tsau³¹va⁵¹
Zaiwa
Sino-Tibetan (Burmish)
Zaiwa (autonym Zaiwa mying; ISO 639-3 atb), also known as Atsi, is a Northern Burmish language of the Sino-Tibetan family. It is spoken across the China–Myanmar border, chiefly in western Yunnan’s Dehong Prefecture and in adjoining parts of Kachin and northern Shan states; in China, Zaiwa communities are officially included within the Jingpo nationality. Zaiwa is tonal, distinguishes vowel phonation types, generally places verbs after their objects, and has borrowed extensively from Jinghpaw, Burmese, Dehong Dai, and regional Chinese. It is a distinct language, not a dialect of Jinghpaw or Burmese, despite close cultural and multilingual ties. Missionaries used the Fraser alphabet and early romanizations, while a revised Latin orthography has been used in China since the mid-twentieth century; literacy and written use nevertheless remain uneven across communities.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Zaiwa
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Sino-Tibetan (Burmish)
| Meaning | Zaiwa | Achang | Hani | Azhe | Dakpa Monpa | Sui | Nusu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | wuì /ʋui˥˩/ | ti55 /ti˥˥/ | wulquvq /u˥˥tɕʰu˧˩/ | ʐitɕɪ /ʐi˨˨tɕɪ˧˧/ | tshi53 /tsʰi˥˧/ | nam3 /nam˧˧/ | ɹi31gɹɑ53 /ɹi˧˩ɡɹɑ˥˧/ |
| Fire | myi /mji˨˩/ | poi31 /poi˧˩/ | miqzaq /mi˧˩dza˧˩/ | mɯtɯ /mɯ˥˥tɯ˥˥/ | me13 /me˩˧/ | vi1 /vi˩˩/ | mi55 /mi˥˥/ |
| Sun | buì /pui˥˩/ | ni31 mɔ31 /ni˧˩ mɔ˧˩/ | naolma /nɔ˥˥ma˧˧/ | lodʐi /lo˨˩dʐi˨˨/ | plᴀŋ53 /plᴀŋ˥˧/ | ⁿda1 van1 /ⁿda˩˩ van˩˩/ | ȵi35ɑ55 /ɲi˧˥ɑ˥˥/ |
