Français classique

Classical French

Indo-European (Italic, Romance, Gallo-Romance, Northern French; Classical 17c.) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Italic, Romance, Gallo-Romance, Northern French; Classical 17c.) SpeakersHistorical literary form (~1650–1715 CE, Grand Siècle); pedagogical use ScriptLatin CountriesBourbon France (Louis XIII–Louis XV); Versailles court; Académie française Official inBourbon France court language; Académie française "le bel usage" standard Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3fra

Classical French / French of the Grand Siècle (Français classique, 17c.) is the French of the canonical Grand Siècle authors: Racine (Andromaque, Phèdre, Britannicus), Corneille (Le Cid, Polyeucte, Cinna), Molière (Tartuffe, Le Misanthrope, Le Malade imaginaire), La Fontaine (Fables), Pascal (Pensées, Lettres provinciales), Bossuet, La Bruyère (Caractères), Madame de Sévigné, Madame de La Fayette (La Princesse de Clèves). Codified by the Académie française (founded 1635 under Richelieu) and Vaugelas's Remarques sur la langue françoise (1647), the authoritative arbiter of "le bel usage" — the linguistic norm of cultured Parisian society of the Louis XIV court. Distinct from Old French (fro, 9-14c.) and Modern French (fr) by: preserved /we/ for <oi> (le roi /lœrwe/, became /lœrwa/ ca. 1700, attested in Racine's rhymes); active liaison of word-final consonants in formal registers; distinct vowel-length oppositions (chat /ʃaː/ long vs maman /mamɑ̃/); sharp tu/vous formality enforcement; pre-pejorative-shift semantics for many lexical items (honnête, galant). The pedagogical canon taught in French Lycée classes for reading the Grand Siècle dramatic and prose canon.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Classical French

Water

eau

o

Fire

feu

fø

Sun

soleil

sɔlɛj

Moon

lune

lyn

Star

étoile

etwɛl

Night

nuit

nɥit

Rain

pluie

plɥi

Snow

neige

nɛʒə

Wind

vent

vɑ̃

Earth

terre

tɛʁ

Stone

pierre

pjɛʁ

Mountain

montagne

mɔ̃ˈtaɲ

Sea

mer

mɛʁ

Mother

mère

mɛːr

Father

père

pɛːr

Daughter

fille

fiʎ

I

je

ʒə

You

tu

ty

We

nous

nus

Name

nom

nɔ̃

Person

personne

pɛrˈsɔnə

Head

tête

tɛːt

Eye

œil

œːj

Ear

oreille

ɔˈʁɛjə

Nose

nez

ne

Mouth

bouche

buʃ

Tooth

dent

dɑ̃

Tongue

langue

lɑ̃ɡ

Hand

main

mɛ̃

Foot

pied

pje

Heart

cœur

kœːr

Bone

os

ɔs

Blood

sang

sɑ̃

Poop

merde

mɛʁd

Love

amour

amur

Tree

arbre

aːrbr

Dog

chien

ʃjɛ̃

Cat

chat

ʃaː

Fish

poisson

pwaˈsɔ̃

Bird

oiseau

wɛˈzo

Butterfly

papillon

papiˈʎɔ̃

Egg

œuf

œf

Bear

ours

urs

Horse

cheval

ʃəˈval

House

maison

mɛzɔ̃

Milk

lait

lɛ

Honey

miel

mjɛl

Salt

sel

sɛl

Wine

vin

vɛ̃

Rice

riz

ri

Iron

fer

fɛʁ

Wheel

roue

ʁu

Silk

soie

swɛ

Book

livre

livʁ

Eat

manger

mɑ̃ʒe

Drink

boire

bweːr

Sleep

dormir

dɔrˈmir

One

un

œ̃

Two

deux

dø

Three

trois

tʁwɛ

Four

quatre

katr

Five

cinq

sɛ̃k

Hundred

cent

sɑ̃

Hello

Dieu vous garde

djø vu ɡard

Thank you

grâces

ɡraːs

Good

bon

bɔ̃

New

nouveau

nuvo

Red

rouge

ˈruʒə

White

blanc

blɑ̃

Black

noir

nweːr

Green

vert

vɛʁt

Cuckoo

coucou

kuˈku

Computer

abaque

abak

Sushi

hareng saur

aʁɑ̃ sɔʁ

Tea

thé

te

Orange

orange

ɔʁɑ̃ʒ

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (Italic, Romance, Gallo-Romance, Northern French; Classical 17c.)

Meaning Classical FrenchSenegalese FrenchIvorian FrenchHaitian FrenchFrenchAfrican FrenchBelgian French
Water eau /o/ eau /o/ eau /o/ eau /o/ eau /o/ eau /o/ eau /o/
Fire feu /fø/ feu /fø/ feu /fø/ feu /fø/ feu /fø/ feu /fø/ feu /fø/
Sun soleil /sɔlɛj/ soleil /sɔlɛj/ soleil /sɔlɛj/ soleil /sɔlɛj/ soleil /sɔlɛj/ soleil /sɔlɛj/ soleil /sɔlɛj/
Moon lune /lyn/ lune /lyn/ lune /lyn/ lune /lyn/ lune /lyn/ lune /lyn/ lune /lyn/
Star étoile /etwɛl/ étoile /etwal/ étoile /etwal/ étoile /etwal/ étoile /etwal/ étoile /etwal/ étoile /etwal/
Night nuit /nɥit/ nuit /nɥi/ nuit /nɥi/ nuit /nɥi/ nuit /nɥi/ nuit /nɥi/ nuit /nɥi/
Rain pluie /plɥi/ pluie /plɥi/ pluie /plɥi/ pluie /plɥi/ pluie /plɥi/ pluie /plɥi/ pluie /plɥi/
Snow neige /nɛʒə/ neige /nɛʒ/ neige /nɛʒ/ neige /nɛʒ/ neige /nɛʒ/ neige /nɛʒ/ neige /nɛʒ/
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