Prūsiska bila
Old Prussian
Indo-European
Old Prussian (Prūsiska bila, "Prussian language") was the principal language of the West Baltic Pruzzians (also Aestii, Pruzzi), inhabitants of East Prussia until they were Germanized after the Teutonic Order conquest (1230s-1410s). Distinct from East Baltic Lithuanian and Latvian, Old Prussian shows archaic Indo-European features lost in those languages: preservation of nominative singular -s in some classes, simpler consonant alternations, and Germanic-style declension simplification. Reconstructed primarily from three surviving Catechisms (1545-1561) and the 14th-century Elbing Vocabulary. A modern Old Prussian revival movement, led by linguists since the 1980s, attempts to make Old Prussian a usable second language.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Old Prussian
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European
| Meaning | Old Prussian | Latvian | Samogitian | Latgalian | Latin | Slovenian | Gothic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | wundan /wundan/ | ūdens /uːdɛns/ | vondou /vɔndɔu/ | iudiņs /ˈiudʲinʲtsʲ/ | aqua /ˈakʷa/ | voda /ˈʋɔːda/ | 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 /wɑtoː/ |
| Fire | panno /panːo/ | uguns /uɡuns/ | ognės /ɔɡneːs/ | guņs /ɡunʲtsʲ/ | ignis /ˈiŋnis/ | ogenj /ˈɔːɡən/ | 𐍆𐍉𐌽 /foːn/ |
| Sun | saule /saule/ | saule /saulɛ/ | saulė /sauleː/ | saule /ˈsaulʲæ/ | sōl /soːl/ | sonce /ˈsoːntsɛ/ | 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 /sunːoː/ |
| Moon | menins /menins/ | mēness /meːnɛs/ | mienou /mʲeːnɔu/ | mienesnīks /ˈmʲienʲesnʲiːks/ | lūna /ˈluːna/ | luna /ˈluːna/ | 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 /meːnɑ/ |
| Star | lauxnos /ˈlauksnos/ | zvaigzne /ˈzvaiɡzne/ | žvaigždė /ʒvaɪɡʒdeː/ | zvaigzne /ˈzvai̯ɡʲzʲnʲæ/ | stella /ˈstɛlːa/ | zvezda /ˈzʋeːzda/ | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 /stɛrnoː/ |
| Night | nacktin /naktin/ | nakts /nakts/ | naktis /ˈnaktʲɪs/ | nakts /nakts/ | nox /noks/ | noč /noːtʃ/ | 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 /naxts/ |
| Rain | aglo /aɡlo/ | lietus /liɛtus/ | lītos /liːtɔs/ | leits /lʲeits/ | pluvia /ˈpluwia/ | dež /dəʃ/ | 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 /riɡn/ |
| Snow | snaygis /snaiɡis/ | sniegs /sniɛks/ | sniegs /snʲɛɡs/ | snīgs /sniːks/ | nix /niks/ | sneg /sneːk/ | 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 /snɛːws/ |
| Wind | wetro /wetro/ | vējš /ʋeːjʃ/ | vies /vʲieːs/ | viejs /vʲiejs/ | ventus /ˈwɛntʊs/ | veter /ˈʋeːtər/ | 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 /winds/ |
| Earth | semmē /ˈsɛmmeː/ | zeme /ˈzɛme/ | žemė /ʒʲɛmʲeː/ | zeme /ˈzʲæmʲæ/ | humus /ˈhumus/ | zemlja /ˈzɛːmlja/ | 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 /ɛrθa/ |
| Stone | stabis /ˈstabis/ | akmens /ˈakmens/ | akmou /ɐkˈmoː/ | akmiņs /ˈakmiɲtsʲ/ | lapis /ˈlapis/ | kamen /ˈkaːmən/ | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 /stɛːns/ |
| Mountain | grabis /ɡrabis/ | kalns /kalns/ | kalns /kalns/ | kolns /kɔlnts/ | mons /moːns/ | gora /ˈɡɔːra/ | 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 /ˈfɛrɡuni/ |
