Pinayuanan
Paiwan
Austronesian (Paiwanic)
Paiwan is the second-largest Formosan language, spoken in southern Taiwan (Pingtung, Taitung) by ~96K with ~10K daily L1 users. Distinguished by a noble/commoner vocabulary register split — chiefs and aristocrats use a separate lexical layer. The Paiwan are renowned for hundred-pace pit viper iconography in their traditions. Officially recognized as one of Taiwan's 16 indigenous Austronesian languages; taught in primary schools since 2001 with a standardized Latin orthography.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Paiwan
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (Paiwanic)
| Meaning | Paiwan | Proto-Austronesian | Puyuma | Bunun | Rukai | Thao | Pazeh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | zaljum /zaʎum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | enay /enai/ | danum /danum/ | acilai /aˈtsilai/ | sazum /saðum/ | dalum /dalum/ |
| Fire | sapuy /sapui/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | apuy /apui/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apoy /aˈpoi/ | apuy /apuj/ | hapuy /hapuj/ |
| Sun | qadaw /qadaw/ | *waRi /waRi/ | kadaw /kadaw/ | vali /vali/ | vai /vai/ | fitulha /fituʎa/ | rizax /ɾizax/ |
| Moon | qiljas /qiʎas/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /buɭan/ | buan /buan/ | dramare /ɖamaɾə/ | furaz /fuɾað/ | ilas /ilas/ |
| Star | vituqan /vituqan/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | vituwan /vituwan/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | tariaw /taɾiaw/ | fituʼish /fituʔiʃ/ | mintol /mintol/ |
| Night | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | ʼarmeng /ʔarməŋ/ | labian /labian/ | maʼungu /maʔuŋu/ | tanlhuan /tanɬuan/ | xinian /xinian/ |
| Rain | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | ʼudal /ʔudal/ | qudan /qudan/ | odalə /odalə/ | qusaz /qusað/ | udan /udan/ |
| Snow | sulja /suʎa/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | urelra /uɾəla/ | paav /paav/ | pasaabu /pasaːbu/ | ulhza /uɬða/ | hahela /hahela/ |
| Wind | vali /vali/ | *bali /bali/ | bali /baɭi/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | sasəvəranə /sasəvəɾanə/ | fari /faɾi/ | bari /baɾi/ |
| Earth | qipu /qipu/ | *taneq /taneq/ | dare /ðarə/ | dalah /dalah/ | dae /daə/ | pruq /pruq/ | daxe /daxəʔ/ |
| Stone | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ | *batu /batu/ | barasa /barasa/ | batu /batu/ | lrənəgə /ɭənəɡə/ | fatu /fatu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mountain | gadu /ɡadu/ | *bukij /bukij/ | zenan /ʐənan/ | ludun /ludun/ | lregelrege /ɭəɡəɭəɡə/ | huzun /huðun/ | — |
| Sea | ljavek /ʎavək/ | *tenem /tenem/ | lrevek /ɭəvək/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | laveke /ɭavəkə/ | wazakan /waðakan/ | awas /awas/ |
| Mother | kina /kina/ | *ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | kainā /kaiˈnaː/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ |
| Father | kama /kama/ | *ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | amā /aˈmaː/ | ama /ama/ | aba /aba/ |
| Daughter | aljak a vavayan /aʎak a vavajan/ | — | walrak na babayan /waɭak na babajan/ | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | ababay ka lalake /ababai ka lalake/ | — | — |
| I | tiaken /tiakən/ | *aku /aku/ | kuiku /kuiku/ | saikin /saikin/ | kunaku /kunaku/ | yaku /jaku/ | yaku /jaku/ |
| You | sun /sun/ | *iSu /iSu/ | yu /ju/ | suu /suʔu/ | kusu /kusu/ | ihu /ʔihu/ | isiu /isiu/ |
| We | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | taita / mimi /taita / mimi/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | kuta / kunai /kuta / kunai/ | ita / yamin /ʔita / jamin/ | ita / yami /ita / jami/ |
| Name | ngadan /ŋadan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngadhalj /ŋaðaɭ/ | tanan /tanan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ |
| Person | caucau /tsautsau/ | *Cau /tsau/ | trau /ʈau/ | bunun /bunun/ | umawmase /umawmasə/ | caw /θaw/ | saw /saw/ |
| Head | qulu /qulu/ | *quluh /quluh/ | tranguruʼ /ʈaŋuɾuʔ/ | bungu /buŋu/ | aolo /aoɭo/ | punuq /punuq/ | punu /punu/ |
