr /oːr/ | Ohr /oːɐ̯/ | Ohr /oːɐ̯/ | Ohr /oːɐ̯/ | Ohr /oːɐ/ | Ohr /oːr/ |
| Nose | Nase /ˈnaːzə/ | Nase /ˈnaːsə/ | Nase /ˈnaːsə/ | Nase /ˈnaːzə/ | Nase /ˈnaːzə/ | — | Naas /nɔːs/ |
| Mouth | Mund /mʊnt/ | Mund /mʊnt/ | Mund /mʊnt/ | Mund /mʊnt/ | Mund /mʊnt/ | — | Maul /maʊl/ |
| Tooth | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zah /tsaː/ | Zaah /tsɔː/ |
| Tongue | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zung /tsuŋ/ | Zung /tsuŋ/ |
| Hand | Handt /hant/ | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hɑnt/ | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hand/ | Hand /hant/ |
| Foot | Fus /fuːs/ | Fuss /fuːs/ | Fuß /fuːs/ | Fuß /fuːs/ | Fuß /fuːs/ | Fuß /fuːs/ | Fuuss /fuːs/ |
| Heart | Hertz /hɛrts/ | Herz /hɛrts/ | Herz /hɛɐts/ | Herz /hɛʁts/ | Herz /hɛʁts/ | Herz /hɛrts/ | Hatz /hats/ |
| Bone | Bein /baɪn/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ | Knocha /ˈknɔxɐ/ | Gnoche /ˈɡnoxə/ |
| Blood | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːd/ | Blut /blut/ |
| Poop | Dreck /drɛk/ | Kacke /ˈkakə/ | Kacke /ˈkakə/ | Kacke /ˈkakə/ | Kacke /ˈkakə/ | — | — /—/ |
| Love | Liebe /ˈliːbə/ | Liebe /ˈliːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | liewe /liːvə/ |
| Tree | Bawm /baʊm/ | Baum /baʊm/ | Baum /baʊ̯m/ | Baum /baʊ̯m/ | Baum /baʊ̯m/ | Bauma /baʊmaː/ | Baam /ˈbɔːm/ |
| Dog | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ |
| Cat | Katze /ˈkatsə/ | Katze /ˈkatsə/ | Katze /kɑtsə/ | Katze /katsə/ | Katze /katsə/ | Katz /kats/ | Katz /kats/ |
| Fish | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ |
| Bird | Vogel /ˈfoːɡəl/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Voggel /fɔɡəl/ |
| Egg | Ey /aɪ̯/ | Ei /aɪ/ | Ei /aɪ/ | Ei /aɪ/ | Ei /aɪ/ | — | Oi /ɔɪ/ |
| Horse | Pferd /pfeːrt/ | Pferd /pfeːrt/ | Pferd /pfeːɐ̯t/ | Pferd /pfeːɐ̯t/ | Pferd /pfeːɐ̯t/ | — | Gaul /ɡaʊ̯l/ |
| House | Hauß /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊ̯s/ | Haus /haʊ̯s/ | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊs/ |
| Milk | Milch /mɪlç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ | — | Millich /ˈmɪlɪç/ |
| Honey | Honig /ˈhoːnɪk/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪk/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪk/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪç/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪç/ | — | Hunnich /ˈhʊnɪç/ |
| Salt | Saltz /zalts/ | Salz /salts/ | Salz /salts/ | Salz /zalts/ | Salz /zalts/ | — | Salz /salts/ |
| Wine | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | — | Wei /vaɪ/ |
| Iron | Eisen /ˈaɪzən/ | Eisen /ˈaɪsən/ | Eisen /ˈaɪsn̩/ | Eisen /ˈaɪ̯zn̩/ | Eisen /ˈaɪ̯zn̩/ | Eisn /ˈaɪsn̩/ | Eise /ˈaɪsə/ |
| Wheel | Rad /raːt/ | Rad /raːt/ | Rad /raːt/ | Rad /ʁaːt/ | Rad /ʁaːt/ | — | Raad /rɔːt/ |
| Silk | Seide /ˈzaɪdə/ | Seide /ˈsaɪdə/ | Seide /ˈsaɪ̯də/ | Seide /ˈzaɪdə/ | Seide /ˈzaɪdə/ | — | — /—/ |
