Sakizaya
Austronesian
Sakizaya is an Austronesian Formosan language of the East Formosan branch, recognized as Taiwan's 13th official aboriginal nation in 2007 after centuries of being classified within Amis (ami). The Sakizaya are the descendants of survivors of the 1878 Takobowan Massacre, when Qing forces destroyed the historic Takobowan settlement on the Hualien plain; survivors merged with Amis communities, resulting in the Sakizaya identity being linguistically and ethnically subsumed for ~125 years. The 2007 recognition came after sustained community advocacy, with the Sakizaya cultural revitalization through the annual Palamal harvest ceremony. Sakizaya retains distinct phonological features from Amis (vowel system, certain consonants) and unique vocabulary.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Sakizaya
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian
| Meaning | Sakizaya | Amis | Proto-Austronesian | Kavalan | Puyuma | Bunun | Old Malay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | nanum /nanum/ | nanom /nanom/ | *daNum /daNum/ | zanum /zaˈnum/ | enay /enai/ | danum /danum/ | air /air/ |
| Fire | lamal /lamal/ | namal /namal/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | apuy /apui/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | api /api/ |
| Sun | cidal /tʃidal/ | cidal /tsiðal/ | *waRi /waRi/ | siban /siˈban/ | kadaw /kadaw/ | vali /vali/ | matari /matari/ |
| Moon | bulad /bulad/ | folad /folað/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | buran /buˈran/ | bulan /buɭan/ | buan /buan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | boʼis /boʔis/ | foʼis /foʔis/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bituqan /bituqan/ | vituwan /vituwan/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Night | labiʼ /labiʔ/ | lafiʼ /lafiʔ/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | qabi /ʁabiʔ/ | ʼarmeng /ʔarməŋ/ | labian /labian/ | malam /malam/ |
| Rain | ʼudad /ʔuðað/ | ʼorad /ʔorad/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | uzan /uˈzan/ | ʼudal /ʔudal/ | qudan /qudan/ | — |
| Snow | sulda /sulda/ | soleda^ /soləðaʔ/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | suRna /suʁna/ | urelra /uɾəla/ | paav /paav/ | — |
| Wind | baliʼ /baliʔ/ | fali /fali/ | *bali /bali/ | bari /baˈri/ | bali /baɭi/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | — |
| Earth | lalaʼ /ɾaɾaʔ/ | sera /səra/ | *taneq /taneq/ | melanay /məɾaˈnaj/ | dare /ðarə/ | dalah /dalah/ | — |
| Stone | baʼtu /baʔtu/ | fakeluh /fakeluh/ | *batu /batu/ | btu /btu/ | barasa /barasa/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mountain | buyuʼ /bujuʔ/ | lutuk /lutuk/ | *bukij /bukij/ | naung /nauŋ/ | zenan /ʐənan/ | ludun /ludun/ | — |
| Sea | bayu /baju/ | riyar /rijar/ | *tenem /tenem/ | lazing /laziŋ/ | lrevek /ɭəvək/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | — |
| Mother | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | tina /ˈtina/ | ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | ibu /ibu/ |
| Father | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | tama /ˈtama/ | ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | bapa /bapa/ |
| Daughter | tatayna a wawa /tatajna a wawa/ | fafahiyan a wawa /fafahijan a wawa/ | — | — | walrak na babayan /waɭak na babajan/ | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | — |
| I | zaku /ʐaku/ | kako /kako/ | *aku /aku/ | aiku /aiku/ | kuiku /kuiku/ | saikin /saikin/ | aku /aku/ |
| You | kisu /kisu/ | kiso /kiso/ | *iSu /iSu/ | aisu /aisu/ | yu /ju/ | suu /suʔu/ | kamu /kamu/ |
| We | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | aita / aimi /aita / aimi/ | taita / mimi /taita / mimi/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ |
| Name | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | nangan /naŋan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Person | tademaw /tadəmaw/ | tamdaw /tamðaw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | lazat /lazat/ | trau /ʈau/ | bunun /bunun/ | — |