| Moon | lhamó /lŏ̱˥˥mo˥˥/ | pʰă31 lɔʔ31 /pʰă˧˩ lɔʔ˧˩/ | bala /ba˧˧la˧˧/ | lobo /lo˨˨bo˨˨/ | lɛː55thøn55 /lɛː˥˥tʰøn˥˥/ | njen2 /njen˧˩/ | ɬɑ31 /ɬɑ˧˩/ |
| Star | kyoi /kjoi˥˥/ | kʰʐə55 /kʰʐə˥˥/ | aqgeel /a˧˩ɡɯ˥˥/ | kɛzo /kɛ˧˧zo˨˩/ | kᴀr55mᴀ53 /kᴀr˥˥mᴀ˥˧/ | zət7 /zət˥˥/ | kɹe31lɔ35 /kɹe˧˩lɔ˧˥/ |
| Night | myinle /mjin˥˥le˨˩/ | ni31 tɕʰot35 /ni˧˩ tɕʰot˧˥/ | aoqqivq /ɔ˧˩tɕi˧˩/ | kumo /kʰu˧˧mo˧˧/ | ȵen13ne31 /ɲen˩˧ne˧˩/ | saan2 /saːn˧˩/ | suɑʴ35nɑ35 /suɑ˞˧˥nɑ˧˥/ |
| Rain | mau /mau˨˩/ | mau31 ʐo55 /mau˧˩ ʐo˥˥/ | aoqsseil /ɔ˧˩ze˥˥/ | muxoʐi /mu˨˩xo˨˨ʐi˨˨/ | nᴀm13 /nᴀm˩˧/ | fən1 /fən˩˩/ | mɯ55ɑ31ɹuɑ55 /mɯ˥˥ɑ˧˩ɹuɑ˥˥/ |
| Snow | kyoq /kjoʔ˨˩/ | xan31 ʑai55 /xan˧˩ ʑai˥˥/ | haqju /xa˧˩dʑu˧˧/ | ɣo /ɣo˨˩/ | khᴀ55ru53 /kʰᴀ˥˥ru˥˧/ | ʔnui1 /ʔnui˩˩/ | vɑ55 /vɑ˥˥/ |
| Wind | laì /lai˥˩/ | l̥i55 /l̥i˥˥/ | jaqleil /dʑa˧˩le˥˥/ | muɬi /mu˨˩ɬi˨˨/ | røn13 /røn˩˧/ | lum1 /lum˩˩/ | mɯ55ɑ31ɬi35 /mɯ˥˥ɑ˧˩ɬi˧˥/ |
| Earth | myi-tse /mji˥˥tse̱˨˩/ | mi55 /mi˥˥/ | mil caq /mi˥˥tsʰa˧˩/ | mɪ /mɪ˧˧/ | sᴀ53 /sᴀ˥˧/ | hum5 /hum˧˥/ | mɹi35ɑ55 /mɹi˧˥ɑ˥˥/ |
| Stone | luqgok /luʔ˨˩kok˨˩/ | laŋ31kɔʔ55 /laŋ˧˩kɔʔ˥˥/ | haqluv /xa˧˩lu˧˧/ | lumɯ /lu˧˧mɯ˨˨/ | kɔr13 /kɔr˩˧/ | tin2 /tin˧˩/ | lu̱53 /lu˥˧/ |
| Mountain | bùm /pum˥˩/ | pum55 /pum˥˥/ | haolgaoq /xɔ˥˥ɡɔ˧˩/ | bɯ /bɯ˨˨/ | ri13 /ri˩˧/ | nu2 /nu˧˩/ | ŋu35ɑ55 /ŋu˧˥ɑ˥˥/ |
| Mother | înu /i˥˥nu˨˩/ | mauʔ51 /mauʔ˥˩/ | aqma /a˧˩ma˧˧/ | amo /a˧˧mo˨˨/ | ʔᴀ55mᴀ53 /ʔᴀ˥˥mᴀ˥˧/ | ni4 /ni˥˩/ | iɑ55m̩31 /iɑ˥˥m̩˧˩/ |
| Father | îwa /i˥˥va˨˩/ | teʔ55 /teʔ˥˥/ | aqda /a˧˩da˧˧/ | atɪ /a˧˧tɪ˨˨/ | ʔaᴀ55pᴀ53 /ʔaᴀ˥˥pᴀ˥˧/ | pu4 /pu˥˩/ | iɑ55bɑ31 /iɑ˥˥bɑ˧˩/ |
