Te Reo Pukapuka
푸카푸카어
오스트로네시아어족(폴리네시아어군, 사모아-아웃라이어 제어)
푸카푸카어(Te Reo Pukapuka)는 쿡 제도 북부의 외딴 푸카푸카 환초와 인접한 나소섬에서 약 2,000명이 사용하는 폴리네시아어로, 계통 분류가 가장 논쟁적인 폴리네시아 언어 중 하나다 — 전통적으로는 사모아계 외곽군(Samoic-Outlier)으로 분류되나 동폴리네시아적 특징과 토켈라우계 기층까지 보이며, 이는 선사 시대 중태평양 일대의 파상 이주 결과로 추정된다. 음소적 모음 길이와 성문 폐쇄음을 갖춘 전형적 폴리네시아 음운 체계를 보유하지만, 어휘적으로는 쿡 제도 마오리어(rar)와 상호 이해가 불가능할 정도로 분기되어 있다. 화자는 적으나 1990년대 이후 정서법 정비가 활발히 이루어지고 있다.
사용 지역
푸카푸카어의 핵심 단어 87개
출처
- Salisbury, Mary C. (2002) A Grammar of Pukapukan. PhD thesis, University of Auckland.
- Beaglehole, Ernest & Pearl (1938) Ethnology of Pukapuka. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 150.
- Teingoa Kaina et al. (1993) Pukapukan-English Dictionary. Pukapuka Dictionary Project.
- Glottolog: Pukapukan
단어 비교
같은 분류의 언어와 비교: 오스트로네시아어족(폴리네시아어군, 사모아-아웃라이어 제어)
| 뜻 | 푸카푸카어 | 투발루어 | 토켈라우어 | 니우에어 | 사모아어 | 투아모투안어 | 쿡 제도 마오리어 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 물 | wai /wai/ | vai /vai/ | vai /vai/ | vai /vai/ | vai /vai/ | vai /vai/ | vai /vai/ |
| 불 | awi /awi/ | afi /afi/ | afi /afi/ | afi /afi/ | afi /afi/ | ahi /ahi/ | aʻi /aʔi/ |
| 해 | la /la/ | laa /laː/ | lā /laː/ | lā /laː/ | lā /laː/ | rā /raː/ | rā /raː/ |
| 달 | malama /malama/ | masina /masina/ | māhina /maːhina/ | mahina /mahina/ | māsina /maːsina/ | marama /marama/ | marama /marama/ |
| 별 | wetū /wetuː/ | fetū /fetuː/ | fetū /fetuː/ | fetū /fetuː/ | fetū /fetuː/ | fetū /fetuː/ | etū /etuː/ |
| 밤 | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ |
| 비 | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ |
| 눈 | kīona /kiːona/ | kiona /kiona/ | kiona /kiona/ | kiona /kiona/ | kiona /kiona/ | — | kiona /kiona/ |
| 바람 | matangi /mataŋi/ | matagi /mataŋi/ | matagi /mataŋi/ | matagi /mataŋi/ | matagi /mataŋi/ | matangi /mataŋi/ | matangi /mataŋi/ |
| 흙 | kelekele /kelekele/ | kelekele /kelekele/ | kelekele /kelekele/ | kelekele /kelekele/ | ʻeleʻele /ʔeleʔele/ | repo /repo/ | one /one/ |
| 돌 | watu /watu/ | fatu /fatu/ | fatu /fatu/ | maka /maka/ | maʻa /maʔa/ | pōfatu /poːfatu/ | toka /toka/ |
| 산 | maunga /mauŋa/ | mauga /mauŋa/ | mauga /mauŋa/ | mouga /mouŋa/ | mauga /mauŋa/ | māunga /maːuŋa/ | maunga /mauŋa/ |
| 바다 | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ | moana /moana/ | tahi /tahi/ | sami /sami/ | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ |
| 어머니 | matua wawine /matua wawine/ | maatua /maːtua/ | mātua /maːtua/ | matua fifine /matua fifine/ | tinā /tinaː/ | metua vahine /metua vahine/ | māmā /maːmaː/ |
| 아버지 | matua tāne /matua taːne/ | tamana /tamana/ | tamana /tamana/ | matua taane /matua taːne/ | tamā /tamaː/ | metua tāne /metua taːne/ | pāpā /paːpaː/ |
| 딸 | tamāwine /tamaːwine/ | tama fafine /tama fafine/ | afafine /afafine/ | tama fifine /tama fifine/ | afafine /afafine/ | tamahine /tamahine/ | tamaine /tamaine/ |
| 나 | au /au/ | au /au/ | au /au/ | au /au/ | aʻu /aʔu/ | au /au/ | au /au/ |