| Head | tangah /taŋah/ | tangal /taŋal/ | *quluh /quluh/ | uru /uʁu/ | tranguruʼ /ʈaŋuɾuʔ/ | bungu /buŋu/ | — |
| Eye | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /maˈta/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Ear | tangilaʼ /taŋilaʔ/ | tangila /taŋila/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | kayal /kajal/ | tangila /taŋiɭa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | — |
| Nose | cihek /tsihək/ | ngosoʼ /ŋosoʔ/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | unung /unuŋ/ | tingran /tiŋɾan/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | — |
| Mouth | laway /lawaj/ | ngoyos /ŋojos/ | — | ngibiR /ŋibiʁ/ | indan /indan/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | — |
| Tooth | ngipən /ŋipən/ | walis /walis/ | *nipen /nipen/ | bangraw /baŋʁau/ | wali /wali/ | nipun /nipun/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Tongue | səmaʼ /səmaʔ/ | sema /səmaʔ/ | *Sema /Sema/ | rilam /ʁilam/ | lidam /ɭiɖam/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lidah /lidah/ |
| Hand | kamay /kamai/ | kamay /kamaj/ | *lima /lima/ | rima /riˈma/ | lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | tangan /taŋan/ |
| Heart | gawang /ɡawaŋ/ | falokoʼ /falokoʔ/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | anem /aˈnəm/ | kalumetan /kalumetan/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | hati /hati/ |
| Bone | ʼukak /ʔukak/ | ʼokak /ʔokak/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tiran /tiʁan/ | ukak /ukak/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Blood | ʼidang /ʔidaŋ/ | remes /rəməs/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | rinang /ʁinaŋ/ | damuk /damuk/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | darah /darah/ |
| Poop | taiʼ /taiʔ/ | tayiʼ /tajiʔ/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | tad /tad/ | traʼi /ʈaʔi/ | taki /taki/ | — |
| Love | maolah /maolah/ | maolah /maolah/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ulaw /ulaw/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ |
| Tree | kilang /kilaŋ/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | kawi /kawi/ | kahu /kahu/ | kayu /kaju/ |
| Dog | waco /watʃo/ | wacu /watsu/ | *asu /asu/ | wasu /waˈsu/ | suwan /suwan/ | asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ |
| Cat | posi /posi/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | kating /katiŋ/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | buting /butiŋ/ | futing /futiŋ/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | baut /baut/ | kuraw /kuɾaw/ | iskan /iskan/ | ikan /ikan/ |
| Bird | ayam /ajam/ | ayam /ˈajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ | alam /aˈɬam/ | ayam /ajam/ | hazam /hazam/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Butterfly | adipapang /adipapaŋ/ | ʼadipangpang /ʔaðipaŋpaŋ/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | pulaw /pulaw/ | aribanglranglrawan /aɾibaŋɭaŋɭawan/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | — |
| Egg | tiʼkuk /tiʔkuk/ | fitaʼol /fitaʔol/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | tirur /tiʁuʁ/ | bitrenun /biʈənun/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | — |
| Bear | tumay /tumai/ | tomay /tomaj/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | tumay /tuˈmai/ | trumay /ʈumaj/ | tumaz /tumað/ | — |
| Horse | kabayu /kabaju/ | efa /əfa/ | — | kebayu /kəbaju/ | eva /əva/ | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | — |
| House | luma /luma/ | lomaʼ /lomaʔ/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | ruma /ɾuma/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ |
| Milk | hacul /hatsul/ | hacol /hatsol/ | — | — | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ |
| Honey | waneng nu wadu /wanəŋ nu wadu/ | waneng no ʼodal /waneŋ no ʔoðal/ | — | wanu /wanu/ | kawalruwan /kawaɭuwan/ | vanu /vanu/ | — |