| Book | Buch /buːx/ | Buch /buːx/ | Buch /buːx/ | Buch /buːx/ | Buch /buːx/ | — | Buch /bux/ |
| Eat | essen /ˈɛsːən/ | essen /ˈɛsn̩/ | essen /ɛsn̩/ | essen /ɛsn̩/ | essen /ɛsn̩/ | esse /ɛsə/ | esse /ɛsə/ |
| Drink | trincken /ˈtrɪŋkən/ | trinken /ˈtrɪŋkn̩/ | trinken /ˈtrɪŋkn̩/ | trinken /tʁɪŋkn̩/ | trinken /tʁɪŋkn̩/ | trinke /trɪŋkə/ | drinke /drɪŋkə/ |
| Sleep | schlaffen /ˈʃlafən/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ | schlafe /ʃlaːfə/ | schlofe /ˈʃlɔfə/ |
| One | eyn /aɪ̯n/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | ans /ans/ | eens /eːns/ |
| Two | zwey /tsvaɪ/ | zwei /tsvaɪ̯/ | zwei /tsvai/ | zwei /tsvaɪ/ | zwei /tsvaɪ/ | zwaa /tsvaː/ | zwee /tsveː/ |
| Three | drei /draɪ/ | drei /draɪ̯/ | drei /draɪ̯/ | drei /dʁaɪ̯/ | drei /dʁaɪ̯/ | drei /draɪ/ | drei /draɪ/ |
| Four | vier /fiːr/ | vier /fiːr/ | vier /fiːɐ̯/ | vier /fiːɐ̯/ | vier /fiːɐ̯/ | vier /fiɐ/ | vier /fiːɐ̯/ |
| Five | fünff /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fimf /fɪmf/ |
| Hundred | hundert /ˈhʊndərt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndərt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndɐt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndɐt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndɐt/ | — | hunnert /ˈhʊnərt/ |
| Hello | Gott zum Gruß /ɡɔt tsʊm ɡruːs/ | Hallo /haˈloː/ | Servus /zɛɐvʊs/ | Hallo /haloː/ | Hallo /haloː/ | Grüß Gott /ɡrʏs ɡɔt/ | Hallo /haloː/ |
| Thank you | Danck /daŋk/ | danke /ˈdaŋkə/ | danke /daŋkə/ | danke /daŋkə/ | danke /daŋkə/ | Vergelt's Gott /fɛɐɡɛlts ɡɔt/ | Denki /dɛŋki/ |
| Good | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | guad /ɡuə̯d/ | gut /ɡuːt/ |
| New | new /nɔɪ̯/ | neu /nɔɪ̯/ | neu /nɔɪ̯/ | neu /nɔɪ̯/ | neu /nɔɪ̯/ | — | nei /naɪ/ |
| Red | rot /roːt/ | rot /roːt/ | rot /roːt/ | rot /ʁoːt/ | rot /ʁoːt/ | rood /roːd/ | rot /rot/ |
| White | weis /vaɪ̯s/ | weiss /vaɪs/ | weiß /vaɪs/ | weiß /vaɪs/ | weiß /vaɪs/ | weiß /vaɪs/ | weiss /vaɪs/ |
| Black | schwartz /ʃvarts/ | schwarz /ʃvarts/ | schwarz /ʃvarts/ | schwarz /ʃvaʁts/ | schwarz /ʃvaʁts/ | — | schwatz /ʃvats/ |
| Green | grün /ɡryːn/ | grün /ɡryːn/ | grün /ɡryːn/ | grün /ɡʁyːn/ | grün /ɡʁyːn/ | — | grie /ɡriː/ |
| Cuckoo | gukuk /ˈɡʊkʊk/ | Kuckuck /ˈkʊkʊk/ | Kuckuck /ˈkʊkʊk/ | Kuckuck /ˈkʊkʊk/ | Kuckuck /ˈkʊkʊk/ | Gutzgauch /ˈɡʊtsɡaʊx/ | — |
| Computer | Rechenmeister /ˈrɛçənˌmaɪstər/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtər/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtɐ/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtɐ/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtɐ/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːdɐ/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtər/ |
| Sushi | Stockfisch /ˈʃtɔkfɪʃ/ | Sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | Sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | Sushi /ˈzuːʃi/ | Sushi /ˈzuːʃi/ | Sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | — |
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