| Sea | iūrin /ˈjuːrin/ | jūra /ˈjuːra/ | jūra /juːra/ | jiura /ˈjiura/ | mare /ˈmare/ | morje /ˈmoːrjɛ/ | 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 /ˈmareː/ |
| Mother | mūti /muːti/ | māte /maːtɛ/ | mama /mama/ | muote /ˈmuotʲæ/ | māter /ˈmaːter/ | mati /ˈmaːti/ | 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 /aiθiː/ |
| Father | tāws /taːws/ | tēvs /teːvs/ | tievs /tʲieːvs/ | tāvs /taːvs/ | pater /ˈpater/ | oče /ˈɔːtʃɛ/ | 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 /ɑtːɑ/ |
| Daughter | duckti /duktiː/ | meita /meita/ | doktie /dɔkˈtʲieː/ | meita /ˈmʲæi̯ta/ | fīlia /ˈfiːlia/ | hči /xtʃiː/ | 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 /dɔːhtar/ |
| I | as /as/ | es /æs/ | aš /aʃ/ | es /æs/ | ego /ˈeɡoː/ | jaz /jas/ | 𐌹𐌺 /ik/ |
| You | tū /tuː/ | tu /tu/ | tŭ /tʊ/ | tu /tu/ | tū /tuː/ | ti /tiː/ | 𐌸𐌿 /θuː/ |
| We | mes /mes/ | mēs /meːs/ | mes /mɛs/ | mes /mæs/ | nōs /noːs/ | mi /miː/ | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 /wiːs/ |
| Name | emnes /ˈemnes/ | vārds /vaːrds/ | vards /vards/ | vuords /ˈvuorts/ | nōmen /ˈnoːmen/ | ime /iˈmeː/ | 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 /nɑmoː/ |
| Person | smunents /ˈsmuːnents/ | cilvēks /ˈtsilvɛːks/ | žmuogos /ʒmuoɡos/ | cylvāks /ˈtsɨlvaːks/ | homo /ˈhomoː/ | človek /ˈtʃlɔːʋɛk/ | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 /ˈmanːa/ |
| Head | gallū /ˈɡaluː/ | galva /ˈɡalva/ | galva /ɡalva/ | golva /ˈɡɔlva/ | caput /ˈkaput/ | glava /ˈɡlaːʋa/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 /ˈhɔːβiθ/ |
| Eye | ackis /akis/ | acs /ats/ | akės /akʲeːs/ | acs /atsʲ/ | oculus /ˈokulus/ | oko /ɔˈkoː/ | 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 /ɑuɣoː/ |
| Ear | ausins /au̯sins/ | auss /au̯s/ | ausis /ˈau̯sɪs/ | auss /au̯s/ | auris /ˈau̯ris/ | uho /uˈxoː/ | 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 /ˈau̯soː/ |
| Nose | nozy /ˈnoziː/ | deguns /ˈdeɡuns/ | nuosis /ˈnuosis/ | nuoss /nuos/ | nāsus /ˈnaːsus/ | nos /noːs/ | — |
| Mouth | austo /au̯sto/ | mute /ˈmute/ | borna /bɔrna/ | mute /ˈmutʲæ/ | ōs /oːs/ | usta /ˈuːsta/ | 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 /munθs/ |
| Tooth | dantis /dantis/ | zobs /zuɔps/ | dontis /ˈdɔntɪs/ | zūbs /zuːps/ | dēns /deːns/ | zob /zoːp/ | 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 /tunθus/ |
| Tongue | insuwis /insuvis/ | mēle /ˈmeːle/ | lėižuvis /ˈlʲeːʒʊvɪs/ | mēle /ˈmʲæːlʲæ/ | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ | jezik /ˈjɛːzik/ | 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 /tuŋɡoː/ |
| Hand | rancko /ranko/ | roka /ruɔka/ | ronka /rɔŋka/ | rūka /ˈruːka/ | manus /ˈmanus/ | roka /ˈrɔːka/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 /hɑndus/ |
| Foot | nagē /naɡeː/ | kāja /kaːja/ | pieda /pʲieːda/ | pāds /paːds/ | pēs /peːs/ | stopalo /stɔˈpaːlɔ/ | 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 /foːtus/ |
