๐๐ผ๐ฐ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐พ๐ฆ๐๐ข๐
Tocharian B
Indo-European (Tocharian) ยท historical / hidden variety
Tocharian B (Western Tocharian, Kuchean) is the more abundantly attested of the two Tocharian languages, surviving in religious and secular manuscripts excavated from the Buddhist kingdom of Kucha along the Silk Road. Both Tocharian languages โ closely linked Indo-European outliers in Central Asia โ went extinct around 1000 CE as Turkic peoples (the Uyghurs in particular) replaced them in the Tarim Basin. Tocharian features centum-style consonantism unusual for its eastern location.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Tocharian B
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (Tocharian)
| Meaning | Tocharian B | Tocharian A | Proto-Tocharian | Wichita | Mycenaean Greek | Proto-Uralic | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /war/ | ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /wรฆr/ | *wรคr /wษr/ | kicสa /kitsสa/ | ๐๐ /hudษหr/ | *wete /wete/ | ๐ฟ๐๐ป /waหtar/ |
| Fire | ๐ง๐ผ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /puwar/ | ๐ง๐๐ญ๐ /por/ | *pลญwฤr /puwaหr/ | heหcสa /heหtsสa/ | ๐ข /pyหr/ | *tule /tule/ | ๐บ๐ด๐ฏ /paxหur/ |
| Sun | ๐๐ ๐ /kauล/ | ๐๐๐ /kom/ | *kฤunรค /kaหunษ/ | saหkhirสa /saหkสฐiษพสa/ | ๐๐ธ๐ช๐ /haหwelios/ | *kaja /kaja/ | โ /โ/ |
| Moon | ๐ซ๐๐๐ /meษฒe/ | ๐ซ๐๐ /mรฆษฒ/ | *mฤรฑฤ /meหษฒeห/ | waหh /waหh/ | ๐ /mษหn/ | *kuลe /kuลe/ | ๐๐ ๐ /arma/ |
| Star | ๐ฐ๐๐๐บ๐ญ๐๐ฌ๐ /ษtษirje/ | ๐ฐ๐๐ญ๐๐ /ษreโฟ/ | *scรคr /stsษr/ | hiหkwirikสa /hiหkสทiษพikสa/ | ๐๐ณ๐ซ /astษหr/ | *tรคลกtรค /tรฆสtรฆ/ | ๐ฉ๐ธ๐ผ๐ ๐ /xasterts/ |
| Night | ๐ฌ๐ฑ๐ป๐ฌ๐ /jสiหje/ | ๐ฏ๐ฑ๐ /wสe/ | *wyรคแนฃi /wjษสi/ | ckhaหrสa /tskสฐaหษพสa/ | โ /โ/ | *รผje /yje/ | ๐ ๐บ๐ญ๐ /ispants/ |
| Rain | ๐ฒ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฒ๐ /swese/ | ๐ฒ๐๐ฏ๐ฒ๐ /swase/ | *sลญwese /suwese/ | โ | โ | โ | ๐ญ๐๐ /xeหus/ |
| Wind | ๐ฌ๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ /jente/ | ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ /want/ | *wyente /wjente/ | niweสeหrสa /niweสeหษพสa/ | ๐๐๐ /anemos/ | *towle /towle/ | ๐ท๐๐ฟ๐ญ๐ /xuwants/ |
| Earth | ๐๐๐ /kem/ | ๐ข๐๐๐ /tkam/ | *tken /tken/ | โ | โ | *ma /ma/ | ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ญ /teหkan/ |
| Stone | ๐๐ญ๐๐ฏ๐๐๐ /kษrweษฒe/ | ๐๐ญ๐๐ฏ๐ธ๐๐ /kษrwaษฒ/ | โ | โ | โ | *kiwe /kiwe/ | ๐บ๐ธ๐ ๐ท๐ธ /pasหilas/ |
| Mountain | ๐ฑ๐ฎ๐ /สale/ | ๐ฑ๐ผ๐ฎ๐ /สul/ | *แนฃwyรคle /สwjษle/ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| Sea | ๐ฒ๐ซ๐ผ๐ค๐๐ข๐ญ๐ /samudtษr/ | ๐ฒ๐ธ๐ซ๐ผ๐ค๐๐ข๐ญ๐ /saหmudtษr/ | โ | โ | โ | โ | ๐๐๐พ๐ธ /arunas/ |
