ཆོས་སྐད (གྲྭ་པའི)

Liturgical Classical Tibetan

Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Bodish; Tibetan Buddhist liturgical pedagogy) · historical / hidden variety

FamilySino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Bodish; Tibetan Buddhist liturgical pedagogy) SpeakersActive liturgical + pedagogical use (Tibetan Buddhism) ScriptTibetan (Uchen, dbu-can) CountriesTibet (originally), India (Dharamsala exile community), Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia, China, Western dharma centers worldwide Official inLiturgical language of Tibetan Buddhism (Gelug, Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, Bon) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3xct

Liturgical Classical Tibetan (chos-skad, "Dharma language") is the actively recited form of Classical Tibetan maintained by Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and dharma centers worldwide. Distinct from scholarly Classical Tibetan (xct, historical-attested literary form used for academic philology) by: (1) Buddhist honorific and liturgical vocabulary preferred for sutra recitation (yab vs pha "father", byams-pa vs dgaʼ-ba "love/loving-kindness", khang-pa vs khyim "house", zhi-mi vs byi-la "cat"); (2) Dharamsala-standardized Lhasa-Tibetan pronunciation taught to international students and used in the modern Gelug authoritative tradition (the variety promoted by the Dalai Lama's Library of Tibetan Works and Archives); (3) ritual recitation styles including slow chant with melodic tones, mantras in Sanskrit-via-Tibetan transcription. The Tibetan Buddhist counterpart of Quranic Arabic recitation and Theravada Pali chanting. Anchored at Dharamsala, the Indian exile center of modern Tibetan Buddhist pedagogy.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Liturgical Classical Tibetan

Water

ཆུ

tɕʰu

Fire

མེ

me

Sun

ཉི་མ

ɲimə

Moon

ཟླ་བ

tawa

Star

སྐར་མ

kaːma

Night

མཚན་མོ

tsʰɛ̃mo

Rain

ཆར་པ

tɕʰaːpa

Snow

ཁ་བ

kʰawa

Wind

རླུང

luŋ

Earth

ས

sa

Stone

རྡོ

to

Mountain

རི

ʐi

Sea

རྒྱ་མཚོ

ɟa tsʰo

Mother

ཨ་མ

ama

Father

ཡབ

jap

Daughter

བུ་མོ

pʰumo

I

ང

ŋa

You

ཁྱོད

tɕʰø

We

ངེད

ŋed

Name

མིང

miŋ

Person

མི

mi

Head

མགོ

ko

Eye

མིག

mi

Ear

རྣ་བ

nawa

Nose

སྣ

na

Mouth

ཁ

kʰa

Tooth

སོ

so

Tongue

ལྕེ

tɕe

Hand

ལག་པ

lakpa

Foot

རྐང་པ

kaŋpa

Heart

སྙིང

ɲiŋ

Bone

རུས་པ

ruspa

Blood

ཁྲག

ʈʂʰa

Poop

རྐྱག་པ

tɕakpa

Love

བྱམས་པ

tɕʰampa

Tree

ཤིང

ɕiŋ

Dog

ཁྱི

cʰi

Cat

ཞི་མི

ʑimi

Fish

ཉ

ɲa

Bird

བྱ

tɕʰa

Butterfly

ཕྱེ་མ་ལེབ

tɕʰe ma lep

Egg

སྒོ་ང

ɡoŋa

Bear

དོམ

tʰom

Horse

རྟ

ta

House

ཁང་པ

kʰaŋpa

Milk

འོ་མ

oma

Honey

སྦྲང་རྩི

ʈʂəŋ tsi

Salt

ཚྭ

tsʰa

Rice

འབྲས

ʈʂɛː

Iron

ལྕགས

tɕa

Wheel

འཁོར་ལོ

kʰo lo

Silk

དར

tʰaː

Book

དཔེ་ཆ

pe tɕʰa

Eat

བཟའ

sa

Drink

འཐུང

tʰuŋ

Sleep

ཉལ

ɲɛː

One

གཅིག

tɕi

Two

གཉིས

ɲiː

Three

གསུམ

sum

Four

བཞི

ɕi

Five

ལྔ

ŋa

Hundred

བརྒྱ

ca

Hello

བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས

ʈʂəɕi tele

Thank you

ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ

tʰuktɕe tɕʰe

Good

ཡག་པོ

jakpo

New

གསར་པ

saːpa

Red

དམར་པོ

maː po

White

དཀར་པོ

kaː po

Black

ནག་པོ

nako

Green

ལྗང་ཁུ

tɕəŋku

Cuckoo

ཁུ་བྱུག

kʰu bjuɡ

Tea

ཇ

tɕʰa

Ninety-nine

དགུ་བཅུ་གོ་དགུ

dɡu btɕu ɡo dɡu

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Bodish; Tibetan Buddhist liturgical pedagogy)

Meaning Liturgical Classical TibetanSikkimeseSherpaClassical TibetanLadakhiBaltiDzongkha
Water ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/
Fire མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/
Sun ཉི་མ /ɲimə/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉིམ /ɲim/
Moon ཟླ་བ /tawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/ ཟླ་བ /zlaba/ ཟླ་བ /lzawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/
Star སྐར་མ /kaːma/ སྐར་མ་ /kaːma/ སྐར་མ /karma/ སྐར་མ /skarma/ སྐར་མ /skarma/ སྐར་མ /skarma/ སྐརམ /kaːm/
Night མཚན་མོ /tsʰɛ̃mo/ ཕྱི་རུ /pʰiru/ ནུབ /nup/ མཚན་མོ /mtsʰanmo/ མཚན /tsʰen/ མཚན /tsʰan/ མཚན་མོ /tsʰanmo/
Rain ཆར་པ /tɕʰaːpa/ ཆར་པོ /tɕʰaːp/ ཆར་པ /tɕʰarwa/ ཆར་པ /tɕʰarpa/ ཆར་པ /tʃʰarpa/ ཆར་པ /tʃʰarpa/ ཆརཔ /tɕʰarp/
Snow ཁ་བ /kʰawa/ ཁ་བོ /kʰau/ ཁ་བ /kʰawa/ ཁ་བ /kʰaba/ ཁ /kʰa/ ཁ་བ /kʰawa/ ཁ་བ /kʰawa/
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