Pinuyumayan
Puyuma
Austronesian
Puyuma (Pinuyumayan) is one of the smallest and most divergent of the Formosan Austronesian languages, the primary branch of Austronesian within the indigenous languages of Taiwan. Puyumic stands separately from other Formosan branches (Atayalic, Tsouic, Paiwanic, Rukaic, etc.), making Puyuma significant for Austronesian historical linguistics — it preserves features lost elsewhere. Spoken by ~3,000 Puyuma people in eight villages of the Beinan area near Taitung in southeast Taiwan. Cultural traditions include the Mangmahut hunting ritual and the Mangayaw plain-dwelling community structure, which is matrilineal — distinctive among Taiwanese aboriginal groups (most are patrilineal).
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Puyuma
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian
| Meaning | Puyuma | Old Malay | Paiwan | Sakizaya | Proto-Austronesian | Bunun | Tao |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | enay /enai/ | air /air/ | zaljum /zaʎum/ | nanum /nanum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | danum /danum/ | ranom /ranom/ |
| Fire | apuy /apui/ | api /api/ | sapuy /sapui/ | lamal /lamal/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apuy /apuj/ |
| Sun | kadaw /kadaw/ | matari /matari/ | qadaw /qadaw/ | cidal /tʃidal/ | *waRi /waRi/ | vali /vali/ | araw /araw/ |
| Moon | bulan /buɭan/ | bulan /bulan/ | qiljas /qiʎas/ | bulad /bulad/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | buan /buan/ | vehan /vehan/ |
| Star | vituwan /vituwan/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | vituqan /vituqan/ | boʼis /boʔis/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | vituen /vituən/ |
| Night | ʼarmeng /ʔarməŋ/ | malam /malam/ | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ | labiʼ /labiʔ/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | labian /labian/ | mahep /mahəp/ |
| Rain | ʼudal /ʔudal/ | — | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ | ʼudad /ʔuðað/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | qudan /qudan/ | cimoy /tsimoi/ |
| Snow | urelra /uɾəla/ | — | sulja /suʎa/ | sulda /sulda/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | paav /paav/ | — |
| Wind | bali /baɭi/ | — | vali /vali/ | baliʼ /baliʔ/ | *bali /bali/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | pagpag /paɡpaɡ/ |
| Earth | dare /ðarə/ | — | qipu /qipu/ | lalaʼ /ɾaɾaʔ/ | *taneq /taneq/ | dalah /dalah/ | tana /tana/ |
| Stone | barasa /barasa/ | batu /batu/ | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ | baʼtu /baʔtu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | vato /vato/ |
| Mountain | zenan /ʐənan/ | — | gadu /ɡadu/ | buyuʼ /bujuʔ/ | *bukij /bukij/ | ludun /ludun/ | tokon /tokon/ |
| Sea | lrevek /ɭəvək/ | — | ljavek /ʎavək/ | bayu /baju/ | *tenem /tenem/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | wawa /wawa/ |
| Mother | ina /ina/ | ibu /ibu/ | kina /kina/ | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | ina /ina/ |
| Father | ama /ama/ | bapa /bapa/ | kama /kama/ | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ |
| Daughter | walrak na babayan /waɭak na babajan/ | — | aljak a vavayan /aʎak a vavajan/ | tatayna a wawa /tatajna a wawa/ | — | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | anak a mavakes /anak a mavakes/ |
| I | kuiku /kuiku/ | aku /aku/ | tiaken /tiakən/ | zaku /ʐaku/ | *aku /aku/ | saikin /saikin/ | yaken /jakən/ |
| You | yu /ju/ | kamu /kamu/ | sun /sun/ | kisu /kisu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | suu /suʔu/ | imo /ʔimo/ |
| We | taita / mimi /taita / mimi/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | yaten / yamen /jatən / jamən/ |
| Name | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Person | trau /ʈau/ | — | caucau /tsautsau/ | tademaw /tadəmaw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | bunun /bunun/ | tao /tao/ |
| Head | tranguruʼ /ʈaŋuɾuʔ/ | — | qulu /qulu/ | tangah /taŋah/ | *quluh /quluh/ | bungu /buŋu/ | oo /oo/ |
| Eye | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | maca /matsa/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Ear | tangila /taŋiɭa/ | — | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tangilaʼ /taŋilaʔ/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ |
| Nose | tingran /tiŋɾan/ | — | ŋudus /ŋudus/ | cihek /tsihək/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | momodan /momodan/ |
| Mouth | indan /indan/ | — | angal /aŋaɭ/ | laway /lawaj/ | — | ngulus /ŋulus/ | ngongoy /ŋoŋoj/ |
| Tooth | wali /wali/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | alis /aɭis/ | ngipən /ŋipən/ | *nipen /nipen/ | nipun /nipun/ | nepen /nəpən/ |
| Tongue | lidam /ɭiɖam/ | lidah /lidah/ | sema /səma/ | səmaʼ /səmaʔ/ | *Sema /Sema/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lila /lilaʔ/ |
| Hand | lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | lima /lima/ | kamay /kamai/ | *lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | kamay /kamaj/ |
| Foot | kuy /kui/ | — | — | — | *qaqay /qaqay/ | bantas /bantas/ | ai /ai/ |
| Heart | kalumetan /kalumetan/ | hati /hati/ | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | gawang /ɡawaŋ/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | paso /paso/ |
| Bone | ukak /ukak/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ | ʼukak /ʔukak/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | toang /toaŋ/ |
| Blood | damuk /damuk/ | darah /darah/ | djamuq /ɟamuq/ | ʼidang /ʔidaŋ/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | rala /ralaʔ/ |
| Poop | traʼi /ʈaʔi/ | — | caqi /tsaqi/ | taiʼ /taiʔ/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | taki /taki/ | obot /obot/ |