| Mother | ๐ซ๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /maหtษer/ | ๐ซ๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /maหtsar/ | *mฤcer /maหtser/ | eciyeหh /etsijeหh/ | ๐๐ณ /maหtษหr/ | *emรค /emรฆ/ | ๐ญ๐พ /anหa/ |
| Father | ๐ง๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /paหtษer/ | ๐ง๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /paหtsar/ | *ฤppo /aหppo/ | taหtah /taหtah/ | ๐๐ณ /patษหr/ | *iฤรค /itษรฆ/ | ๐๐ซ /atหa/ |
| Daughter | ๐ข๐๐๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /tkaหtษer/ | ๐๐๐๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /tskaหtsar/ | *t(ลญ)kฤcฤr /tkaหtseหr/ | โ | ๐ถ๐๐ณ /tสฐuษกatษหr/ | โ | โ |
| I | ๐๐ฐ๐ /ษฒษษ/ | ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ /nษส/ | *รฑรคล /ษฒษษ/ | nacสih /natsสih/ | ๐๐ /eษกษห/ | *mun /mun/ | ๐๐ /uหk/ |
| You | ๐ข๐ผ๐ฏ๐ /tuwe/ | ๐ข๐ผ /tu/ | *tuwe /tuwe/ | nasสih /nasสih/ | ๐ถ /tuห/ | *tun /tun/ | ๐ฃ๐ /tsik/ |
| We | ๐ฏ๐๐ฒ๐ /wes/ | ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐ /was/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | *me /me/ | ๐๐๐ /weหs/ |
| Name | ๐๐๐ซ๐ /ษฒem/ | ๐๐๐ /ษฒom/ | *รฑฤmรค /ษฒeหmษ/ | hissaหrสa /hissaหษพสa/ | ๐๐๐ /onoma/ | *nimi /nimi/ | ๐ท๐๐ ๐ญ /laหman/ |
| Person | ๐ฐ๐ ๐ซ๐ /ษauฬฏmo/ | ๐ฆ๐ง๐๐ /napem/ | *ฤฤumo /tษaหumo/ | ihaas /ihaas/ | ๐๐ต๐ซ๐ฆ /antสฐrษหkสทos/ | โ | ๐ญ๐ ๐ฟ๐ช๐ฉ๐ธ /antuwaxหas/ |
| Head | ๐๐ฐ๐๐๐ /aหษtษe/ | ๐ฎ๐ง๐ /lap/ | *ฤรคpฤlรค /tษษpaหlษ/ | โ | โ | *pรคลe /pรคลe/ | ๐ฉ๐ ๐ญ๐ /xarsar/ |
| Eye | ๐๐๐ /ek/ | ๐ ๐๐ /ak/ | *รซk /ษk/ | kirikสa /kiษพikสa/ | โ /โ/ | *ลilmรค /ลilmรค/ | ๐ญ๐ช๐ฟ /sakuwa/ |
| Ear | ๐๐๐ฎ๐ ๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ /klauฬฏtso/ | ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ /klots/ | *kleutsฤn /kleutsaหn/ | โ | โ | *pixlรค /pixlรฆ/ | ๐ ๐ซ๐ ๐ญ /istaman/ |
| Nose | ๐ซ๐๐ฎ๐บ /meli/ | ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ /mal/ | *mele- /mele/ | โ | โ | *nรคre /nรคre/ | โ |
| Tooth | ๐๐๐ซ๐ /keme/ | ๐๐ซ /kษm/ | *keme /keme/ | aหkสa /aหkสa/ | โ /โ/ | *piลi /piลi/ | ๐ ๐๐ต /kaหษกa/ |
| Tongue | ๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐๐ฏ๐ /kantwo/ | ๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ผ /kษntu/ | *kรคntwo /kษntwo/ | hacสผa /hatsสa/ | โ /โ/ | *kele /kele/ | ๐ท๐๐ท /laหla/ |
| Hand | ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ /สar/ | ๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ญ๐ /tsar/ | *แนฃar /สar/ | iskสa /iskสa/ | ๐๐ /kสฐษหr/ | *kรคti /kรคti/ | ๐ ๐ ๐ญ๐ /kesหar/ |