| Heart | sīran /siːran/ | sirds /sirds/ | šėrdės /ʃʲeːrdʲeːs/ | sirds /sʲirtsʲ/ | cor /kor/ | srce /sərˈtseː/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 /hɛrtoː/ |
| Bone | kaulan /ˈkaulan/ | kauls /kauls/ | kauls /kɐʊls/ | kauls /ˈkauls/ | os /os/ | kost /koːst/ | — /—/ |
| Blood | krawian /ˈkrawjan/ | asinis /ˈasinis/ | kraus /krɐʊs/ | asnis /ˈasnis/ | sanguis /ˈsaŋɡwis/ | kri /kriː/ | 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 /bloːθ/ |
| Love | milīt /miliːt/ | mīlestība /miːlɛstiːba/ | meilė /mʲɛileː/ | mīleiba /ˈmʲiːlʲeiba/ | amor /ˈamor/ | ljubezen /ljuˈbeːzən/ | 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌸𐍅𐌰 /friɑθwɑ/ |
| Tree | garrin /ˈɡarin/ | koks /kuɔks/ | medis /mʲɛdʲɪs/ | kūks /kuːks/ | arbor /ˈarbor/ | drevo /drɛˈʋoː/ | 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 /bɑɣms/ |
| Dog | sunis /sunis/ | suns /suns/ | šou /ʃɔu/ | suņs /sunʲtsʲ/ | canis /ˈkanis/ | pes /pəs/ | 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 /hunds/ |
| Cat | katto /katːo/ | kaķis /kacis/ | katė /katʲeː/ | kačs /katʃs/ | fēlēs /ˈfeːleːs/ | mačka /ˈmaːtʃka/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | suckis /ˈsukis/ | zivs /zivs/ | žovis /ʒoːvɪs/ | zivs /zʲiwsʲ/ | piscis /ˈpiskis/ | riba /ˈriːba/ | 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 /fisks/ |
| Bird | pippelis /ˈpipːelis/ | putns /ˈputns/ | paukštis /paukʃtis/ | putnys /ˈputnɨs/ | avis /ˈawɪs/ | ptica /ˈptiːtsa/ | 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 /fuɡls/ |
| Egg | paute /ˈpaute/ | ola /ˈuɔla/ | kiaušis /ˈkʲauʃɪs/ | ūla /ˈuːla/ | ōvum /ˈoːwum/ | jajce /ˈjaːjtsɛ/ | — |
| Bear | clokis /ˈklokis/ | lācis /ˈlaːtsis/ | meška /mʲɛʃka/ | luocs /luots/ | ursus /ˈursus/ | medved /ˈmɛːdʋɛt/ | — |
| House | butt /butː/ | māja /maːja/ | noms /nɔms/ | sāta /ˈsaːta/ | domus /ˈdomus/ | hiša /ˈxiːʃa/ | 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 /rɑzn/ |
| Milk | dadan /dadan/ | piens /piens/ | pėins /pʲeːins/ | pīns /pʲiːnts/ | lac /lak/ | mleko /ˈmleːkɔ/ | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 /miluks/ |
| Honey | meddo /medːo/ | medus /ˈmɛdus/ | medos /mʲædos/ | mads /mads/ | mel /mel/ | med /meːt/ | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 /miliθ/ |
| Salt | sal /sal/ | sāls /saːls/ | druska /druska/ | suoļs /suoʎs/ | sal /sal/ | sol /soːʋ/ | 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄 /salt/ |
| Wine | wīns /wiːns/ | vīns /viːns/ | vīns /viːns/ | veins /veins/ | vīnum /ˈwiːnum/ | vino /ˈʋiːnɔ/ | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 /wiːn/ |
| Iron | gelso /ˈɡelso/ | dzelzs /dzelzs/ | gelžis /ˈɡʲɛlʒʲɪs/ | dzeļzs /dzʲeʎzs/ | ferrum /ˈferrum/ | železo /ʒɛˈleːzɔ/ | 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 /iːsarn/ |
| Wheel | kelan /kelan/ | ritenis /ˈritenis/ | tekėnis /ˈtʲɛkʲeːnʲɪs/ | skrytuļs /ˈskrɨtuʎs/ | rota /ˈrota/ | kolo /kɔˈloː/ | — |
| Book | laiskas /ˈlaiskas/ | grāmata /ˈɡraːmata/ | knīga /kniːɡa/ | gruomota /ˈɡruomɔta/ | liber /ˈlɪbɛr/ | knjiga /ˈknjiːɡa/ | 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 /ˈboːkoːs/ |