| Salt | cikah /tsikah/ | cilah /tsilah/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | zemiyan /zəmijan/ | iyam /ijam/ | hasila /hasila/ | garam /ɡaram/ |
| Rice | belac /bəlats/ | felac /fəlats/ | *beRas /beRas/ | beRas /bəʁas/ | veras /vəɾas/ | cilas /tsilas/ | — |
| Iron | mukin /mukin/ | marad /marad/ | — | balis /baˈlis/ | batulrayaw /batuɭajaw/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | — |
| Wheel | bihel /bihel/ | fiher /fiher/ | — | krizeng /kriˈzəŋ/ | mutralatralaw /muʈalaʈalaw/ | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | — |
| Book | cudad /tsudad/ | cudad /tsuðad/ | — | sudad /sudad/ | valray /vaɭaj/ | patasan /patasan/ | — |
| Eat | hekal /hekal/ | komaen /komaən/ | *kaen /kaen/ | quman /quˈman/ | kuman /kuman/ | maun /maun/ | makan /makan/ |
| Drink | mihecak /mihetʃak/ | minom /minom/ | *inum /inum/ | mimum /miˈmum/ | enpa /enpa/ | muqun /muqun/ | minum /minum/ |
| Sleep | mabiʼ /mabiʔ/ | mafotiʼ /mafotiʔ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | mainep /maiˈnəp/ | alrupeʼ /aɭupəʔ/ | masabah /masabah/ | tidur /tidur/ |
| One | cacay /tʃatʃai/ | cecay /tsetsaj/ | *isa /isa/ | issa /ˈissa/ | sa /sa/ | tasa /tasa/ | sa /sa/ |
| Two | tusa /tusa/ | tosa /tosaʔ/ | *duSa /duSa/ | zusa /zusa/ | zua /ʐua/ | dusa /dusa/ | dua /dua/ |
| Three | tulu /tulu/ | tolo /tolo/ | *telu /telu/ | turu /tuɾu/ | telu /təlu/ | tau /tau/ | tlu /tlu/ |
| Four | sepat /səpat/ | sepat /səpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | spat /spat/ | pat /pat/ | paat /paːt/ | mpat /əmpat/ |
| Five | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | rima /riˈma/ | lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | lasubu /lasubu/ | smoʼot /smoʔot/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | Rasibu /ʁasibu/ | saleman /saɭəman/ | saba /saba/ | ratus /ratus/ |
| Hello | marayas /maɾajas/ | ngaʼay ho /ŋaʔaj ho/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | lalumahan /lalumahan/ | aray /araj/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kasapakan /kasapakan/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Good | kapah /kapah/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | nngi /nŋi/ | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ | masial /masial/ | baik /baik/ |
| New | baluhay /baluhaj/ | faluhay /faluhaj/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | tasu /tasu/ | bekal /bəkaɭ/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | — |
| Red | sumanah /sumanah/ | kahengangay /kahəŋaŋaj/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | tebari /təbaʀi/ | midarang /miɖaraŋ/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | merah /merah/ |
| White | sanglac /saŋlatʃ/ | fohecalay /fohətsalaj/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | busar /busaʀ/ | bulenan /buɭənan/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | putih /putih/ |
| Black | lumeniʼ /luməniʔ/ | kohtingay /kohtiŋaj/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | tengen /təŋən/ | udedem /uɖəɖəm/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ |
| Green | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | kangdaway /kaŋdawaj/ | — | puli /puli/ | miraʼat /miraʔat/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | — |
| Blue | sumilaway /sumilawaj/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | — | puli /puli/ | tremangiya /ʈəmaŋija/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | — |
| Computer | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | — | tiannaw /tiannaw/ | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tinnau /tinnau/ | — |
| Tea | ucya /utʃja/ | ociya /otsija/ | — | — | — | ucia /utsia/ | — |
| Coffee | kuhi /kuhi/ | kohi /kohi/ | — | — | — | kapi /kapi/ | — |
| Sugar | waneng /wanəŋ/ | waneng /waneŋ/ | — | waneng /waˈnəŋ/ | — | kamasia /kamasia/ | — |
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