לשון חכמים

Mishnaic Hebrew

Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Central, Northwest, Canaanite, Hebrew) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Semitic, Central, Northwest, Canaanite, Hebrew) SpeakersHistorical literary form (~70-200 CE); active religious/scholarly use ScriptHebrew (square script) CountriesRoman/Byzantine Palestine (Yavne, Galilee); Jewish religious tradition worldwide Official inTalmudic-rabbinic Judaism (Mishnaic curriculum) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3hbo

Mishnaic Hebrew (לשון חכמים leshon ḥakhamim, "language of the sages", ~70-200 CE) is the post-Biblical Hebrew of the Mishnah (compiled c. 200 CE by Judah ha-Nasi), the Tosefta, early Midrashim, and the Hebrew portions of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. Distinct from Biblical Hebrew (hbo) by: heavy Aramaic and Greek loanwords (אילן ʔilan "tree", חתול ḥatul "cat", and many legal/agricultural terms), loss of waw-consecutive narrative tenses, fixed word order shifting toward SVO, expanded participial system as default present tense, and rabbinic technical vocabulary. Survived as a written/scholarly language after extinction as vernacular ~200 CE; remains the form of Hebrew taught in yeshivot for studying Talmud and Mishnah. Distinct from both Biblical Hebrew (hbo) and Modern Israeli Hebrew (he), though Modern Hebrew's revival drew on both registers.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Mishnaic Hebrew

Water

מים

majim

Fire

אש

ʔeʃ

Sun

חמה

ħamːa

Moon

לבנה

levɑnɑ

Star

כּוֹכָב

koˈxav

Night

לילה

ˈlajla

Rain

גשם

ˈɡeʃem

Snow

שלג

ˈʃeleɡ

Wind

רוח

ˈruaħ

Earth

קרקע

ˈqarqaʕ

Stone

אבן

ˈʔɛvɛn

Mountain

הר

har

Sea

ים

jam

Mother

אם

ʔem

Father

אב

ʔɑv

Daughter

בת

bat

I

אֲנִי

ʔaˈni

You

אַתָּה

ʔaˈta

We

אָנוּ

ʔaˈnu

Name

שֵׁם

ʃem

Person

אדם

ʔaˈdam

Head

ראש

roʃ

Eye

עין

ʕajin

Ear

אוזן

ˈozen

Nose

חוטם

ˈħotˤem

Mouth

פה

pe

Tooth

שן

ʃen

Tongue

לשון

laˈʃon

Hand

יד

jɑd

Foot

רגל

ˈreɡel

Heart

לב

lev

Bone

עצם

ʕɛsˤɛm

Blood

דם

dam

Poop

צואה

sˤoˈʔa

Love

אהבה

ʔɑhɑvɑ

Tree

אילן

ʔilɑn

Dog

כלב

kelev

Cat

חתול

ħɑtul

Fish

דג

daɡ

Bird

עוף

ʕof

Egg

ביצה

beːsˤɑ

Bear

דוב

dov

Horse

סוס

sus

House

בית

bajit

Milk

חלב

ħaˈlav

Honey

דבש

dəvaʃ

Salt

מלח

ˈmelaħ

Wine

יין

ˈjajin

Rice

אורז

ʔoˈrez

Iron

ברזל

barˈzel

Wheel

גלגל

ɡalˈɡal

Silk

שיריים

ʃiraˈjim

Book

ספר

ˈsefer

Eat

אוכל

ʔoχel

Drink

שותה

ʃote

Sleep

ישן

jaʃen

One

אחד

ʔeħɑd

Two

שְׁנַיִם

ʃəˈnajim

Three

שלוש

ʃaˈloʃ

Four

ארבע

ʔarˈbaʕ

Five

חמש

ħaˈmeʃ

Hundred

מאה

meˈʔa

Hello

שלום

ʃɑlom

Thank you

תודה

todɑ

Good

טוב

tov

New

חדש

ħaˈdaʃ

Red

אדום

ʔaˈdom

White

לבן

lɑˈvɑn

Black

שחור

ʃaˈħor

Green

ירוק

jaˈroq

Sushi

טָרִית

tˤaːˈrit

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Central, Northwest, Canaanite, Hebrew)

Meaning Mishnaic HebrewHebrewBiblical HebrewPhoenicianPunicOld AramaicProto-Semitic
Water מים /majim/ מים /majim/ מים /majim/ 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ מין /majin/ *māʔ- /māʔ/
Fire אש /ʔeʃ/ אש /eʃ/ אש /ʔeʃ/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ נור /nuːr/ *ʔiš- /ʔiš/
Sun חמה /ħamːa/ שמש /ʃemeʃ/ שמש /ˈʃɛmɛʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ שמש /ʃamʃ/ *šamš- /šamš/
Moon לבנה /levɑnɑ/ ירח /jaˈʁeaχ/ ירח /jɔːreːaħ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaraħ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jeraħ/ שהר /sahr/ *warḫ- /warḫ/
Star כּוֹכָב /koˈxav/ כוכב /koˈχav/ כּוֹכָב /koːˈxaːv/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ כוכב /kawkab/ *kawkab- /kawkab/
Night לילה /ˈlajla/ לילה /ˈlajla/ לילה /ˈlajlaː/ 𐤋𐤋 /lajl/ 𐤋𐤋 /lajl/ לליא /leːljaː/ *layl- /lajl/
Rain גשם /ˈɡeʃem/ גשם /ˈɡeʃem/ גשם /ˈɡeːʃem/ 𐤌𐤈𐤓 /maˈtˤar/ 𐤌𐤈𐤓 /maˈtˤar/ 𐡌𐡈𐡓 /maːtˤar/ *maṭar- /maṭar/
Snow שלג /ˈʃeleɡ/ שלג /ˈʃeleɡ/ שֶׁלֶג /ʃɛlɛɡ/ — — 𐡕𐡋𐡂 /talɡ/ *ṯalg- /θalɡ/
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