| Eye | maca /matsa/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | maca /ˈmatsa/ | maca /maθa/ | daurik /dauɾik/ |
| Ear | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tangila /taŋiɭa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | calinga /tsaɭiŋa/ | lharina /ɬarina/ | sainga /saiŋa/ |
| Nose | ŋudus /ŋudus/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | tingran /tiŋɾan/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | ngongoanə /ŋoŋoanə/ | muzin /muðin/ | muzing /muziŋ/ |
| Mouth | angal /aŋaɭ/ | — | indan /indan/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | ngodoy /ŋoˈdoi/ | ruzic /ɺuðiθ/ | ahan /ahan/ |
| Tooth | alis /aɭis/ | *nipen /nipen/ | wali /wali/ | nipun /nipun/ | valisi /valisi/ | nipin /nipin/ | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ |
| Tongue | sema /səma/ | *Sema /Sema/ | lidam /ɭiɖam/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lidamə /ɭidamə/ | zama /ðama/ | dahama /dahama/ |
| Hand | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | alima /aˈlima/ | lima /lima/ | rima /ɾima/ |
| Heart | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | kalumetan /kalumetan/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | atay /aˈtai/ | putul /putul/ | baga /baɡa/ |
| Bone | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | ukak /ukak/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | colalə /tsoɭaɭə/ | puʼu /puʔu/ | bul /bul/ |
| Blood | djamuq /ɟamuq/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | damuk /damuk/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | eray /əˈɾai/ | talhum /taɬum/ | damu /damu/ |
| Poop | caqi /tsaqi/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | traʼi /ʈaʔi/ | taki /taki/ | caki /tsaki/ | caqi /θaqi/ | — |
| Love | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | — /—/ | ulaw /ulaw/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | ababai /aˈbabai/ | madaidaz /madaiðað/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | kasiw /kasiw/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kawi /kawi/ | kahu /kahu/ | cəkələ /tsəkələ/ | lhalum /ʎalum/ | kahuy /kahuj/ |
| Dog | vatu /vatu/ | *asu /asu/ | suwan /suwan/ | asu /asu/ | takanaw /taˈkanau/ | atu /atu/ | wazu /wazu/ |
| Cat | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | — /—/ | kating /katiŋ/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjau/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | kuraw /kuɾaw/ | iskan /iskan/ | kaʼangə /kaʔaŋə/ | rusaw /ɾusaw/ | alaw /alaw/ |
| Bird | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ | ayam /ajam/ | hazam /hazam/ | adhadhamə /aðaðamə/ | rumfaz /ɾumfað/ | ayam /ajam/ |
| Butterfly | pepe /pəpə/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | aribanglranglrawan /aɾibaŋɭaŋɭawan/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | lialivarane /ɭiaɭiˈvaɾanə/ | kurari /kuɾaɾi/ | — |
| Egg | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | bitrenun /biʈənun/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | batuku /batuku/ | qaricuy /qaɾiθuj/ | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ |
| Bear | cumay /tsumai/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | trumay /ʈumaj/ | tumaz /tumað/ | cumay /tsuˈmai/ | cumay /θumai/ | — |
| Horse | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | — | eva /əva/ | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | tishmamraw /tiʃmamɾaw/ | gamay /ɡamaj/ |
| House | umaq /umaq/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | ruma /ɾuma/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | daane /daːne/ | kayan /kajan/ | xuma /xuma/ |
| Honey | alju /aʎu/ | — | kawalruwan /kawaɭuwan/ | vanu /vanu/ | valu /vaɭu/ | fulhia wa madahun /fuɬia wa madahun/ | — |
| Salt | qatia /qatia/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | iyam /ijam/ | hasila /hasila/ | timu /ˈtimu/ | qtilha /qtiɬa/ | pahah /pahah/ |
| Wine | vava /vava/ | — | kutra /kuʈa/ | — | bava /bava/ | — | — |
| Rice | paday /padai/ | *beRas /beRas/ | veras /vəɾas/ | cilas /tsilas/ | pagay /paˈɡai/ | — | — |
