Pa-Zande
Zande
Niger-Congo
Zande (autonymously Pa-Zande) is an Ubangian language of the Niger-Congo family, spoken by around 1.1 million people in the borderlands of South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Central African Republic. Zande is famous internationally as the subject of E.E. Evans-Pritchard's classic 1937 anthropological monograph "Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande," one of the foundational works of British social anthropology that profoundly influenced 20th-century anthropological theory of rationality and witchcraft. The Zande Kingdom (the Avongara dynasty) was a major precolonial state of Central Africa from the 18th to the late 19th century before being divided among the British, French, and Belgian colonial powers. Linguistically, Zande is part of the Ubangian branch of Niger-Congo (NOT Bantu, despite the Central African location), with sister languages Nzakara and the more distant Ngbandi-Sango cluster.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Zande
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Niger-Congo
| Meaning | Zande | Sango | Kikuyu | Kamba | Embu | Meru | Mandaic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ime /ime/ | ngu /ŋɡu/ | maaĩ /maːe/ | kĩwʼũ /kiwu/ | manjĩ /maɲdʒe/ | rũũjĩ /ɾoːdʒe/ | ࡌࡉࡀ /mia/ |
| Fire | we /we/ | wa /wa/ | mwaki /mwaki/ | mwaki /mwaki/ | mwaki /mwaki/ | mwanki /mwaŋki/ | ࡍࡅࡓࡀ /nura/ |
| Sun | uru /uɾu/ | lâ /la/ | riũa /ɾioa/ | syũa /sjua/ | rĩũa /ɾeoa/ | riũa /ɾioa/ | ࡔࡀࡌࡔࡀ /ʃamʃa/ |
| Moon | diwi /diwi/ | nzë /nzɛ/ | mweri /mwɛɾi/ | mwei /mwei/ | mweri /mwɛɾi/ | mweri /mwɛɾi/ | ࡎࡉࡓࡀ /sira/ |
| Star | kerekuru /kɛɾɛkuɾu/ | tongoro /toŋɡoro/ | njata /ɲdʒata/ | nzaĩ /nzai/ | njata /ɲdʒata/ | njota /ndʒɔta/ | ࡊࡅࡊࡁࡀ /ˈkukba/ |
| Night | yuru /juru/ | bï /bi/ | ũtukũ /otuko/ | ũtukũ /utuku/ | ũtukũ /otuko/ | ũtukũ /otuko/ | ࡋࡉࡋࡉࡀ /lilja/ |
| Rain | mai /mai/ | ngunzapa /ŋɡunzapa/ | mbura /ˈmbura/ | mbua /ˈmbua/ | mbura /mbura/ | ngai /ŋɡai/ | — |
| Wind | yuge /juɡe/ | pupu /pupu/ | rũhuho /ɾòhùːhɔ̀/ | kĩseve /kiseve/ | rũkũngi /ɾokoŋɡi/ | ruuo /ɾuːɔ/ | — |
| Earth | sende /sɛndɛ/ | sêse /sɛsɛ/ | tĩĩri /teːɾi/ | muthanga /muθaŋɡa/ | mũthetu /moðɛtu/ | mũthetu /moðɛtu/ | ࡀࡓࡒࡀ /arqa/ |
| Stone | mbia /mbia/ | tênë /tɛnɛ/ | ihiga /iˈhiɣa/ | ivia /ivia/ | ĩthiga /eðiɡa/ | iiga /iːɡa/ | ࡂࡋࡀࡋࡀ /ɡlala/ |
