Mihaq
Kikusunda
Lugha peke
Kusunda (Mihaq) ni lugha pekee (language isolate) iliyo hatarini kubwa ya kutoweka katikati-magharibi mwa Nepal, ambayo kwa kawaida ilizungumzwa na jamii ya wawindaji-wakusanyaji wa Kusunda waliokuwa wahamaji hapo awali katika vilima vya chini vya Mahabharat (wilaya za Dang, Surkhet, Pyuthan, Tanahu). Msemaji wa mwisho wa L1 mwenye ufasaha kamili, Gyani Maiya Sen, alifariki mwaka 2020 (dada yake Kamala Khatri alifariki mwaka 2024); wasemaji ~3 wa sehemu wamebaki. Iliandikwa na Hodgson mwaka 1857 na kuthibitishwa kwa uhakika kama lugha pekee na David Watters (Notes on Kusunda Grammar, 2006). Chuo Kikuu cha Tribhuvan na Tume ya Lugha ya Nepal kwa sasa vinaendesha madarasa ya kuhuisha lugha huko Dang kwa vijana kadhaa wa Kusunda.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kikusunda
Vyanzo
- Watters (2006) Notes on Kusunda Grammar
- Glottolog: kusu1250
- Ethnologue: kgg
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Lugha peke
| Maana | Kikusunda | Kilardil | Proto-Tungus | Kioska | Kiwalmajarri | Kiyangkaal | Kidyirbal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | taŋ /taŋ/ | nguka /ŋuka/ | *mū /mū/ | — /—/ | ngapa /ˈŋapa/ | nguku /ŋuku/ | bana /ˈbana/ |
| Moto | dza /dza/ | nyuda /ɲuda/ | *tawa /tawa/ | — /—/ | warlu /ˈwaɭu/ | ngida /ŋida/ | buni /ˈbuni/ |
| Jua | iŋ /iŋ/ | warrka /waɾka/ | *sigūn /sigūn/ | — /—/ | purangu /puɻaŋu/ | warrku /waɾku/ | garri /ˈɡari/ |
| Mwezi | niku /niku/ | kirdikir /kiɖikir/ | *bēga /bēga/ | — /—/ | yakarn /jakaɳ/ | waldarra /waldaɾa/ | gagara /ɡaˈɡara/ |
| Nyota | sam /sam/ | kuwa thungal /kuwa θuŋal/ | *xōsikta /xoːsikta/ | — /—/ | wirl /wiɭ/ | miburlda thungalda /mibuɭda t̪uŋalda/ | gijiny /ɡiɟiɲ/ |
| Usiku | iŋao /iŋao/ | nata /nata/ | *dolbo /dolbo/ | — /—/ | pukanya /pukaɲa/ | ngimi /ŋimi/ | jagun /ɟaɡun/ |
| Mvua | taŋ /taŋ/ | — | *tigde /tiɡde/ | — | ngapa /ˈŋapa/ | — | gambal /ˈɡambal/ |
| Theluji | yaq /jaq/ | — | *imana /imana/ | — | — | — | — |
| Upepo | qaːi /qaːi/ | — | *xedün /xedyn/ | — | walypa /ˈwaʎpa/ | — | gulubu /ˈɡulubu/ |
| Udongo | dum /dum/ | — | *nā /naː/ | teras /teras/ | nguwa /ˈŋuwa/ | — | jaju /ˈɟaɟu/ |
| Jiwe | yeŋgu /jeŋɡu/ | — | *ǯolo /dʒolo/ | — | pamarr /ˈpamar/ | — | diban /ɟiban/ |
| Mama | məi /məi/ | ngama /ŋama/ | *eńi /eńi/ | maatúf /maːtof/ | ngamaji /ŋaˈmaɟi/ | ngamathu /ŋamat̪u/ | yabu /ˈjabu/ |
| Baba | yəi /jəi/ | kantha /kan̪t̪a/ | *ama /ama/ | patír /patiːr/ | ngarpu /ŋaɻpu/ | kanthathu /kant̪at̪u/ | nguma /ˈŋuma/ |
| Mimi | tsi /tsi/ | ngada /ŋada/ | *bi /bi/ | egom /eɡom/ | ngaju /ŋaɟu/ | ngada /ŋada/ | ngaja /ŋaɟa/ |
| Wewe | nu /nu/ | nyingki /ɲiŋki/ | *si /si/ | tú /tuː/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nyingka /ɲiŋka/ | nginda /ŋinda/ |
| Sisi | tok /tok/ | ngakuli / nyali /ŋakuli / ɲali/ | *münti / *büe /mynti / bye/ | — /—/ | ngalimpa / nganimpa /ŋalimpa / ŋanimpa/ | ngakulda / ngalda /ŋakulda / ŋalda/ | ngana /ŋana/ |
| Jina | gidzi /ɡidzi/ | nyunda /ɲunda/ | *gerbū /gerbū/ | númen /nuːmen/ | yini /jini/ | nida /nida/ | yidyi /jiɟi/ |
| Mtu | niu /niu/ | — | *ńārī /ɲaːriː/ | — | piyirn /ˈpijiɳ/ | — | — |
| Kichwa | ipi /ipi/ | — | *dili /dili/ | — | jurlu /ˈɟuɭu/ | — | — |
| Jicho | inəŋ /inəŋ/ | kuwa /kuwa/ | *ńāsa /ńāsa/ | — /—/ | mil /mil/ | miburlda /mibuɭda/ | gayga /ˈɡajɡa/ |
| Sikio | iyu /iju/ | — | *sian /sian/ | — | pina /ˈpina/ | — | manga /ˈmaŋa/ |