| Iron | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ | — | batulrayaw /batuɭajaw/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | adreme /aˈɖəmə/ | balis /balis/ | — |
| Wheel | tjukutjuku /tʲukutʲuku/ | — | mutralatralaw /muʈalaʈalaw/ | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | palridingi /paɭiˈdiŋi/ | — | — |
| Book | sapitj /sapitʲ/ | — | valray /vaɭaj/ | patasan /patasan/ | hungu /huŋu/ | patashan /pataʃan/ | babizu /babizu/ |
| Eat | keman /kəman/ | *kaen /kaen/ | kuman /kuman/ | maun /maun/ | waane /ˈwaːne/ | kuman /kuman/ | mekan /məkan/ |
| Drink | temekel /təməkəl/ | *inum /inum/ | enpa /enpa/ | muqun /muqun/ | otobi /oˈtobi/ | naqayan /naqajan/ | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ |
| Sleep | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | alrupeʼ /aɭupəʔ/ | masabah /masabah/ | waapəcə /waːpətsə/ | malhus /maɬus/ | masuaw /masuaw/ |
| One | ita /ita/ | *isa /isa/ | sa /sa/ | tasa /tasa/ | itha /iˈθa/ | tata /tata/ | adang /adaŋ/ |
| Two | drusa /ɖusa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | zua /ʐua/ | dusa /dusa/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | tusha /tuʃa/ | dusa /dusa/ |
| Three | tjelu /tʲəlu/ | *telu /telu/ | telu /təlu/ | tau /tau/ | tolo /tolo/ | turu /tuɾu/ | turu /tuɾu/ |
| Four | sepatj /səpatʲ/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | pat /pat/ | paat /paːt/ | səpatə /səpatə/ | shpat /ʃpat/ | supat /supat/ |
| Five | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lrima /ˈɭima/ | rima /rima/ | xasep /xasəp/ |
| Hundred | taidai /taidai/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saleman /saɭəman/ | saba /saba/ | iday /idaj/ | shaba /ʃaba/ | haten /hatən/ |
| Hello | masalu /masalu/ | — /—/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | sabaw /saˈbau/ | ya /ja/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | masalu /masalu/ | — /—/ | kasapakan /kasapakan/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | masalu /maˈsalu/ | mihu /mihu/ | — /—/ |
| Good | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | — /—/ | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ | masial /masial/ | manangi /maˈnaŋi/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ |
| New | vaquan /vaquan/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | bekal /bəkaɭ/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | baavanə /baːvanə/ | faqlhu /faqɬu/ | xias /xias/ |
| Red | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | midarang /miɖaraŋ/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | dirərələ /diɾəɾələ/ | mashinaw /maʃinaw/ | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ |
| White | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | bulenan /buɭənan/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | popoli /poˈpoli/ | mapuzi /mapuði/ | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ |
| Black | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | udedem /uɖəɖəm/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | maicəlrəngə /maitsəɭəŋə/ | maqusum /maqusum/ | terehen /təɾəhən/ |
| Green | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ | — | miraʼat /miraʔat/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | salesese /saləsəsə/ | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | tululik /tululik/ |
| Blue | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ | — | tremangiya /ʈəmaŋija/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | salesese /saləsəsə/ | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | — |
| Computer | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | — | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tinnau /tinnau/ | tinnaw /tinˈnau/ | tiannau /tiannau/ | — |
| Sushi | susi /susi/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Tea | ucia /utsia/ | — | — | ucia /utsia/ | ucia /uˈtsia/ | — | — |
| Coffee | kuhi /kuhi/ | — | — | kapi /kapi/ | kahwi /ˈkahwi/ | — | — |
| Sugar | ljualju /ʎuaʎu/ | — | — | kamasia /kamasia/ | alualu /aluˈalu/ | — | — |
| Orange | tjianes /tʲianəs/ | — | — | izuk /izuk/ | — | — | — |
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