| Love | ulaw /ulaw/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | maolah /maolah/ | — /—/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | makakdeng /makakdəŋ/ |
| Tree | kawi /kawi/ | kayu /kaju/ | kasiw /kasiw/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kahu /kahu/ | kayo /kajo/ |
| Dog | suwan /suwan/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | vatu /vatu/ | waco /watʃo/ | *asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | ino /ino/ |
| Cat | kating /katiŋ/ | — /—/ | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | koving /koviŋ/ |
| Fish | kuraw /kuɾaw/ | ikan /ikan/ | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ | buting /butiŋ/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | iskan /iskan/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Bird | ayam /ajam/ | burung /buruŋ/ | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ | ayam /ajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ | hazam /hazam/ | laciw /latsiw/ |
| Butterfly | aribanglranglrawan /aɾibaŋɭaŋɭawan/ | — | pepe /pəpə/ | adipapang /adipapaŋ/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | pahapahad no anito /pahapahad no anito/ |
| Egg | bitrenun /biʈənun/ | — | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ | tiʼkuk /tiʔkuk/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | icioy /itsioj/ |
| Bear | trumay /ʈumaj/ | — | cumay /tsumai/ | tumay /tumai/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | tumaz /tumað/ | — |
| Horse | eva /əva/ | — | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | kabayu /kabaju/ | — | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | — |
| House | ruma /ɾuma/ | rumah /rumah/ | umaq /umaq/ | luma /luma/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | vahay /vahaj/ |
| Milk | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — | hacul /hatsul/ | — | susu /susu/ | mizoko /mizoko/ |
| Honey | kawalruwan /kawaɭuwan/ | — | alju /aʎu/ | waneng nu wadu /wanəŋ nu wadu/ | — | vanu /vanu/ | — |
| Salt | iyam /ijam/ | garam /ɡaram/ | qatia /qatia/ | cikah /tsikah/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | hasila /hasila/ | asin /asin/ |
| Wine | kutra /kuʈa/ | — | vava /vava/ | — | — | — | potaw cyo /potaw tsjo/ |
| Rice | veras /vəɾas/ | — | paday /padai/ | belac /bəlats/ | *beRas /beRas/ | cilas /tsilas/ | mogis /moɡis/ |
| Iron | batulrayaw /batuɭajaw/ | — | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ | mukin /mukin/ | — | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | vahalang /vahalaŋ/ |
| Wheel | mutralatralaw /muʈalaʈalaw/ | — | tjukutjuku /tʲukutʲuku/ | bihel /bihel/ | — | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | — |
| Book | valray /vaɭaj/ | — | sapitj /sapitʲ/ | cudad /tsudad/ | — | patasan /patasan/ | vakong /vakoŋ/ |
| Eat | kuman /kuman/ | makan /makan/ | keman /kəman/ | hekal /hekal/ | *kaen /kaen/ | maun /maun/ | kuman /kuman/ |
| Drink | enpa /enpa/ | minum /minum/ | temekel /təməkəl/ | mihecak /mihetʃak/ | *inum /inum/ | muqun /muqun/ | minum /minum/ |
| Sleep | alrupeʼ /aɭupəʔ/ | tidur /tidur/ | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ | mabiʼ /mabiʔ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | masabah /masabah/ | mitkeh /mitkəh/ |
| One | sa /sa/ | sa /sa/ | ita /ita/ | cacay /tʃatʃai/ | *isa /isa/ | tasa /tasa/ | asa /asa/ |
| Two | zua /ʐua/ | dua /dua/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | tusa /tusa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dusa /dusa/ | doa /doa/ |
| Three | telu /təlu/ | tlu /tlu/ | tjelu /tʲəlu/ | tulu /tulu/ | *telu /telu/ | tau /tau/ | tilo /tilo/ |
| Four | pat /pat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | sepatj /səpatʲ/ | sepat /səpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | paat /paːt/ | apat /apat/ |
| Five | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | saleman /saɭəman/ | ratus /ratus/ | taidai /taidai/ | lasubu /lasubu/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saba /saba/ | ranaw /ranaw/ |
| Hello | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | akokay /akokaj/ |
| Thank you | kasapakan /kasapakan/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | lalumahan /lalumahan/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | ayoy /ajoj/ |
| Good | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ | baik /baik/ | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | masial /masial/ | mapia /mapia/ |
| New | bekal /bəkaɭ/ | — | vaquan /vaquan/ | baluhay /baluhaj/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | vayo /vajo/ |
| Red | midarang /miɖaraŋ/ | merah /merah/ | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ | sumanah /sumanah/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | mivalah /mivalah/ |
| White | bulenan /buɭənan/ | putih /putih/ | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ | sanglac /saŋlatʃ/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | malavang /malavaŋ/ |
| Black | udedem /uɖəɖəm/ | hitam /hitam/ | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ | lumeniʼ /luməniʔ/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | mavaheng /mavahəŋ/ |
| Green | miraʼat /miraʔat/ | — | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Blue | tremangiya /ʈəmaŋija/ | — | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ | sumilaway /sumilawaj/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Computer | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | — | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | — | tinnau /tinnau/ | tiannaw /tiannaw/ |
| Ninety-nine | makaiwa zi iwaya /makaiwa ʐi iwaja/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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