| Mountain | gangara /ɡaŋɡara/ | hoto /hoto/ | kĩrĩma /keɾema/ | kĩĩma /kiːma/ | kĩrĩma /keɾema/ | kĩrĩma /keɾema/ | ࡈࡅࡓࡀ /tˤura/ |
| Sea | baime /baime/ | ngû-îngö /ŋɡu iŋɡɔ/ | — | ũkanga /ukaŋɡa/ | ĩria /eɾia/ | ĩria /eɾia/ | — |
| Mother | na /na/ | mama /mama/ | maitũ /maito/ | mwaitũ /mwaitu/ | nyanya /ɲaɲa/ | mami /mami/ | ࡀࡌࡀ /ama/ |
| Father | ba /ba/ | babâ /baba/ | baba /baba/ | asa /asa/ | vava /βaβa/ | baaba /baːba/ | ࡀࡁࡀ /aba/ |
| I | mi /mi/ | mbi /mbi/ | niĩ /nie/ | nyie /ɲie/ | nie /niɛ/ | ni /ni/ | ࡀࡍࡀ /ˈana/ |
| You | mo /mo/ | mo /mo/ | wee /wɛː/ | we /we/ | we /wɛ/ | gwe /ɡwɛ/ | ࡀࡍࡀࡕ /at/ |
| We | ani /ani/ | e /e/ | ithuĩ /iðue/ | ithye /iðje/ | ithũi /iðoi/ | tuĩ /tue/ | ࡀࡍࡉࡍ /ˈanin/ |
| Name | rimo /ɾimo/ | iri /iri/ | rĩĩtwa /ɾeːtwa/ | ĩsyĩtwa /isʲitwa/ | rĩĩtwa /ɾeːtwa/ | rĩĩtwa /ɾeːtwa/ | ࡔࡅࡌࡀ /ˈʃuma/ |
| Person | boro /boro/ | zo /zo/ | mũndũ /mondo/ | mũndũ /mundu/ | mũndũ /mondo/ | muntũ /munto/ | ࡀࡍࡀࡔࡀ /anaʃa/ |
| Eye | bangiri /baŋɡiɾi/ | lê /lɛ/ | riitho /riːðɔ/ | ĩtho /iθo/ | riitho /ɾiːθɔ/ | riitho /ɾiːðɔ/ | ࡏࡉࡍࡀ /ʔina/ |
| Ear | tu /tu/ | mê /mɛ̂/ | gũtũ /ɣoto/ | kutu /kutu/ | gũtũ /ɡoto/ | gũtũ /ɡoto/ | ࡏࡅࡃࡍࡀ /odna/ |
| Nose | ho /ho/ | hôn /hõ/ | iniũrũ /inioɾo/ | inyũũ /iɲuː/ | ĩniũrũ /enioɾo/ | nyiũrũ /ɲioɾo/ | ࡍࡄࡉࡓࡀ /nhira/ |
| Mouth | ngba /ŋɡba/ | yângâ /jaŋɡa/ | kanua /kaˈnua/ | kanywa /kaɲwa/ | kanyua /kaɲua/ | kanyua /kaɲua/ | ࡐࡅࡌࡀ /puma/ |
| Tooth | rinde /rinde/ | pembe /pɛmbɛ/ | igego /iɣɛɣɔ/ | ĩyo /ĩjo/ | gego /ɡɛɡɔ/ | ĩĩgo /eːɡɔ/ | ࡔࡉࡍࡀ /ʃinːa/ |
| Tongue | mira /mira/ | mêngâ /mɛŋɡa/ | rũrĩmĩ /ɾoɾeme/ | ũĩmi /uimi/ | rũrĩmĩ /roɾeːmi/ | rũũme /ɾoːmɛ/ | ࡋࡉࡔࡀࡍࡀ /liʃana/ |
| Hand | be /be/ | maboko /maboko/ | guoko /ɡuɔkɔ/ | kwʼoko /kwoko/ | kĩvoko /keβɔkɔ/ | njara /ndʒaɾa/ | ࡏࡃࡀ /ʔida/ |
| Foot | kpendu /kpendu/ | gerê /ɡɛrɛ/ | kũgũrũ /koɣoro/ | kũũ /kuː/ | kũgũrũ /koɡoro/ | kũgũrũ /koɡoɾo/ | ࡋࡉࡂࡓࡀ /liɡra/ |
| Heart | ngbaduse /ŋɡbaduse/ | bê /bɛ/ | ngoro /ŋɡɔɾɔ/ | ngoo /ŋɡoː/ | ngoro /ŋɡɔɾɔ/ | nkoro /ŋkɔɾɔ/ | ࡋࡉࡁࡀ /liba/ |
| Bone | meme /meme/ | biö /bio/ | ihĩndĩ /ihende/ | ĩvĩndĩ /ivindi/ | ĩvĩndĩ /evende/ | mwĩndĩndĩ /mwendende/ | ࡂࡉࡓࡌࡀ /ɡerma/ |
| Blood | kure /kure/ | mênë /mɛnɛ/ | thakame /ðakamɛ/ | nthakame /nðakame/ | nthakame /nðakamɛ/ | tharike /ðaɾikɛ/ | ࡆࡌࡀ /zma/ |
