Pazeh
Austronesian (Formosan, Western Plains)
Kulon-Pazeh is a dormant Formosan language of the Western Plains group, spoken in central Taiwan around Puli (Nantou). Its last fully fluent L1 speaker, Pan Jin-yu, died in 2010 at age 96; community-led revival efforts continue. Notable for retaining the Proto-Austronesian alveolar/retroflex contrast and a productive Ca-reduplication pattern.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Pazeh
Sources
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei & Shigeru Tsuchida (2001/2002) Pazih Dictionary. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei.
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei & Shigeru Tsuchida (2002) Pazih Texts and Songs. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
- Lin Ying-chin (2000) A Reference Grammar of Pazih. Academia Sinica.
- Glottolog: Kulon-Pazeh
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (Formosan, Western Plains)
| Meaning | Pazeh | Proto-Austronesian | Old Malay | Bukar-Sadong Bidayuh | Kavalan | Babuza | Itbayaten |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | dalum /dalum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | air /air/ | umoʼ /umoʔ/ | zanum /zaˈnum/ | zalum /zalum/ | ranom /ranom/ |
| Fire | hapuy /hapuj/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | api /api/ | apui /aˈpui/ | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | chau /tʃau/ | hapoy /hapoj/ |
| Sun | rizax /ɾizax/ | *waRi /waRi/ | matari /matari/ | batŭh andu /batəh andu/ | siban /siˈban/ | — /—/ | araw /araw/ |
| Moon | ilas /ilas/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /buˈlan/ | buran /buˈran/ | zilias /siliəs/ | voxan /voɣan/ |
| Star | mintol /mintol/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintŭʼ /bintəʔ/ | bituqan /bituqan/ | botto /botːo/ | vitoen /vitoɨn/ |
| Night | xinian /xinian/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | malam /malam/ | bengaru /bəŋaru/ | qabi /ʁabiʔ/ | bini /bini/ | aʼxep /aʔɣɨp/ |
| Rain | udan /udan/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | — | — | uzan /uˈzan/ | oetas /utas/ | timoy /timoj/ |
| Snow | hahela /hahela/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | — | — | suRna /suʁna/ | — | — |
| Wind | bari /baɾi/ | *bali /bali/ | — | — | bari /baˈri/ | barri /barːi/ | sarawsaw /sarawsaw/ |
| Earth | daxe /daxəʔ/ | *taneq /taneq/ | — | tanaʼ /tanaʔ/ | melanay /məɾaˈnaj/ | ta /ta/ | tana /tana/ |
| Stone | batu /batu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /baˈtu/ | btu /btu/ | bato /bato/ | vato /vato/ |
| Sea | awas /awas/ | *tenem /tenem/ | — | — | lazing /laziŋ/ | abas /abas/ | hawa /hawa/ |
| Mother | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | ibu /ibu/ | andŭ /andə/ | tina /ˈtina/ | nai /nai/ | ina /ina/ |
| Father | aba /aba/ | *ama /ama/ | bapa /bapa/ | amang /amaŋ/ | tama /ˈtama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ |
| I | yaku /jaku/ | *aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aiku /aiku/ | ka-ina /kaina/ | yaken /jakɨn/ |
| You | isiu /isiu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | kamu /kamu/ | amuʼ /amuʔ/ | aisu /aisu/ | ijo /ijo/ | ʼimo /ʔimo/ |
| We | ita / yami /ita / jami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ami /ami/ | aita / aimi /aita / aimi/ | totto / namo /toto / namo/ | yaten / yamen /jatɨn / jamɨn/ |
| Name | ngadan /ŋadan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ganan /ɡanan/ | nangan /naŋan/ | naan /naːn/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Person | saw /saw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | — | — | lazat /lazat/ | cho /tʃo/ | tawo /tawo/ |
| Head | punu /punu/ | *quluh /quluh/ | — | — | uru /uʁu/ | oeno /uno/ | oxo /oɣo/ |
| Eye | daurik /dauɾik/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | bateh /baˈteh/ | mata /maˈta/ | macha /matʃa/ | mata /mata/ |
| Ear | sainga /saiŋa/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | — | kaping /kaˈpiŋ/ | kayal /kajal/ | charrina /tʃarːina/ | talinya /taliɲa/ |
| Nose | muzing /muziŋ/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | — | undung /unduŋ/ | unung /unuŋ/ | not /not/ | mohdan /mohdan/ |
| Mouth | ahan /ahan/ | — | — | bebaʼ /bəbaʔ/ | ngibiR /ŋibiʁ/ | ranied /ranied/ | vivih /vivih/ |
| Tooth | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ | *nipen /nipen/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | jipeu /dʒipeu/ | bangraw /baŋʁau/ | sien /sien/ | nyipen /ɲipɨn/ |
