Cockney
Kihindi-Ulaya (Magharibi Kijerumani, Kiingereza)
Cockney kwa jadi humaanisha usemi wa tabaka la wafanyakazi unaohusishwa na East End ya London, ingawa leo jina hilo na sifa zake zimeenea nje ya eneo hilo na hutofautiana kwa mzungumzaji, umri, asili ya kikabila na mtindo. Fasili ya zamani ya kawaida humhusisha Cockney na kuzaliwa mahali panapoweza kusikika kengele za kanisa la St Mary-le-Bow, lakini huu ni utamaduni wa simulizi, si mpaka sahihi wa kiisimu. Sifa za kawaida za lafudhi ni kuacha H, kutamka TH mbele zaidi, kutamka T kwa kizuio cha glota, kugeuza L kuwa vokali na matamshi ya pekee ya vokali, lakini hakuna iliyo ya Cockney pekee. Misimu ya vina ya Cockney hubadilisha neno lililokusudiwa kwa kirai kinacholifanyia vina—kwa mfano plates of meat badala ya feet—kisha inaweza kuondoa sehemu yenye vina na kubakiza plates. Utafiti wa karibuni unaeleza kuwa sifa za jadi zinapungua katikati ya London lakini zinaendelea au kubadilika katika viunga vya London na Essex sambamba na Kiingereza cha London cha tamaduni nyingi.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Cockney
Vyanzo
- Wells (1982) Accents of English
- Matthews (1938) Cockney Past and Present
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kihindi-Ulaya (Magharibi Kijerumani, Kiingereza)
| Maana | Cockney | Kiingereza cha Estuary | Kiingereza | Kiingereza cha Australia | Kiingereza cha Afrika Kusini | Geordie | Brummie |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | water /ˈwoːʔə/ | water /ˈwɔːʔə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwoːɾə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtɐ/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ |
| Moto | fire /fɑːə/ | fire /fɑɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /fɑːə/ | fire /fɑɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /fɔɪə/ |
| Jua | sun /sɐn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sɐn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʊn/ | sun /sʊn/ |
| Mwezi | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /mʉːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ |
| Nyota | star /stɑː/ | star /stɑː/ | star /stɑːɹ/ | star /stɐː/ | star /stɑː/ | star /staː/ | star /staː/ |
| Usiku | night /naɪt/ | night /nɑɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /nɑet/ | night /nɑɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /nɑɪt/ |
| Mvua | rain /ɹeːn/ | rain /ɹɛɪn/ | rain /ɹeɪn/ | rain /ɹæɪn/ | rain /ɹeːn/ | rain /ɹeːn/ | rain /ɹʌɪn/ |
| Theluji | snow /snəʊ/ | snow /snəʊ/ | snow /snoʊ/ | snow /snɐʉ/ | snow /snəʊ/ | snow /snəʊ/ | snow /snəʊ/ |
| Upepo | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ |
| Udongo | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ |
| Jiwe | stone /stæʊn/ | stone /stəʊn/ | stone /stoʊn/ | stone /stoːn/ | stone /stəʊn/ | stone /stɔːn/ | stone /stɐʊn/ |
| Mlima | mountain /ˈmæːnʔn̩/ | mountain /ˈmæʊnʔən/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmæɔntən/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmuːntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmæʊntɪn/ |
| Bahari | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ |
| Mama | mother /ˈmɐvə/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmɐðə/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmʊðɐ/ | mother /ˈmʊðə/ |
| Baba | father /ˈfɑːvə/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfɐːðə/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfaːðɐ/ | father /ˈfaːðə/ |
| Binti | daughter /ˈdoːʔə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːʔə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ | daughter /ˈdoːɾə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtɐ/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ |
| Mimi | I /ɑɪ/ | I /ɑɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /ɑɪ/ | I /ɑɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /ɔɪ/ |
| Wewe | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /jʉː/ | you /jʉː/ | you /juː/ | you /jʊ/ |
| Sisi | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ |
| Jina | name /næɪm/ | name /næɪm/ | name /neɪm/ | name /næɪm/ | name /neːm/ | name /neːm/ | name /nʌɪm/ |
| Mtu | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ |
| Kichwa | head /hed/ | head /hed/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hed/ | head /hed/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ |
| Jicho | eye /ɑː/ | eye /ɑɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /ɑːe/ | eye /ɑɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /ɔɪ/ |
| Sikio | ear /ɪə/ | ear /ɪə/ | ear /ɪɚ/ | ear /ɪə/ | ear /ɪə/ | ear /ɪə/ | ear /ɪə/ |
| Pua | nose /noʊz/ | nose /nəʊz/ | nose /noʊz/ | nose /nəʉz/ | nose /nəʊz/ | nose /niəz/ | nose /nəʊz/ |
| Mdomo | mouth /mæːθ/ | mouth /mæʊθ/ | mouth /maʊθ/ | mouth /mæːʉθ/ | mouth /maʊθ/ | mouth /muːθ/ | mouth /mæʊθ/ |
| Jino | tooth /tuːθ/ | tooth /tuːθ/ | tooth /tuːθ/ | tooth /tʉːθ/ | tooth /tʉːθ/ | tooth /tʊθ/ | tooth /tʊθ/ |
| Ulimi | tongue /tʌŋ/ | tongue /tʌŋ/ | tongue /tʌŋ/ | tongue /taŋ/ | tongue /tʌŋ/ | tongue /tʊŋ/ | tongue /tʊŋ/ |
| Mkono | hand /ænd/ | hand /hænd/ | hand /hænd/ | hand /hæːnd/ | hand /hænd/ | hand /hand/ | hand /hand/ |
| Mguu | foot /fʊʔ/ | foot /fʊʔ/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ |
| Moyo | heart /ɑːʔ/ | heart /hɑːʔ/ | heart /hɑːt/ | heart /hɐːt/ | heart /hɑːt/ | heart /haːt/ | heart /haːt/ |
| Mfupa | bone /bæʊn/ | bone /bəʊn/ | bone /boʊn/ | bone /bəʉn/ | bone /bəʊn/ | bone /bɔːn/ | bone /bɐʊn/ |
| Damu | blood /blʌd/ | blood /blʌd/ | blood /blʌd/ | blood /blad/ | blood /blʌd/ | blood /blʊd/ | blood /blʊd/ |
| Kinyesi | poo /puː/ | poo /puː/ | poop /puːp/ | poo /pʉː/ | poo /pʉː/ | poo /puː/ | poo /puː/ |
| Upendo | love /lɐv/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lɐv/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lʊv/ | love /lʊv/ |
| Mti | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ |
| Mbwa | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɔɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ |
| Paka | cat /kæʔ/ | cat /kæʔ/ | cat /kæt/ | cat /kæːt/ | cat /kæt/ | cat /kat/ | cat /kat/ |
| Samaki | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ |
| Ndege | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːɹd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ |
| Kipepeo | butterfly /ˈbɐʔəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʌʔəflɑɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbɐɾəflɑɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʌtəflɑɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʊtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʊtəflɑɪ/ |
| Yai | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /eɡ/ | egg /eɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ |
| Dubu | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /beː/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ |
| Farasi | horse /ɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hoːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ |
| Nyumba | house /æːʔs/ | house /hæʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /hæːʉs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /huːs/ | house /hæʊs/ |
| Maziwa | milk /mɪwk/ | milk /mɪwk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ |
| Asali | honey /ˈhʌni/ | honey /ˈhʌni/ | honey /ˈhʌni/ | honey /ˈhani/ | honey /ˈhʌni/ | honey /ˈhʊni/ | honey /ˈhʊni/ |
| Chumvi | salt /soːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /soːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ |
| Mvinyo | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /wɑɪn/ | wine /wɑɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ |
| Mchele | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹɑɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹɑɪs/ | rice /ɹɑɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹɑɪs/ |
| Chokoleti | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklɪʔ/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒkləʔ/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɔklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ |
| Chuma | iron /ˈɑːən/ | iron /ˈɑɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈɑːən/ | iron /ˈɑɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈɔɪən/ |
| Gurudumu | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ |
| Hariri | silk /sɪwk/ | silk /sɪwk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ |
| Kitabu | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ |
| Kula | eat /iːʔ/ | eat /iːʔ/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ |
| Kunywa | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ |
| Kulala | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ |
| Moja | one /wɐn/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wɐn/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wʊn/ | one /wʊn/ |
| Mbili | two /tʰuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tʉː/ | two /tʉː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ |
| Tatu | three /fɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ |
| Nne | four /fɔː/ | four /fɔː/ | four /fɔːɹ/ | four /foː/ | four /fɔː/ | four /fɔː/ | four /fɔː/ |
| Tano | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /fɑɪv/ | five /fɑɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ |
| Mia | hundred /ˈhʌndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʌndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʌndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhandɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʌndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʊndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʊndɹəd/ |
| Habari | oi /oɪ/ | hello /həˈlʌʊ/ | hello /həˈləʊ/ | g'day /ɡəˈdæɪ/ | hello /həˈləʊ/ | hello /həˈloː/ | hello /həˈlʌʊ/ |
| Asante | fanks /fæŋks/ | thanks /θæŋks/ | thank you /θæŋk juː/ | thanks /θæːŋks/ | thanks /θæŋks/ | thanks /θaŋks/ | ta /taː/ |
| Nzuri | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ |
| Mpya | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njʉː/ | new /njʉː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ |
| Nyekundu | red /ɹed/ | red /ɹed/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹed/ | red /ɹed/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ |
| Nyeupe | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /wɑɪt/ | white /wɑɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ |
| Nyeusi | black /blæk/ | black /blæk/ | black /blæk/ | black /blæːk/ | black /blæk/ | black /blak/ | black /blak/ |
| Kijani | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ |
| Buluu | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /blʉː/ | blue /blʉː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ |
| Kekeo | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkʉː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ |
| Woof | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ |
| Kokoriko | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɔkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkədʉːdlˈdʉː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ |
| Kompyuta | computer /kəmˈpjuːʔə/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjʉːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjʉːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ |
| Wi-Fi | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwɑɪfɑɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwɑɪfɑɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ |
| Sushi | sushi /ˈsʉːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsʉːʃiː/ | sushi /ˈsʉʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ |
| Chai | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ |
| Kahawa | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɔfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ |
| Sukari | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡɐ/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ |
| Chungwa | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɔɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ |
| 99 | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnɑɪnti ˈnɑɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ |
| Dopamini | dopamine /ˈdəʊpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdəʊpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdoʊpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdəʉpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdəʊpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdəʊpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdəʊpəmiːn/ |
| Alama ya @ | at /æt/ | at /æt/ | at /æt/ | at /æt/ | at /æt/ | at /at/ | at /at/ |
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