| Love | kpinyemu /kpiɲemu/ | ndoyê /ndojɛ/ | wendo /wɛndɔ/ | wendo /wendo/ | wendo /wɛndɔ/ | wendo /wɛndɔ/ | ࡓࡅࡄࡌࡀ /ruhma/ |
| Tree | ngua /ŋɡua/ | kêkê /kɛkɛ/ | mũtĩ /mote/ | mũtĩ /muti/ | mũtĩ /mote/ | mũtĩ /mote/ | ࡏࡋࡀࡍࡀ /ilana/ |
| Dog | ango /aŋɡo/ | mbo /mbo/ | ngui /ŋɡui/ | ngitĩ /ŋɡiti/ | ngui /ŋɡui/ | kurũ /kuɾo/ | ࡊࡀࡋࡁࡀ /kalba/ |
| Cat | gbabo /ɡbabo/ | nyao /ɲao/ | nyaũ /ɲao/ | mbaka /mbaka/ | nyau /ɲau/ | nyau /ɲau/ | ࡔࡅࡍࡀࡓࡀ /ʃunara/ |
| Fish | tio /tio/ | susu /susu/ | thamaki /ðamaki/ | ikoyo /ikojo/ | nthamaki /nðamaki/ | gĩkũyũ /ɡekojo/ | ࡍࡅࡍࡀ /nuna/ |
| Bird | zire /zire/ | ndeke /ndeke/ | nyoni /ˈɲɔni/ | nyunyi /ɲuɲi/ | gĩconi /ɡetʃɔni/ | nyoni /ɲɔni/ | ࡑࡉࡐࡓࡀ /sipra/ |
| Butterfly | fufurafu /fufuɾafu/ | püpülenge /pupulenɡe/ | kĩĩhuruta /keːhuruːta/ | kĩmbalutwʼa /kimbalutwa/ | — | — | — |
| Egg | para /paɾa/ | para /para/ | itumbĩ /itumbe/ | itumbi /itumbi/ | itumbi /itumbi/ | nkara /ŋkaɾa/ | — |
| Bear | urisi /uɾisi/ | urse /urse/ | nduba /nduba/ | nduva /nduva/ | — | — | — |
| Horse | farasi /faɾasi/ | mbärätä /mbarata/ | mbarathi /mbaɾaði/ | mbalasi /mbalasi/ | mbarathi /mbaɾaði/ | mbarathi /mbaɾaði/ | — |
| House | bambu /bambu/ | dâ /da/ | nyũmba /ɲomba/ | nyũmba /ɲumba/ | nyomba /ɲɔmba/ | nyomba /ɲɔmba/ | ࡁࡉࡕࡀ /bita/ |
| Milk | momunya /momuɲa/ | ngû tî mê /ŋɡu ti mɛ/ | iria /iria/ | iia /iːa/ | ĩriia /eɾiːa/ | ĩria /eɾia/ | — |
| Honey | anyege /aɲeɡe/ | ngûlavu /ŋɡulavu/ | ũũkĩ /oːke/ | ũkĩ /uki/ | ũũkĩ /oːke/ | nainchũ /naintʃo/ | — |
| Salt | tikpo /tikpo/ | îngö /iŋɡɔ/ | cumbĩ /tʃumbe/ | mũnyũ /muɲu/ | cumbĩ /tʃumbe/ | chumbĩ /tʃumbe/ | ࡌࡉࡄࡋࡀ /mihla/ |
| Wine | imekakue /imekakue/ | vin /vin/ | ndibei /ndibɛi/ | mbinyu /mbiɲu/ | ndivei /ndiβei/ | ndibei /ndibɛi/ | ࡄࡀࡌࡓࡀ /hamra/ |
| Rice | mapunga /mapuŋɡa/ | lôso /loso/ | mũceere /motʃɛːrɛ/ | mũsele /musele/ | — | — | — |
| Iron | mara /mara/ | wê /wɛ/ | kĩgera /keˈɣɛra/ | kyũma /kjuma/ | cuma /tʃuːma/ | chuma /tʃuːma/ | ࡐࡀࡓࡆࡋࡀ /parzla/ |
| Wheel | ngbagida /ŋɡbaɡida/ | ruu /ruː/ | kĩgaragari /keɣaraɣari/ | ndĩa /ndia/ | nthugũ /nðuɡo/ | — | — |
| Book | kitabu /kitabu/ | bûku /buku/ | ibuku /iβuku/ | ĩvuku /ivuku/ | ĩvuku /evuku/ | yuku /juku/ | ࡃࡓࡀࡔࡀ /draʃa/ |
| Eat | ri /ɾi/ | te /te/ | kũrĩa /koɾea/ | kũya /kuja/ | kũrĩa /koɾea/ | kũrĩa /koɾea/ | ࡀࡊࡀࡋ /akal/ |
