Warao
Kiwarao
Lugha peke
Warao (jina la asili linamaanisha "watu wa mashua" — wa "mtumbwi" + arao "watu wa") ni lugha pekee (isiyo na ndugu) inayozungumzwa katika Delta ya Orinoco mashariki mwa Venezuela na wazungumzaji wapatao 28,000, ikiwa na makundi madogo katika Guyana na Suriname za jirani. Wawarao ni wajenzi wa mitumbwi wa kandokando ya mito ambao lugha yao imekuwa ngumu kuainisha kinasaba — mapendekezo ya kuiunganisha na Macro-Paezan au Chibchan hayajakubaliwa. Warao ina msamiati wenye utajiri usio wa kawaida kwa maji, mashua, na maisha ya majini, ukionyesha mazingira yao ya delta, na hutumia mifumo ya mpangilio inayofanana na ergative pamoja na matumizi mapana ya miundo ya vishazi-nomino. Imehifadhiwa kwa kutengwa kwa kiasi katika delta yenye matope, lakini inazidi kuwa chini ya shinikizo la Kihispania.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kiwarao
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Lugha peke
| Maana | Kiwarao | Asháninka | Kishipibo-Conibo | Kiivatan | Nagamese | Kikarib | Lugha ya Mojeño Trinitario |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | ho /ho/ | nija /niha/ | jene /hɨnɨ/ | danom /danom/ | pani /pani/ | tuna /tuna/ | une /une/ |
| Moto | hekunu /hekunu/ | paamari /paːmaɾi/ | chii /tʃiː/ | apoy /apoj/ | jui /dʒui/ | wàto /wahto/ | yuku /juku/ |
| Jua | ya /ja/ | oorya /oːɾja/ | bari /baɾi/ | araw /araw/ | suruj /suɾudʒ/ | weju /weju/ | sache /satʃe/ |
| Mwezi | waniku /waniku/ | kashiri /kaʃiɾi/ | oxe /oʂɨ/ | vohan /vohan/ | chand /tʃaːnd/ | nuno /nuno/ | koje /kohe/ |
| Nyota | kura /kuɾa/ | impoquiro /impokiɾo/ | wishti /wiʃtĩ/ | vitohen /vitohɨn/ | tara /taɾa/ | siriko /siɾiko/ | jreegi /hreːçi/ |
| Usiku | ima /ima/ | tsiteni /tsiteni/ | yame /jamɨ/ | maʼhep /maʔhɨp/ | rati /rati/ | koko /koko/ | yoti /joti/ |
| Mvua | naha /naha/ | inkani /iŋkani/ | oi /oi/ | timoy /timoj/ | borkhon /boɾkʰon/ | konopo /konopo/ | tgiwo /tçiwo/ |
| Upepo | ahaka /ahaka/ | tampea /tampea/ | niwe /niwɨ/ | salawsaw /salawsaw/ | hawa /hawa/ | pepeito /pepeito/ | tektikwo /tektikwo/ |
| Udongo | hobahi /hobahi/ | kipatsi /kipatsi/ | mai /mai/ | tana /tana/ | mati /mati/ | nono /nono/ | moteji /motehi/ |
| Jiwe | hoyo /hojo/ | mapi /mapi/ | makan /makan/ | bato /bato/ | pathor /patʰor/ | topu /topu/ | mari /maɾi/ |
| Mlima | hota /hota/ | otishi /otiʃi/ | manan /manan/ | tokon /tokon/ | pahar /pahaɾ/ | wypy /wɨpɨ/ | ʼnugʼe mari /ʔnuçʔe maɾi/ |
| Bahari | nabautu /nabautu/ | inkajare /iŋkahaɾe/ | aniparo /anipaɾo/ | taaw /taaw/ | samundar /samundaɾ/ | parana /paɾana/ | — |
| Mama | dani /dani/ | ina /ina/ | tita /tita/ | ina /ina/ | ma /ma/ | sano /sano/ | meme /meme/ |
| Baba | dima /dima/ | apa /apa/ | papa /papa/ | ama /ama/ | baba /baba/ | papa /papa/ | tata /tata/ |
| Binti | ukatira /ukatiɾa/ | noshinto /noʃinto/ | bake ainbo /bake ãĩbo/ | anak a mavakes /anak a mavakɨs/ | chukri /tʃukɾi/ | emyiry /emɨiɾɨ/ | chicha /tʃitʃa/ |
| Mimi | ine /ine/ | naaka /naːka/ | ea /ea/ | yaken /jakɨn/ | moi /moi/ | au /au/ | nuti /nuti/ |