| Tongue | dahama /dahama/ | *Sema /Sema/ | lidah /lidah/ | jeli /dʒeli/ | rilam /ʁilam/ | tacira /tatsira/ | rila /rila/ |
| Hand | rima /ɾima/ | *lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | rima /riˈma/ | rima /rima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Foot | karaw /kaɾaw/ | *qaqay /qaqay/ | — | — | zapan /zaˈpan/ | asiel /asiel/ | ayi /aji/ |
| Heart | baga /baɡa/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | hati /hati/ | sintung /sintuŋ/ | anem /aˈnəm/ | — /—/ | tawor /tawor/ |
| Bone | bul /bul/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | turang /turaŋ/ | tiran /tiʁan/ | ot /ot/ | toʼxang /toʔɣaŋ/ |
| Blood | damu /damu/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | darah /darah/ | daya /daja/ | rinang /ʁinaŋ/ | taga /taɡa/ | raya /raja/ |
| Love | — /—/ | — /—/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | kahuy /kahuj/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayuh /kaˈjuh/ | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | baron /baron/ | kayoh /kajoh/ |
| Dog | wazu /wazu/ | *asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | kasung /kasuŋ/ | wasu /waˈsu/ | mado /mado/ | tito /tito/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | alaw /alaw/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | ikan /ikan/ | ekan /ekan/ | baut /baut/ | ci /tsi/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Bird | ayam /ajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ | burung /buruŋ/ | — | alam /aˈɬam/ | mampa /mampa/ | kangkang /kaŋkaŋ/ |
| Egg | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | — | — | tirur /tiʁuʁ/ | rini /rini/ | ittiiyoy /ittiijoj/ |
| Horse | gamay /ɡamaj/ | — | — | — | kebayu /kəbaju/ | — | — |
| House | xuma /xuma/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ | ramin /raˈmin/ | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | don /don/ | vaxay /vaɣaj/ |
| Milk | nunuh /nunuh/ | — | susu /susu/ | — | — | — | — |
| Salt | pahah /pahah/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | garam /ɡaram/ | — | zemiyan /zəmijan/ | sassi /sasi/ | asin /asin/ |
| Book | babizu /babizu/ | — | — | — | sudad /sudad/ | bido /bido/ | — |
| Eat | mekan /məkan/ | *kaen /kaen/ | makan /makan/ | maʼan /maʔan/ | quman /quˈman/ | maan /maːn/ | koman /koman/ |
| Drink | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ | *inum /inum/ | minum /minum/ | nyihŭp /ɲihəp/ | mimum /miˈmum/ | minum /minum/ | ominom /ominom/ |
| Sleep | masuaw /masuaw/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | tidur /tidur/ | — | mainep /maiˈnəp/ | summara /sumːara/ | makahicex /makahitʃɨɣ/ |
| One | adang /adaŋ/ | *isa /isa/ | sa /sa/ | indi /indi/ | issa /ˈissa/ | nata /nata/ | aʼsa /aʔsa/ |
| Two | dusa /dusa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dua /dua/ | duɔh /duɔh/ | zusa /zusa/ | naroa /naroa/ | doha /doha/ |
| Three | turu /tuɾu/ | *telu /telu/ | tlu /tlu/ | taruh /taːruh/ | turu /tuɾu/ | torro /torːo/ | atlo /atlo/ |
| Four | supat /supat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | umpat /umpat/ | spat /spat/ | naspat /naspat/ | aʼpat /aʔpat/ |
| Five | xasep /xasəp/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | rimah /riməh/ | rima /riˈma/ | nachab /natʃab/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | haten /hatən/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | ratus /ratus/ | siratus /siraːtus/ | Rasibu /ʁasibu/ | — | omyatos /omjatos/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | — /—/ | — /—/ | baik /baik/ | paaguh /paːɡuh/ | nngi /nŋi/ | — /—/ | mapia /mapia/ |
| New | xias /xias/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | — | — | tasu /tasu/ | bao /bao/ | vaʼyo /vaʔjo/ |
| Red | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | merah /merah/ | bidayak /bidajak/ | tebari /təbaʀi/ | makakas /makakas/ | mavayah /mavajah/ |
| White | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | putih /putih/ | — | busar /busaʀ/ | mabukkas /mabukas/ | mahilak /mahilak/ |
| Black | terehen /təɾəhən/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | hitam /hitam/ | — | tengen /təŋən/ | makosum /makosum/ | mavaeng /mavaɨŋ/ |
| Green | tululik /tululik/ | — | — | — | puli /puli/ | — | maharem /maharɨm/ |
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