| 너 | koe /koe/ | koe /koe/ | koe /koe/ | koe /koe/ | ʻoe /ʔoe/ | koe /koe/ | koe /koe/ |
| 우리 | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | tautolu / mautolu /tautolu / mautolu/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ |
| 이름 | ingoa /iŋoa/ | igoa /iŋoa/ | igoa /iŋoa/ | higoa /hiŋoa/ | igoa /iŋoa/ | ingoa /iŋoa/ | ingoa /iŋoa/ |
| 사람 | tangata /taŋata/ | tino /tino/ | tagata /taŋata/ | tagata /taŋata/ | tagata /taŋata/ | tangata /taŋata/ | tangata /taŋata/ |
| 머리 | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | upoko /upoko/ | upoko /upoko/ |
| 눈 | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| 귀 | talinga /taliŋa/ | taliga /taliŋa/ | taliga /taliŋa/ | taliga /taliŋa/ | taliga /taliŋa/ | taringa /tariŋa/ | taringa /taɾiŋa/ |
| 코 | iyu /iðu/ | isu /isu/ | ihu /ihu/ | ihu /ihu/ | isu /isu/ | ihu /ihu/ | putāngiʻu /putaːŋiʔu/ |
| 입 | ngutu /ŋutu/ | gutu /ŋutu/ | gutu /ŋutu/ | gutu /ŋutu/ | gutu /ŋutu/ | vaha /vaha/ | vaʻa /vaʔa/ |
| 이 | nio /nio/ | nifo /nifo/ | nifo /nifo/ | nifo /nifo/ | nifo /nifo/ | niho /niho/ | niʻo /niʔo/ |
| 혀 | alelo /alelo/ | alelo /alelo/ | alelo /alelo/ | alelo /alelo/ | laulaufaiva /laulaufaiva/ | arero /aɾeɾo/ | arero /aɾeɾo/ |
| 손 | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | rima /rima/ | rima /ɾima/ |
| 발 | vae /vae/ | vae /vae/ | vae /vae/ | hui /hui/ | vae /vae/ | vae /vae/ | vae /vae/ |
| 마음 | loto /loto/ | fatu /fatu/ | fatu /fatu/ | atevili /atevili/ | loto /loto/ | hōupo /hoːupo/ | ngākau /ŋaːkau/ |
| 뼈 | ivi /ivi/ | ivi /ivi/ | ivi /ivi/ | hui /hui/ | ivi /ivi/ | ivi /ivi/ | ivi /ivi/ |
| 피 | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ |
| 똥 | tūtae /tuːtae/ | tae /tae/ | tae /tae/ | tē /teː/ | tae /tae/ | tūtae /tuːtae/ | tūtae /tuːtae/ |
| 사랑 | aloa /aloa/ | alofa /alofa/ | alofa /alofa/ | fakaalofa /fakaalofa/ | alofa /alofa/ | aroha /aroha/ | aroʻa /aɾoʔa/ |
| 나무 | lākau /laːkau/ | laakau /laːkau/ | lākau /laːkau/ | akau /akau/ | laʻau /laʔau/ | rākau /raːkau/ | rākau /raːkau/ |
| 개 | kulī /kuliː/ | kuli /kuli/ | maile /maile/ | kuli /kuli/ | maile /maile/ | kuri /kuri/ | puakaoa /puakaoa/ |
| 고양이 | pusi /pusi/ | pusi /pusi/ | puhi /puhi/ | pusi /pusi/ | pusi /pusi/ | — /—/ | ngiao /ŋiao/ |
| 물고기 | ika /ika/ | ika /ika/ | ika /ika/ | ika /ika/ | iʻa /iʔa/ | ika /ika/ | ika /ika/ |
| 새 | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ |
| 달걀 | wuamoa /wuamoa/ | fuamoa /fuamoa/ | fuāmoa /fuaːmoa/ | fua moa /fua moa/ | fuamoa /fuamoa/ | tōuo /toːuo/ | ua /ua/ |
| 곰 | pea /pea/ | pea /pea/ | pea /pea/ | urosa /urosa/ | pea /pea/ | — | pea /pea/ |
| 말 | oloenua /oloenua/ | solofanua /solofanua/ | holofanua /holofanua/ | solofanua /solofanua/ | solofanua /solofanua/ | puārehenua /puaːrehenua/ | ʻoroʻenua /ʔoɾoʔenua/ |
| 집 | wale /wale/ | fale /fale/ | fale /fale/ | fale /fale/ | fale /fale/ | fare /fare/ | ʻare /ʔaɾe/ |