| Daughter | myiwe zo /mji˨˩ve˨˩tso˨˩/ | tsaŋ31 ʑi31 /tsaŋ˧˩ ʑi˧˩/ | ssaqmiq /za˧˩mi˧˩/ | nɯ /nɯ˧˧/ | po13mo53 /po˩˧mo˥˧/ | laak8 ʔbjaak7 /laːk˦˨ ʔbjaːk˧˥/ | mi31ɑ31zɑ55 /mi˧˩ɑ˧˩zɑ˥˥/ |
| I | ngò /ŋo˥˩/ | ŋɔ55 /ŋɔ˥˥/ | ngal /ŋa˥˥/ | ŋo /ŋo˨˨/ | ŋe13 /ŋe˩˧/ | ʔai2 /ʔai˧˩/ | ŋɑ35 /ŋɑ˧˥/ |
| You | nang /naŋ˥˥/ | nuaŋ55 /nuaŋ˥˥/ | nol /no˥˥/ | nɯ /nɯ˨˨/ | ʔi53 /ʔi˥˧/ | ȵa2 /ȵa˧˩/ | ȵo55 /ɲo˥˥/ |
| We | nga-nhung / ngamoq /ŋa˥˥n̥uŋ˥˥ / ŋa˥˥moʔ˥˥/ | ŋɔ55 tuʔ31 /ŋɔ˥˥ tuʔ˧˩/ | ngaldu / ngalya /ŋa˥˥du˧˧ / ŋa˥˥ja˧˧/ | — /—/ | ŋᴀ13tᴀŋ53 / ŋᴀ13rᴀʔ53 /ŋᴀ˩˧tᴀŋ˥˧ / ŋᴀ˩˧rᴀʔ˥˧/ | ȶən1 ⁿdaau1 / ȶən1 ⁿdiu1 /ȶən˩˩ ⁿdaːu˩˩ / ȶən˩˩ ⁿdiu˩˩/ | ɑ55iɯ31 / ŋɑ35dɯ31 /ɑ˥˥iɯ˧˩ / ŋɑ˧˥dɯ˧˩/ |
| Name | myìng /mjiŋ˥˩/ | a31 nʲiŋ55 /a˧˩ nʲiŋ˥˥/ | milq /mi˥˥/ | mo /mo˧˧/ | meŋ13 /meŋ˩˧/ | ʔdaan1 /ʔdaːn˩˩/ | m̥ə̃ʴ35 /m̥ə̃˞˧˥/ |
| Person | byù /pju˥˩/ | tʂo55 /tʂo˥˥/ | col /tsʰo˥˥/ | tsʰɯ /tsʰɯ˨˨/ | mi13 /mi˩˧/ | zən1 /zən˩˩/ | su35 /su˧˥/ |
| Head | ulhum /u˨˩lu̱m˨˩/ | nă31kuaŋ31 /nă˧˩kuaŋ˧˩/ | wuqduq /u˧˩du˧˩/ | ɪkɯ /ɪ˥˥kɯ˧˧/ | kɔk13theʔ53 /kɔk˩˧tʰeʔ˥˧/ | ku3 /ku˧˧/ | u31phu55 /u˧˩pʰu˥˥/ |
| Eye | myoq /mjoʔ˨˩/ | nʲɔʔ55 tsiʔ31 /nʲɔʔ˥˥ tsiʔ˧˩/ | miav /mja˧˧/ | ȵɪdu /ȵɪ˧˧du˨˩/ | meʔ53 /meʔ˥˧/ | ⁿda1 /ⁿda˩˩/ | miɑ53dʑi31 /miɑ˥˧dʑi˧˩/ |
| Ear | nophyo /no˨˩pʰjo˨˩/ | ni31 ʈʂʰua31 /ni˧˩ ʈʂʰua˧˩/ | naqbol /na˧˩bo˥˥/ | nopɯ /no˥˥pɯ˧˧/ | nem13nɛʔ53 /nem˩˧nɛʔ˥˧/ | qha1 /qʰa˩˩/ | n̥ɑ55shə̃ɹ35 /n̥ɑ˥˥sʰə̃ɹ˧˥/ |
| Nose | no /no˥˩/ | n̥ʲɔŋ55 /n̥ʲɔŋ˥˥/ | nalmeil /na˥˥me˥˥/ | nɯbɯ /nɯ˧˧bɯ˨˩/ | nᴀ53 /nᴀ˥˧/ | ʔnaŋ1 /ʔnaŋ˩˩/ | n̥ɑ55kɑ̃35 /n̥ɑ˥˥kɑ̃˧˥/ |
| Mouth | nhut /nu̱t˥˥/ | n̥ʲot55 /n̥ʲot˥˥/ | meiqbaoq /me˧˩bɔ˧˩/ | ȵipʰɪ /ȵi˨˩pʰɪ˨˩/ | khᴀ53 /kʰᴀ˥˧/ | paak7 /paːk˧˥/ | n̥ɑ55khɔ̃35 /n̥ɑ˥˥kʰɔ̃˧˥/ |