| Eat | īst /iːst/ | ēst /eːst/ | valgītė /valɡʲiːteː/ | ēst /æːsʲtʲ/ | edere /ˈedere/ | jesti /ˈjeːsti/ | 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 /mɑtjɑn/ |
| Drink | poūton /pouton/ | dzert /dzɛrt/ | gertė /ɡʲɛrteː/ | dzert /dzʲærtʲ/ | bibere /ˈbibere/ | piti /ˈpiːti/ | 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌽 /driŋkɑn/ |
| Sleep | meicte /meikte/ | gulēt /ˈɡulʲeːt/ | miegotė /mʲɪɛɡoːteː/ | gulēt /ˈɡulʲæːtʲ/ | dormīre /dorˈmiːre/ | spati /ˈspaːti/ | 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 /sleːpan/ |
| One | ains /ains/ | viens /viɛns/ | vins /vʲɪns/ | vīns /ˈvʲiːnts/ | ūnus /ˈuːnus/ | eden /ˈɛːdən/ | 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 /ains/ |
| Two | dwai /dwai/ | divi /ˈdivi/ | du /dʊ/ | divi /ˈdʲivʲi/ | duo /ˈduo/ | dva /dʋaː/ | 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 /twai/ |
| Three | tīrjans /tiːrjans/ | trīs /triːs/ | trīs /triːs/ | treis /trejs/ | trēs /treːs/ | tri /triː/ | 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 /θriːs/ |
| Four | keturjai /keturjai/ | četri /ˈtʃetri/ | keturi /kʲɛtʊrʲɪ/ | četri /ˈtʃɛtri/ | quattuor /ˈkʷattuor/ | štiri /ˈʃtiːri/ | 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 /fidwoːr/ |
| Five | pēnkjāi /peːnkjaːi/ | pieci /ˈpiɛtsi/ | pinki /pʲɪnkʲɪ/ | pīci /ˈpiːtsi/ | quinque /ˈkʷiːnkʷe/ | pet /peːt/ | 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 /fimf/ |
| Hello | kaīls /kaiːls/ | sveiki /svɛiki/ | labs /labs/ | vasals /ˈvasals/ | salvē /ˈsalweː/ | živjo /ʒiʋjɔ/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 /hails/ |
| Thank you | dīnkun /diːnkun/ | paldies /paldiɛs/ | ačiū /atʃuː/ | paļdis /ˈpalʲdʲis/ | grātiās /ˈɡraːtiaːs/ | hvala /ˈxʋaːla/ | 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐍃 /θɑŋks/ |
| Good | labs /labs/ | labs /labs/ | gers /ɡʲɛrs/ | lobs /lɔps/ | bonus /ˈbonus/ | dober /ˈdoːbər/ | 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 /ɡoːθs/ |
| New | nauns /nauns/ | jauns /jauns/ | naus /nɐʊs/ | jauns /jau̯nts/ | novus /ˈnowus/ | nov /nɔʋ/ | 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 /ˈniujis/ |
| Red | wormyan /ˈwormjan/ | sarkans /ˈsarkans/ | raudons /rɐʊˈdons/ | sorkons /ˈsɔrkons/ | ruber /ˈrubɛr/ | rdeč /ərˈdɛtʃ/ | 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 /rɔːθs/ |
| White | gaylis /ɡajlis/ | balts /balts/ | balts /balts/ | bolts /bolts/ | albus /ˈalbus/ | bel /beːʋ/ | 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 /ʍiːts/ |
| Black | kirsnan /ˈkirsnan/ | melns /ˈmelns/ | jouds /jɔuds/ | malns /malnts/ | niger /ˈniɡɛr/ | črn /tʃərn/ | 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 /swarts/ |
| Green | saligan /saliɡan/ | zaļš /zaʎʃ/ | žalis /ʒalʲɪs/ | zaļš /zaʎʃ/ | viridis /ˈwɪrɪdɪs/ | zelen /zɛˈlɛn/ | — |
| Blue | galimban /ɡaˈlimban/ | zils /zils/ | mielīns /mʲɪɛˈliːns/ | zyls /zɨls/ | caeruleus /kaeˈruleus/ | moder /ˈmoːdər/ | — |
| Cuckoo | geguse /ɡɛˈɡuːzɛ/ | dzeguze /ˈdzɛɡuzɛ/ | — | dzagiuze /ˈdzaɡʲiuzʲæ/ | cucūlus /kʊˈkuːlʊs/ | kukavica /ˈkuːkaʋitsa/ | — |
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