| 우유 | wū /wuː/ | susu /susu/ | huāhuhu /huaːhuhu/ | huhu /huhu/ | susu /susu/ | — | ū /uː/ |
| 꿀 | meli /meli/ | hani /hani/ | meli /meli/ | meli /meli/ | meli /meli/ | — | meri /meri/ |
| 소금 | miti /miti/ | masima /masima/ | māhima /maːhima/ | masima /masima/ | masima /masima/ | miti /miti/ | miti /miti/ |
| 포도주 | uwaina /uwaina/ | uaina /uaina/ | uaina /uaina/ | uaina /uaina/ | uaina /uaina/ | — | uaina /uaina/ |
| 철 | āuli /aːuli/ | fiti /fiti/ | ukamea /ukamea/ | lapatoa /lapatoa/ | uʻamea /uʔamea/ | kāuri /kaːuri/ | ʻāuri /ʔaːuri/ |
| 비단 | tilika /tilika/ | silika /silika/ | hilika /hilika/ | silika /silika/ | silika /silika/ | — | tīrika /tiːɾika/ |
| 책 | puka /puka/ | tusi /tusi/ | tuhi /tuhi/ | tohi /tohi/ | tusi /tusi/ | puta /puta/ | puka /puka/ |
| 먹다 | kai /kai/ | kai /kai/ | kai /kai/ | kai /kai/ | ʻai /ʔai/ | kai /kai/ | kai /kai/ |
| 마시다 | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ |
| 자다 | moe /moe/ | moe /moe/ | moe /moe/ | mohe /mohe/ | moe /moe/ | moe /moe/ | moe /moe/ |
| 하나 | tayi /taði/ | tasi /tasi/ | tahi /tahi/ | taha /taha/ | tasi /tasi/ | tahi /tahi/ | taʻi /taʔi/ |
| 둘 | lua /lua/ | lua /lua/ | lua /lua/ | ua /ua/ | lua /lua/ | rua /rua/ | rua /rua/ |
| 셋 | tolu /tolu/ | tolu /tolu/ | tolu /tolu/ | tolu /tolu/ | tolu /tolu/ | toru /toɾu/ | toru /toɾu/ |
| 넷 | wā /waː/ | fā /faː/ | fā /faː/ | fā /faː/ | fā /faː/ | hā /haː/ | ʻā /ʔaː/ |
| 다섯 | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | rima /ɾima/ | rima /ɾima/ |
| 백 | lau /lau/ | selau /selau/ | helau /helau/ | teau /teau/ | selau /selau/ | hānere /haːnere/ | ʻānere /ʔaːnere/ |
| 안녕하세요 | kia orana /kia oɾana/ | taalofa /taːlofa/ | mālō ni /maːloː ni/ | fakaalofa atu /fakaalofa atu/ | talofa /talofa/ | — /—/ | kia orāna /kia oɾaːna/ |
| 감사합니다 | meitaki /meitaki/ | fakafetai /fakafetai/ | fakafetai /fakafetai/ | fakaaue /fakaaue/ | faʻafetai /faʔafetai/ | — /—/ | meitaki /meitaki/ |
| 좋은 | lelei /lelei/ | lei /lei/ | lelei /lelei/ | mitaki /mitaki/ | lelei /lelei/ | maitaki /maitaki/ | meitaki /meitaki/ |
| 새로운 | wou /wou/ | fou /fou/ | fōu /foːu/ | foou /foou/ | fou /fou/ | hoou /hoou/ | ʻou /ʔou/ |
| 빨강 | kula /kula/ | kula /kula/ | kukula /kukula/ | kula /kula/ | mūmū /muːmuː/ | kura /kuɾa/ | muramura /muɾamuɾa/ |
| 하양 | tea /tea/ | kena /kena/ | paepae /paepae/ | tea /tea/ | paʻepaʻe /paʔepaʔe/ | tea /tea/ | teatea /teatea/ |
| 검정 | uli /uli/ | uli /uli/ | uli /uli/ | uli /uli/ | uliuli /uliuli/ | kere /kere/ | kerekere /keɾekeɾe/ |
| 초록 | yengayenga /ðeŋaðeŋa/ | lanu lau niu /lanu lau niu/ | lanu meamata /lanu meamata/ | lanu laukou /lanu laukou/ | lanumeamata /lanumeamata/ | matie /matie/ | matie /matie/ |
| 파랑 | yengayenga /ðeŋaðeŋa/ | lanu moana /lanu moana/ | lanumoana /lanumoana/ | lanu moana /lanu moana/ | lanumoana /lanumoana/ | ninamu /ninamu/ | auīka /auiːka/ |
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