| Pua | inu /inu/ | — | — | — | punul /ˈpunul/ | — | guwu /ˈɡuwu/ |
| Mdomo | ata /ata/ | — | *amŋa /amŋa/ | — | — | — | — |
| Jino | uhu /uhu/ | kadma leman /kadma leman/ | *iːkte /iːkte/ | — /—/ | lirra /lira/ | damanda /damanda/ | dirra /dira/ |
| Ulimi | iŋdzũ /iŋdzũ/ | jalda leman /dʒalda leman/ | *ilŋu /ilŋu/ | fangva /faŋɡwa/ | jalany /ɟalaɲ/ | jalngantha /ɟalŋant̪a/ | jalnggulay /ɟalŋɡulaj/ |
| Mkono | awi /awi/ | marlda /maɭda/ | *ŋāla /ŋāla/ | manim /manim/ | kurrapa /kurapa/ | — /—/ | mala /ˈmala/ |
| Mguu | yen /jen/ | jaa /dʒaː/ | *palgan /palgan/ | — | jina /ˈɟina/ | — | jina /ˈɟina/ |
| Moyo | gobloq /ɡobloq/ | bulja /buldʒa/ | *mēwan /mēwan/ | — /—/ | turlpu /ˈtuɭpu/ | — /—/ | rulgu /ˈɻulɡu/ |
| Mfupa | guhu /ɡuhu/ | kadma /kadma/ | *giramsa /ɡiramsa/ | — /—/ | kiji /kiɟi/ | julda /ɟulda/ | wurmbur /ˈwurmbur/ |
| Damu | ləpa /ləpa/ | kanda /kanda/ | *sekse /sekse/ | — /—/ | nungu /nuŋu/ | kandu /kandu/ | waguli /waɡuli/ |
| Upendo | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | yi /ji/ | thungal /θuŋal/ | *mō /mō/ | — /—/ | mana /mana/ | — /—/ | yugu /ˈjuɡu/ |
| Mbwa | agəi /aɡəi/ | ngawa /ŋawa/ | *ŋinda /ŋinda/ | — /—/ | kunyarr /kuˈɲar/ | — /—/ | guda /ˈɡuda/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | miyawu /mijawu/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Samaki | nəsa /nəsa/ | yaka /jaka/ | *ollo /ollo/ | — /—/ | kapi /kapi/ | yakuri /jakuɾi/ | jabu /ˈɟabu/ |
| Ndege | qotu /qotu/ | — | *gasa /gasa/ | — | jiriki /ˈɟiɻiki/ | — | dundu /ˈdundu/ |
| Yai | gwa /ɡwa/ | — | *umukta /umukta/ | — | kampiny /kampiɲ/ | — | bambu /bambu/ |
| Farasi | pʰyaksəm /pʰjaksəm/ | — | *murin /murin/ | — | timana /ˈtimana/ | — | — |
| Nyumba | uhi /uhi/ | ngambirr /ŋambir/ | *ʒūg /dʒuːɡ/ | trííbúm /triːbom/ | mayaru /majaɻu/ | — /—/ | mija /ˈmiɟa/ |
| Chumvi | huki /huki/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Kula | am /am/ | jitha /dʒiθa/ | *ǰep- /ǰep/ | edum /edum/ | ngarnu /ŋaɳu/ | — /—/ | janggay /ˈɟaŋɡaj/ |
| Kunywa | qon /qon/ | kurdama /kuɖama/ | *umi- /umi/ | — /—/ | ngarnu /ŋaɳu/ | — /—/ | gunyjal /ˈɡuɲɟal/ |
| Kulala | iptɔː /iptɔː/ | — | *ām- /aːm/ | — | manyan /ˈmaɲan/ | — | bungil /ˈbuŋil/ |
| Moja | qasti /qasti/ | warnge /waɾŋe/ | *emun /emun/ | — /—/ | layi /laji/ | — /—/ | yunggul /ˈjuŋɡul/ |
| Mbili | dukhu /dukʰu/ | kiyarrng /kijaɾŋ/ | *ǰör /ǰör/ | dús /duːs/ | kurriny /kuriɲ/ | kiyarrngka /kijaɾŋka/ | bulay /ˈbulaj/ |
| Tatu | dahat /dahat/ | mungkalan /muŋkalan/ | *ilan /ilan/ | trís /triːs/ | mungkartu /muŋkaʈu/ | — /—/ | garbu /ɡaɻbu/ |
| Nne | pigu /piɡu/ | — | *dügin /dyɡin/ | pettiur /pettiur/ | — | — | — |
| Tano | pãgo /pãɡo/ | — | *tuńga /tuńga/ | — | — | — | — |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | wen /wen/ | kuba /kuba/ | *aya /aja/ | — /—/ | wulyu /wuʎu/ | — /—/ | jigil /ˈɟiɡil/ |
| Mpya | dzəŋən /dzəŋən/ | — | *xirkekǖn /xirkekyːn/ | — | jalangjalang /ˈɟalaŋɟalaŋ/ | — | gunyu /ˈɡuɲu/ |
| Nyekundu | khərgun /kʰərɡun/ | kandukan /kandukan/ | *pula /pula/ | — /—/ | ngirljarti /ŋiɭɟaʈi/ | kandukandu /kandukandu/ | gunggu /ɡuŋɡu/ |
| Nyeupe | kasi /kasi/ | — | — | — | parpjarti /ˈpaɻpɟaɻti/ | — | — |
| Nyeusi | soksogərəm /soksoɡərəm/ | — | *sakalīn /sakaliːn/ | — | kurnkurn /kuɳkuɳ/ | — | — |
| Kijani | hərgun /hərɡun/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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