| Foot | ๐ง๐๐ฌ๐๐ฌ๐ /paijหe/ | ๐ง๐ /pe/ | *peine /peine/ | asสa /asสa/ | ๐ก๐ /podei/ | *jalka /jalka/ | ๐บ๐ซ /pata/ |
| Heart | ๐ ๐ญ๐พ๐๐๐๐ /araษฒtษe/ | ๐ ๐ญ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ /araหษฒts/ | *ฤrรครฑce /aหrษษฒtse/ | sikicสa /sikitsสa/ | โ /โ/ | *ลรผdรคme /ษydรฆme/ | ๐ ๐ /ker/ |
| Bone | ๐๐ฌ๐ /aหj/ | ๐๐ฌ๐ /aหj/ | *ฤyรค /aหjษ/ | kiหsสa /kiหsสa/ | โ /โ/ | *luwe /luwe/ | ๐ฉ๐ธ๐ซ๐ฟ /xastaหi/ |
| Blood | ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ญ /jasar/ | ๐ฌ๐๐ฒ๐ธ๐ญ๐ /jsaหr/ | *yรคฬsar /jษฬsar/ | waหckicสa /waหtskitsสa/ | โ /โ/ | *were /were/ | ๐๐๐ฏ /eหsxar/ |
| Poop | ๐ฏ๐๐๐ฑ๐บ๐ฌ๐ /wemสije/ | โ | โ | โ | โ | *puฤka /putษka/ | ๐ญ๐๐ผ๐ /sakหar/ |
| Love | โ /โ/ | ๐ข๐ผ๐๐๐ /tuลk/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | ๐ ๐ซ /pสฐilos/ | โ /โ/ | ๐๐ธ๐ ๐ ๐ป /aหsหijatar/ |
| Tree | ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐ /staหm/ | ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐ /staหm/ | โ /โ/ | tiyaหhkw /tijaหhkสท/ | ๐๐ฌ /doru/ | *puwi /puwi/ | ๐ซ๐ /taru/ |
| Dog | ๐๐ผ /ku/ | ๐๐ผ /ku/ | *ku /ku/ | kiciyeหh /kitsijeหh/ | ๐๐บ /kuwษหn/ | *penรค /penรฆ/ | ๐ช๐ฟ๐ญ /kuwan/ |
| Cat | ๐ซ๐ธ๐ญ๐๐๐ธ๐ญ๐ /maหrdสaหre/ | ๐๐ผ๐ซ๐ฝ๐ฑ๐ /kumuหส/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Fish | ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฑ /laks/ | ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฑ /laks/ | โ /โ/ | kaหcสa /kaหtsสa/ | โ /โ/ | *kala /kala/ | โ /โ/ |
| Horse | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ฏ๐ /jakwe/ | ๐ฌ๐ผ๐๐ /juk/ | *yรคkwe /jษkwe/ | โ | ๐๐ฆ /ikkสทos/ | โ | โ |
| House | ๐๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ /ost/ | ๐ฏ๐ฑ๐๐ข๐ /waสt/ | *wostลญ /wostu/ | akhaหrสa /akสฐaหษพสa/ | ๐บ๐๐ /woikos/ | *kota /kota/ | ๐ /peหr/ |
| Milk | ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐ฏ๐๐ญ๐ /malkwer/ | ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐๐ /malke/ | โ | โ | โ | *lรผpsรค /lypsรฆ/ | โ |
| Honey | ๐ซ๐บ๐ข๐ /mit/ | ๐ซ๐บ๐ข๐ /mit/ | *แธฟษtษ /mสฒษtษ/ | โ | ๐๐ช /meli/ | *mete /mete/ | ๐ช๐ท๐ /milit/ |
| Salt | ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐๐ฌ๐บ๐ฌ๐ /saสije/ | ๐ฒ๐ธ๐ฎ๐ /saหle/ | โ | โ | โ | *salษ /salษ/ | โ |
| Wine | ๐๐ผ๐๐บ๐ซ๐๐ข๐ /kuษฒimot/ | โ | โ | โ | ๐บ๐ /woinos/ | โ | ๐ฟ๐ ๐พ๐ธ /wijanas/ |
| Rice | ๐๐๐ฎ๐ผ /klu/ | ๐๐๐ฎ๐ผ /klu/ | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| Iron | ๐๐๐๐๐ผ๐ฏ๐ /eษฒtษuwo/ | โ | *eรฑcรคuwo /eษฒtsษuwo/ | โ | โ | โ | ๐ฉ๐บ๐ ๐ /xapalki/ |
| Wheel | โ /โ/ | ๐๐ผ๐๐ฎ๐ /kukษl/ | โ | โ | ๐๐ /harmo/ | โ | ๐ท๐จ๐ ๐ /xurkis/ |
