ပုဂံ ဘာသာ

Old Burmese

Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Burmish) · historical / hidden variety

FamilySino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Burmish) SpeakersExtinct (~11-16c. CE; modern Burmese descends) ScriptOld Burmese script CountriesPagan Empire, post-Pagan Burma Official inPagan dynasty (1044-1297) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3obr

Old Burmese was the language of the Pagan Empire (1044-1297) of upper Burma and the literary medium of its Buddhist civilization. The Pagan stone inscriptions and palm-leaf manuscripts show consonant clusters lost in modern Burmese (e.g. /kly-/, /mly-/, /pl-/), a richer initial system, and absent or proto-tonal contrasts. The Old Burmese script — derived from Mon and ultimately Pyu/Pallava Brahmi — is the direct ancestor of modern Burmese script. Tones developed gradually during the Middle Burmese period (16th-18th c.) as initial consonants merged.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Old Burmese

Water

ရိ

riy

Fire

မိး

miːʔ

Sun

နိ

niy

Moon

လ

la

Star

ကြယ်

kraj

Night

ည

ɲaɲʔ

Stone

က္လောက်

klok

Mother

အမိ

ʔamiy

Father

အဖ

ʔap

Daughter

သ္မိဟ်

smih

I

ငာ

ŋaː

You

နင်

naŋ

We

—

—

Name

အမည်

ʔamɲaɲ

Eye

မ္ယက်

mlak

Ear

နား

naːh

Nose

နှာ

n̥aː

Tooth

သွား

swaːh

Tongue

လျှာ

lhjaː

Hand

လက်

lak

Foot

ခြိယ်

kʰrij

Heart

နှလုံး

hnalumh

Bone

အရိုး

ʔaruiwh

Blood

သုယ်

suj

Love

ချစ်

klyit

Tree

သစ်

sit

Dog

ခုယ်း

kʰuj

Cat

ကြောင်

klaŋ

Fish

ငါး

ŋaːh

Bird

ငှက်

ŋ̊ak

House

အိမ်

ʔim

Iron

သံ

sam

Eat

စား

tsaːʔ

Drink

ၐုက်

suk

Sleep

အိပ်

ʔip

One

တ

tac

Two

နှစ်

n̥ac

Three

သုံ

sumh

Five

ငါး

ŋaːh

Hundred

ရာ

rjaː

Hello

—

—

Thank you

—

—

Good

ကောင်း

kawŋ

Red

နီ

niː

White

ဖ္လူ

pʰlu

Sushi

ငါးပိ

ŋaːpiʔ

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Burmish)

Meaning Old BurmeseProto-Sino-TibetanLhomiTangutZaiwaMruRakhine
Water ရိ /riy/ *ti(y) /ti(j)/ ཆུ་ /tɕʰu˥/ 𗋽 /zjɨr˧˥/ wuì /ʋui˥˩/ o /ɔ/ ရေ /ɹì/
Fire မိး /miːʔ/ *mey /mey/ མེ་ /me˥/ 𗜐 /mə˧/ myi /mji˨˩/ mai /mɑɪ/ မီး /mí/
Sun နိ /niy/ *nəy /nəy/ ཉི་མ་ /ɲi˥ma˩/ 𗾔 /be˧˥/ buì /pui˥˩/ thum /tʰum/ နေ /nì/
Moon လ /la/ *s-la /s-la/ ཟླ་བ་ /dawa˩/ 𗼑 /lhji˧˥/ lhamó /lŏ̱˥˥mo˥˥/ la /lə/ လ /la/
Star ကြယ် /kraj/ *s-kar /s-kar/ སྐར་མ /karma˥/ 𗄓 /ɡjɨ˧˥/ kyoi /kjoi˥˥/ kɯr /kɯr/ ကြယ် /krɛ̀/
Night ည /ɲaɲʔ/ *mun /mun/ མཚན་མོ /tsʰemːu˥/ — /—/ myinle /mjin˥˥le˨˩/ yak /jak/ ည /ɲa̰/
Stone က္လောက် /klok/ *r-luŋ /r-luŋ/ རྡོ་ /do˥/ 𗱸 /lu˧/ luqgok /luʔ˨˩kok˨˩/ — ကျောက် /tɕaʊʔ/
Mother အမိ /ʔamiy/ *ma /ma/ ཨ་མ་ /ʔama˩/ 𗴺 /mja˧/ înu /i˥˥nu˨˩/ au /əʔu/ အမေ /ʔəmì/
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