| Tooth | zuì /tsui˥˩/ | tɕoi55 /tɕoi˥˥/ | seq /sɤ˧˩/ | dzɛ /dzɛ˨˨/ | wᴀ53 /wᴀ˥˧/ | vjən1 /vjən˩˩/ | shua55 /sʰua˥˥/ |
| Tongue | sho /ʃo˥˩/ | ɕɔ55 /ɕɔ˥˥/ | lalma /la˥˥ma˧˧/ | lapi /la˧˧pi˨˩/ | le53 /le˥˧/ | ʔu1 ma2 /ʔu˩˩ ma˧˩/ | fɹɑ35 /fɹɑ˧˥/ |
| Hand | loq /loʔ˨˩/ | lɔʔ55 /lɔʔ˥˥/ | aqlavq /a˧˩la˧˩/ | ɭɪ /ɭɪ˨˩/ | lᴀʔ53 /lᴀʔ˥˧/ | mjə1 /mjə˩˩/ | ʔlɑ53 /ʔlɑ˥˧/ |
| Foot | hkyî /kʰji˥˩/ | tɕʰi55 /tɕʰi˥˥/ | aqkeel /a˧˩kʰɯ˥˥/ | — | le13mɛʔ53 /le˩˧mɛʔ˥˧/ | tin1 /tin˩˩/ | khɹi35 /kʰɹi˧˥/ |
| Heart | nhiklhum /ni̱k˥˥lu̱m˨˩/ | n̥ʲa55 lum31 /n̥ʲa˥˥ lum˧˩/ | neema /nɯ˧˧ma˧˧/ | nimo /ni˧˧mo˨˨/ | niŋ53 /niŋ˥˧/ | ɕim1 /ɕim˩˩/ | ʔĩ31lɔ55 /ʔĩ˧˩lɔ˥˥/ |
| Bone | showui /ʃŏ˨˩ʋui˨˩/ | a31ʐau31 /a˧˩ʐau˧˩/ | saqyyuq /sa˧˩jø˧˩/ | vuka /vu˨˩ka˥˥/ | — /—/ | laak7 /laːk˧˥/ | — /—/ |
| Blood | sui /sui˨˩/ | sui31 /sui˧˩/ | sivq /si˧˩/ | su /su˨˩/ | ceʔ53 /ceʔ˥˧/ | phjaat7 /pʰjaːt˧˥/ | sui55 /sui˥˥/ |
| Love | chyit /tʃi̱t˥˥/ | — /—/ | gaq /ɡa˧˩/ | — /—/ | ce55po53 /ce˥˥po˥˧/ | — /—/ | mi35 /mi˧˥/ |
| Tree | sikgâm /sik˥˥kam˥˩/ | saŋ31 tseŋ55 /saŋ˧˩ tseŋ˥˥/ | albol /a˥˥bo˥˥/ | sidzɛ /si˧˧dzɛ˨˨/ | ɕeŋ55mᴀ53 /ɕeŋ˥˥mᴀ˥˧/ | mai4 /mai˥˩/ | si53dzə̃ʴ35 /si˥˧dzə̃˞˧˥/ |
| Dog | hkuî /kʰui˨˩/ | xui31 /xui˧˩/ | aqkeeq /a˧˩kʰɯ˧˩/ | tʂʰi /tʂʰi˨˩/ | chi53 /cʰi˥˧/ | m̥a1 /m̥a˩˩/ | khui55 /kʰui˥˥/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | almil /a˥˥mi˥˥/ | anɛ /a˥˥nɛ˧˧/ | ʑin13po53 /ʑin˩˧po˥˧/ | — /—/ | mɯ35ȵɛ31 /mɯ˧˥ɲɛ˧˩/ |
| Fish | ngozo /ŋŏ˨˩tso˨˩/ | ŋa31 ʂua31 /ŋa˧˩ ʂua˧˩/ | ngaqdeil /ŋa˧˩de˥˥/ | aŋo /a˥˥ŋo˨˩/ | ȵᴀ13 /ɲᴀ˩˧/ | mom6 /mom˨˦/ | ŋɑ55 /ŋɑ˥˥/ |
| Bird | nghoq /ŋo̱ʔ˥˥/ | m̥ɔʔ55 /m̥ɔʔ˥˥/ | alzil /a˥˥dzi˥˥/ | ȵɪzo /ȵɪ˧˧zo˨˩/ | tɕᴀ13 /tɕᴀ˩˧/ | nok8 /nok˧˩/ | hɑ̃53 /hɑ̃˥˧/ |