| Book | ๐ง๐๐ฒ๐๐ข๐๐ /postak/ | ๐ง๐๐ฒ๐๐ข๐๐ /postak/ | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| Eat | ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ฏ /ษuwa/ | ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ /ษรฆw/ | โ /โ/ | kaสac /kaสats/ | ๐๐๐๐ /edmenai/ | *sewe- /sewe/ | ๐๐๐๐๐ฃ /eหtsหatsหi/ |
| Drink | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ /jok/ | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ /jok/ | โ /โ/ | kikสa /kikสa/ | ๐ก๐ /piหnษห/ | *jรซxe- /jษคxe/ | ๐๐ช๐ฃ /ekutsi/ |
| Sleep | ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ /klษnts/ | ๐๐๐ฎ๐บ๐ฒ๐ /klis/ | โ | โ | โ | *oฮดa- /oรฐa/ | ๐บ๐๐ฃ /sestsi/ |
| One | ๐ฑ๐ /สe/ | ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ /sas/ | *sems /sems/ | chiสass /tsสฐiสass/ | ๐ /hen/ | *รผkte /รผkte/ | ๐ธ /as/ |
| Two | ๐ฏ๐บ /wi/ | ๐ฏ๐ผ /wu/ | *wรซ /wษ/ | wic /wits/ | ๐๐บ /duwoห/ | *kakta /kakta/ | โ /โ/ |
| Three | ๐ข๐๐ญ๐ฌ /traj/ | ๐ข๐๐ญ๐ /tre/ | *treyรค /trejษ/ | taw /taw/ | ๐ฏ๐ช /tiri/ | *kolme /kolme/ | ๐ผ๐ /teri/ |
| Four | ๐ฐ๐๐ข๐๐ฏ๐๐ญ๐ /ษtwer/ | ๐ฐ๐๐ข๐๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /ษtwar/ | *ฤรคtwerรค /tษษtwerษ/ | taหkwic /taหkสทits/ | ๐ค๐ต๐ซ /kสทetoro/ | *neljรค /neljรฆ/ | ๐ช๐๐ฟ๐ธ /miewas/ |
| Five | ๐ง๐บ๐ฐ๐ /piษ/ | ๐ง๐๐ /pรฆษฒ/ | *pสผรคฬรฑฤรค /pสฒษฬษฒtษษ/ | โ | โ | *witte /witte/ | โ |
| Hundred | ๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ /kante/ | ๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ /kรฆnt/ | *kรคnte /kษnte/ | โ | โ | *ลata /ษata/ | โ |
| Hello | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Thank you | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Good | ๐๐ญ๐๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ /kartse/ | ๐๐ธ๐ฒ๐ผ /kaหsu/ | โ /โ/ | acs /atss/ | ๐๐๐ณ /aษกatสฐos/ | *para /para/ | ๐ธ๐ /asหu/ |
| New | ๐๐ผ๐ฏ๐ /ษฒuwe/ | ๐๐ผ /ษฒu/ | *รฑรคwe /ษฒษwe/ | โ | ๐๐บ /newos/ | *wuฮดฬe /wuรฐสฒe/ | ๐๐๐ฟ๐ธ /neหwas/ |
| Red | ๐ญ๐ข๐๐ญ๐ /ratre/ | ๐ญ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ญ /rtaหr/ | *rลญtรคre /rutษre/ | kwhaหc /kสทสฐaหts/ | ๐๐ฌ๐ฒ๐จ /erutสฐraห/ | โ /โ/ | ๐ช๐ฟ๐พ๐ /miหtis/ |
| White | ๐๐ญ๐๐๐๐ฏ๐บ /aหrkwi/ | ๐๐ญ๐๐๐บ /aหrki/ | *ฤrkwi /aหrkwi/ | โ | ๐ฉ๐๐ /leukos/ | *wรซlketa /wษคlketa/ | ๐ฏ๐ ๐ /xarkis/ |
| Black | ๐๐ญ๐๐๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ /erkent/ | ๐ ๐ญ๐๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ /arkant/ | *erkent /erkent/ | โ | โ | โ | ๐๐ญ๐ช๐ /dankuis/ |
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