| Wewe | ihi /ihi/ | aviro /aβiɾo/ | mia /mia/ | ʼimo /ʔimo/ | tumi /tumi/ | amoro /amoɾo/ | piti /piti/ |
| Sisi | oko /oko/ | arori / narori /aɾoɾi / naɾoɾi/ | noa /noa/ | yaten / yamen /jatɨn / jamɨn/ | amikhan /amikʰan/ | kʉʼkaron / naʼna /kəʔkaɾon / naʔna/ | witi /witi/ |
| Jina | wai /wai/ | ivairo /iβaiɾo/ | jane /hanɨ/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | naam /nam/ | eeti /eːti/ | ijare /ihaɾe/ |
| Mtu | arao /aɾao/ | atiri /atiɾi/ | joni /honi/ | tao /tao/ | manu /manu/ | kariʼna /kaɾiʔna/ | ʼchane /ʔtʃane/ |
| Kichwa | kua /kua/ | noito /noito/ | mapo /mapo/ | oho /oho/ | matha /matʰa/ | upuʼpo /upuʔpo/ | chuti /tʃuti/ |
| Jicho | mu /mu/ | noki /noki/ | bero /bɨɾo/ | mata /mata/ | suku /suku/ | enu /enu/ | ugʼa /uçʔa/ |
| Sikio | kohoko /kohoko/ | noyempita /nojempita/ | pabíki /pabiki/ | tadinya /tadiɲa/ | kan /kan/ | panari /panari/ | choka /tʃoka/ |
| Pua | hikari /hikaɾi/ | noirina /noiɾina/ | rekin /ɾɨkin/ | mohed /mohɨd/ | nak /nak/ | anàta /anahta/ | siri /siɾi/ |
| Mdomo | doko /doko/ | novante /noβante/ | kexa /kɨʂa/ | vivi /vivi/ | mukh /mukʰ/ | pota /pota/ | jaka /haka/ |
| Jino | i /i/ | nayi /naji/ | xeta /ʂɨta/ | nyipen /ɲipɨn/ | dat /dat/ | yerï /jelə/ | oʼe /oʔe/ |
| Ulimi | hono /hono/ | nene /nene/ | jana /hana/ | rida /rida/ | jib /dʒib/ | nuru /nuɾu/ | nene /nene/ |
| Mkono | moho /moho/ | nako /nako/ | meken /mɨkɨn/ | tanoro /tanoro/ | hath /haːtʰ/ | aina /aina/ | wupe /wupe/ |
| Mguu | omu /omu/ | noiti /noiti/ | tae /taɨ/ | kokod /kokod/ | theng /tʰeŋ/ | pupu /pupu/ | iype /ijpe/ |
| Moyo | kobe /kobe/ | nosanto /nosanto/ | joínti /hointi/ | tawol /tawol/ | mon /mon/ | emanga /emaŋɡa/ | samre /samɾe/ |
| Mfupa | muhu /muhu/ | tonki /tonki/ | xao /ʂao/ | tohang /tohaŋ/ | haddi /hadːi/ | yepo /jepo/ | ʼyopege /ʔʲopeçe/ |
| Damu | hotu /hotu/ | iraja /iɾaha/ | jimi /himi/ | raya /raja/ | khun /kʰun/ | mʉnʉ /mənə/ | iti /iti/ |
| Kinyesi | so /so/ | notia /notia/ | poi /poi/ | — | — | — | — |
| Upendo | anaubu /anaubu/ | nonintsi /nonintsi/ | noi /noi/ | addaw /addaw/ | morom /moɾom/ | kataneko /kataneko/ | emnako /emnako/ |
| Mti | dau /daw/ | inchato /intʃato/ | jiwi /hiwi/ | kayo /kajo/ | gus /ɡus/ | wewe /wewe/ | wkugi /wkuçi/ |
| Mbwa | beroro /beɾoɾo/ | otsiti /otsiti/ | ochiti /otʃiti/ | cito /tʃito/ | kukur /kukuɾ/ | pero /peɾo/ | paku /paku/ |
| Paka | mishi /miʃi/ | mishito /miʃito/ | mishito /miʃito/ | — /—/ | mekuri /mekuɾi/ | meu /meu/ | mitsi /mitsi/ |
| Samaki | homakaba /homakaba/ | shima /ʃima/ | yapa /japa/ | among /amoŋ/ | maas /maːs/ | woto /woto/ | jimo /himo/ |
| Ndege | domu /domu/ | tsimeri /tsimeɾi/ | isa /isa/ | manomanok /manomanok/ | sorai /sɔrai/ | tonoro /tonoɾo/ | koyre /kojɾe/ |
| Kipepeo | warowaro /waɾowaɾo/ | tsampi /tsampi/ | pëpë /pɨ̃pɨ̃/ | — | — | palanpalan /palanpalan/ | — |
| Yai | ahi /ahi/ | iitsoki /iːtsoki/ | bachi /batʃi/ | ottioy /ottioj/ | anda /anda/ | iʼmo /iʔmo/ | wrayʼa /wɾajʔa/ |
| Farasi | kawayo /kawajo/ | kavayo /kaβajo/ | kabayo /kabajo/ | kabayo /kabajo/ | ghora /ɡʱoɾa/ | kaware /kawaɾe/ | kwoyu /kwoju/ |