| Egg | au /a˨˩u˥˥/ | uʔ31 /uʔ˧˩/ | alwuv /a˥˥u˧˧/ | ɬo /ɬo˨˨/ | khᴀʔ53lum53 /kʰᴀʔ˥˧lum˥˧/ | kai5 /kai˧˥/ | ɹɑ31ʔu31 /ɹɑ˧˩ʔu˧˩/ |
| Bear | wàm /vam˥˩/ | ɔm55 /ɔm˥˥/ | haq'aol /xa˧˩ɔ˥˥/ | — | — | ʔmi1 /ʔmi˩˩/ | khui55uɑ35 /kʰui˥˥uɑ˧˥/ |
| Horse | myang /mjaŋ˨˩/ | m̥ʐaŋ31 /m̥ʐaŋ˧˩/ | moq /mo˧˩/ | — | te53 /te˥˧/ | ma4 /ma˥˩/ | mɹɯ31lɑ55 /mɹɯ˧˩lɑ˥˥/ |
| House | yhûm /ju̱m˥˩/ | in55 /in˥˥/ | laqhyul /la˧˩xø˥˥/ | xɛ /xɛ˨˨/ | chem53 /cʰem˥˧/ | ɣaan2 /ɣaːn˧˩/ | iɔ35kɑʴ35 /iɔ˧˥kɑ˞˧˥/ |
| Milk | naú /nau˥˥/ | nau35 /nau˧˥/ | aqqul /a˧˩tɕʰu˥˥/ | — | jo13 /jo˩˧/ | tiu4 /tiu˥˩/ | nɯ55nɯ31 /nɯ˥˥nɯ˧˩/ |
| Salt | xo /tsʰo˥˥/ | tɕʰɔ31 /tɕʰɔ˧˩/ | caqdevq /tsʰa˧˩dɤ˧˩/ | tsʰo /tsʰo˨˩/ | tshᴀ53 /tsʰᴀ˥˧/ | ʔdwə1 /ʔdwə˩˩/ | tshɑ55 /tsʰɑ˥˥/ |
| Iron | shamtoq /ʃam˥˩to̱ʔ˥˥/ | ʂam55 /ʂam˥˥/ | saol /sɔ˥˥/ | xɯ /xɯ˨˨/ | lek53 /lek˥˧/ | ɕət7 /ɕət˥˥/ | ɕɑ35 /ɕɑ˧˥/ |
| Book | laiká bùk /lai˨˩ka̱˥˥puk˨˩/ | a31pʐo55 /a˧˩pʐo˥˥/ | soqhhaq /so˧˩ɣa˧˩/ | — | ji13ci53 /ji˩˧ci˥˧/ | le1 /le˩˩/ | uɔʴ55su35ɑ55 /uɔ˞˥˥su˧˥ɑ˥˥/ |
| Eat | zo /tso˨˩/ | tɕɔ31 /tɕɔ˧˩/ | zaq /dza˧˩/ | dzo /dzo˨˩/ | zᴀ13 /zᴀ˩˧/ | ʔman3 /ʔman˧˧/ | dzɑ55 /dzɑ˥˥/ |
| Drink | shuq /ʃuʔ˥˥/ | ʂoʔ55 /ʂoʔ˥˥/ | dol /do˥˥/ | dʉ /dʉ˨˨/ | toŋ55 /toŋ˥˥/ | ɣəm4 /ɣəm˥˩/ | ɕhu̱55 /ɕʰu˥˥/ |
| Sleep | yhup /ju̱p˥˥/ | e31 /e˧˩/ | yiuvq /ju˧˩/ | ʑi /ʑi˨˩/ | ȵɛː13 /ɲɛː˩˧/ | n̥ak7 /n̥ak˥˥/ | iɔ̱53ɔ31 /iɔ˥˧ɔ˧˩/ |
| One | ra /ʒa˨˩/ | ta31 /ta˧˩/ | qiq /tɕʰi˧˩/ | tsʰi /tsʰi˨˩/ | theʔ53 /tʰeʔ˥˧/ | to2 /to˧˩/ | thi53 /tʰi˥˧/ |
| Two | í /i˥˥/ | sək55 /sək˥˥/ | niq /ȵi˧˩/ | ni /ni˨˩/ | nᴀi13 /nᴀi˩˧/ | ɣa2 /ɣa˧˩/ | m̩55 /m̩˥˥/ |