| Drink | mbira /mbiɾa/ | nyon /ɲon/ | kũnyua /koɲua/ | kũnywa /kuɲwa/ | kũnyua /koɲua/ | kũnyua /koɲua/ | ࡔࡕࡀ /ʃta/ |
| Sleep | ra /ɾa/ | lango /laŋɡo/ | gũkoma /ɣoˈkɔma/ | koma /koma/ | kũmama /komama/ | kũmama /komama/ | ࡃࡌࡀࡊ /dmak/ |
| One | sa /sa/ | oko /oko/ | ĩmwe /emwɛ/ | ĩmwe /imwe/ | ĩmwe /emwɛ/ | ĩmwe /emwɛ/ | ࡄࡀࡃ /had/ |
| Two | ue /uwe/ | ûse /use/ | igĩrĩ /iɣeɾe/ | ilĩ /ili/ | igĩrĩ /iɡeɾe/ | ijĩĩrĩ /idʒeːɾe/ | ࡕࡓࡉࡍ /tren/ |
| Three | biata /biata/ | ota /ota/ | ithatũ /iðato/ | itatu /itatu/ | ithatũ /iðato/ | ithatũ /iðato/ | ࡕࡋࡀࡕࡀ /tlata/ |
| Four | biama /biama/ | osiö /osiø/ | inya /iɲa/ | inya /iɲa/ | inya /iɲa/ | inya /iɲa/ | ࡀࡓࡁࡀ /arba/ |
| Five | bisue /bisue/ | okü /oky/ | ithano /iðanɔ/ | itano /itano/ | ithano /iðanɔ/ | ithaano /iðaːnɔ/ | ࡄࡀࡌࡔࡀ /hamʃa/ |
| Hundred | ngbangbu /ŋɡbaŋɡbu/ | ngbangbo oko /ŋɡbaŋɡbɔ oko/ | igana /iɣana/ | ĩana /iana/ | ĩgana /eɡana/ | ĩgana /eɡana/ | — |
| Hello | mo ima ya /mo ima ja/ | bara mo /bara mo/ | wĩmwega /wemwɛɡa/ | mwĩaĩle /mwiaile/ | mwega /mwɛɡa/ | muuga /muːɡa/ | ࡔࡋࡀࡌࡀ /ʃlama/ |
| Thank you | oni-tambua /oni-tambua/ | singila /siŋɡila/ | nĩ wega /ne wɛɡa/ | nĩ vinya /ni viɲa/ | — /—/ | nĩ bwega /ne bwɛɡa/ | ࡈࡀࡁࡅࡕࡀ /ʈabuta/ |
| Good | wene /wene/ | nzöni /nzəni/ | wega /wɛɡa/ | museo /museo/ | mwaro /mwaɾɔ/ | mwega /mwɛɡa/ | ࡈࡀࡁࡀ /tˤaba/ |
| New | vovo /vovo/ | fini /fini/ | kĩerũ /keɛro/ | mweũ /mweu/ | gĩcerũ /ɡetʃɛɾo/ | kĩerũ /keɛɾo/ | — |
| Red | zamba /zamba/ | bengba /beŋɡba/ | ũtune /otunɛ/ | ndune /nduneː/ | ndune /ndunɛː/ | ntuune /ntuːnɛ/ | ࡎࡅࡌࡒࡀ /sumqa/ |
| White | pisi /pisi/ | vurü /vurɨ/ | werũ /wɛro/ | nzaũ /nzau/ | njeru /ndʒɛɾu/ | njerũ /ndʒɛɾo/ | ࡄࡉࡅࡀࡓࡀ /hiwara/ |
| Black | bibiri /bibiɾi/ | vukö /vukɔ/ | ũirũ /oiro/ | nziũ /nziu/ | mbirũ /mbiɾo/ | njirũ /ndʒiɾo/ | ࡊࡅࡌࡀ /kuma/ |
| Green | nvutanvuta /nvutanvuta/ | ngûngunzä /ŋɡuŋɡunza/ | ngirini /ŋɡirini/ | ngilini /ŋɡilini/ | — | — | — |
| Computer | kompiuta /kompiuta/ | — | kompiuta /kɔmpiuta/ | kombiũta /kombiuta/ | — | — | — |
| Coffee | buni /buni/ | kâwa /kawa/ | kahũa /kahowa/ | kaawa /kaːwa/ | — | — | — |
| Sugar | sukari /sukaɾi/ | sûkere /sukɛrɛ/ | cukari /tʃukaːɾi/ | sukalĩ /sukali/ | — | — | — |
| Orange | oronzi /oɾonzi/ | orânze /orãzɛ/ | icungwa /itʃuŋɡwa/ | ĩsungwa /isuŋɡwa/ | — | — | — |
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