| Nyumba | hanoko /hanoko/ | pankotsi /paŋkotsi/ | xobo /ʂobo/ | vahay /vahaj/ | ghor /ɡʱoɾ/ | paty /pati/ | peti /peti/ |
| Maziwa | amiho /amiho/ | tsomitsi /tsomitsi/ | xoma /ʂoma/ | gatas /ɡatas/ | dudh /dudʱ/ | manaty aikuru /manatɨ aikuɾu/ | chenyomo /tʃenʲomo/ |
| Chumvi | bamu /bamu/ | tivi /tiβi/ | tashi /taʃi/ | asin /asin/ | nimok /nimok/ | wajo /wajo/ | ʼchewe /ʔtʃewe/ |
| Mchele | arisi /aɾisi/ | aroso /aɾoso/ | aros /aɾos/ | — | — | — | arusu /aɾusu/ |
| Chuma | — /—/ | ashiro /aʃiɾo/ | yami /jami/ | vahayang /vahajaŋ/ | luha /luha/ | siparari /sipaɾaɾi/ | gero /çeɾo/ |
| Kitabu | karata /kaɾata/ | sankenarentsi /saŋkenaɾentsi/ | kirika /kiɾika/ | libro /libro/ | kitab /kitab/ | kareta /kaɾeta/ | — |
| Kula | nahoro /nahoɾo/ | noyaki /nojaki/ | piti /piti/ | koman /koman/ | kha /kʰa/ | onökö /onøkø/ | niko /niko/ |
| Kunywa | hobi /hobi/ | noiri /noiɾi/ | xeati /ʂɨati/ | ominom /ominom/ | pi /pi/ | ëne /ɘne/ | ero /ero/ |
| Kulala | uba /uba/ | nomai /nomai/ | oxa /oʂa/ | makayceh /makajtʃɨh/ | ghum /ɡʱum/ | ònyky /ohnɨkɨ/ | imko /imko/ |
| Moja | hisaka /hisaka/ | aparoni /apaɾoni/ | westíora /wɨstioɾa/ | asa /asa/ | ek /ek/ | o:wi /oːwi/ | etona /etona/ |
| Mbili | manamo /manamo/ | apite /apite/ | rabé /ɾabɨ/ | dadwa /dadwa/ | dui /dui/ | oko /oko/ | apina /apina/ |
| Tatu | dihanamo /dihanamo/ | maava /maːβa/ | kimisha /kimiʃa/ | tatdo /tatdo/ | tin /tin/ | oruwa /oɾuwa/ | mopona /mopona/ |
| Nne | orabakaya /oɾabakaja/ | otsipasati /otsipasati/ | chosko /tʃosko/ | aʼpat /aʔpat/ | char /tʃar/ | okupaen /okupaen/ | — |
| Tano | mohabasi /mohabasi/ | apapacoroni /apapakoɾoni/ | pichika /pitʃika/ | lima /lima/ | pans /pans/ | ainatone /ainatone/ | — |
| Habari | yakerara /jakeɾaɾa/ | aviro /aβiɾo/ | jakon raoma /hakon raoma/ | Kapian capa nu dios /kapian tʃapa nu dios/ | namaskar /namaskaɾ/ | mary /maɾi/ | pejamikpo /pehaˈmikpo/ |
| Asante | kase /kase/ | naranki /naɾaŋki/ | irake /iɾake/ | Dios mamajes /dios mamahes/ | dhonyobad /dʱoɲobad/ | irombo /iɾombo/ | rusrupaya /ɾusɾuˈpaja/ |
| Nzuri | yakera /jakeɾa/ | kameetsa /kameːtsa/ | jakon /hakon/ | mapia /mapia/ | bhal /bʱal/ | epoja /epoja/ | tyuri /curi/ |
| Mpya | hido /hido/ | iroakera /iɾoakeɾa/ | bena /bɨna/ | vayo /vajo/ | notun /notun/ | asery /aseɾɨ/ | ʼrajru /ʔɾahɾu/ |
| Nyekundu | símo /ˈsimo/ | kitioncari /kitionkaɾi/ | joshin /hoʃin/ | mavaya /mavaja/ | lal /lal/ | tapyre /tapɨɾe/ | titsi /titsi/ |
| Nyeupe | hoko /hoko/ | kitamaari /kitamaːɾi/ | joxo /hoʂo/ | maydak /majdak/ | boga /boɡa/ | tamuʼne /tamuʔne/ | tjopu /thopu/ |
| Nyeusi | ana /ana/ | potsitari /potsitaɾi/ | wiso /wiso/ | mavaheng /mavahɨŋ/ | kala /kala/ | tykaraije /tɨkaɾaije/ | siso /siso/ |
| Kijani | hebuɾa /hebuɾa/ | kenashi /kenaʃi/ | yãkõ /jãkõ/ | maarem /maarɨm/ | hara /haɾa/ | — | jeʼchu /heʔtʃu/ |
| Buluu | hebuɾa /hebuɾa/ | — | yãkõ /jãkõ/ | asol /asol/ | nila /nila/ | tupulu /tupulu/ | ripu /ɾipu/ |
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