| Three | sum /sum˥˥/ | sum31 /sum˧˩/ | saol /sɔ˥˥/ | sɯ /sɯ˧˧/ | sum53 /sum˥˧/ | haam1 /haːm˩˩/ | sɔ35 /sɔ˧˥/ |
| Four | myi /mji˨˩/ | mi31 /mi˧˩/ | yuvq /ø˧˩/ | ɬi /ɬi˧˧/ | pli53 /pli˥˧/ | hi5 /hi˧˥/ | vɹi35 /vɹi˧˥/ |
| Five | ngo /ŋo˨˩/ | ŋɔ31 /ŋɔ˧˩/ | ngavq /ŋa˧˩/ | ŋo /ŋo˨˩/ | le31ŋe53 /le˧˩ŋe˥˧/ | ŋo4 /ŋo˥˩/ | ŋɑ53 /ŋɑ˥˧/ |
| Hundred | rashô /ʒa˨˩ʃo˥˩/ | pak35 /pak˧˥/ | yal /ja˥˥/ | xo /xo˨˨/ | chɛʔ53le31ŋe53 /cʰɛʔ˥˧le˧˩ŋe˥˧/ | pek7 /pek˥˥/ | ɕhɑ35 /ɕʰɑ˧˥/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | niahuq mahuq /nia˧˧xu˧˩ ma˧˧xu˧˩/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | gaq sai /ɡa˧˩ sai/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | ge /ke˥˩/ | tɕi55 /tɕi˥˥/ | xa /xa˧˧/ | mu /mu˧˧/ | li13khu31 /li˩˧kʰu˧˩/ | ʔdaai1 /ʔdaːi˩˩/ | ge35ɑ55 /ɡe˧˥ɑ˥˥/ |
| New | asik /a˨˩sik˥˥/ | ʂək55 /ʂək˥˥/ | siivq /sɿ˧˩/ | ɕi /ɕi˨˩/ | se55ro53 /se˥˥ro˥˧/ | m̥ai5 /m̥ai˧˥/ | dʑɔ53 /dʑɔ˥˧/ |
| Red | ne /ne˥˩/ | na55 /na˥˥/ | nil /ȵi˥˥/ | ȵɪ /ȵɪ˧˧/ | leu55 /leu˥˥/ | haan3 /haːn˧˧/ | xɹi35ɑ55 /xɹi˧˥ɑ˥˥/ |
| White | phju /pʰju˥˩/ | pʰʐo55 /pʰʐo˥˥/ | piul /pʰju˥˥/ | ɬo /ɬo˨˨/ | cher55po53 /cʰer˥˥po˥˧/ | paak8 /paːk˦˨/ | bɑ55bɑ31 /bɑ˥˥bɑ˧˩/ |
| Black | noq /noʔ˨˩/ | lɔk55 /lɔk˥˥/ | nav /na˧˧/ | — | plɛː13kᴀn55 /plɛː˩˧kᴀn˥˥/ | ʔnam1 /ʔnam˩˩/ | nɑ35nɑ53 /nɑ˧˥nɑ˥˧/ |
| Green | nyuì /ŋjui˥˩/ | nʲau55 /nʲau˥˥/ | niul /ɲu˥˥/ | — | dʑᴀŋ13ku53 /dʑᴀŋ˩˧ku˥˧/ | ȶhu1 /ȶʰu˩˩/ | ȵɯ35ȵɯ31 /ɲɯ˧˥ɲɯ˧˩/ |
| Blue | nyuì /ŋjui˥˩/ | səm31 /səm˧˩/ | peel /pʰɯ˥˥/ | — | — | śu1 /ɕu˩˩/ | ȵɯ35ȵɯ31 /ɲɯ˧˥ɲɯ˧˩/ |
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Made by Heuron Inc. · GitHub · cho@heuron.com · LangMap home