بُروشَسکی
Kiburushaski
Lugha peke
Kiburushaski ni lugha iliyojitenga inayozungumzwa katika mlima wa Karakoram kaskazini mwa Pakistani. Licha ya zaidi ya karne moja ya utafiti wa kulinganisha, uhusiano wa kifamilia uliosadikika na lugha nyingine bado haujathibitishwa. Ina madarasa manne ya nomino (binadamu wa kiume, binadamu wa kike, nomino zinazoweza kuhesabiwa, zisizoweza kuhesabiwa) na mfumo changamano wa viambishi awali vya viwakilishi vya kitenzi.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kiburushaski
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Lugha peke
| Maana | Kiburushaski | Kiluvian | Kiwichita | Kitagalog cha Kale | Kitagalog | Kikavalan | Kisebuano |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | ċhil /tsʰil/ | wār /waːr/ | kicʔa /kitsʔa/ | ᜆᜓᜊᜒᜄ᜔ /tubiɡ/ | tubig /tubiɡ/ | zanum /zaˈnum/ | tubig /tubiɡ/ |
| Moto | phu /pʰu/ | pāḫur /ˈpaːxur/ | heːcʔa /heːtsʔa/ | ᜀᜉᜓᜌ᜔ /apuj/ | apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | kalayo /kalajo/ |
| Jua | sa /sa/ | 𔖖𔓚 /ˈtiwad/ | saːkhirʔa /saːkʰiɾʔa/ | ᜀᜇᜏ᜔ /araw/ | araw /ˈʔaɾaw/ | siban /siˈban/ | adlaw /adlaw/ |
| Mwezi | halánċ /haˈlants/ | 𔓜𔒄𔗦 /ˈarmas/ | waːh /waːh/ | ᜊᜓᜏᜈ᜔ /buwan/ | buwan /buwan/ | buran /buˈran/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Nyota | asií /asiˈi/ | — /—/ | hiːkwirikʔa /hiːkʷiɾikʔa/ | ᜊᜒᜆᜓᜁᜈ᜔ /bituʔin/ | bituin /bituˈʔin/ | bituqan /bituqan/ | bituon /bituˈʔon/ |
| Usiku | thap /tʰap/ | — /—/ | ckhaːrʔa /tskʰaːɾʔa/ | ᜄᜊᜒ /ɡaˈbi/ | gabi /ɡaˈbi/ | qabi /ʁabiʔ/ | gabii /ɡaˈbiʔi/ |
| Mvua | harált /haˈralt/ | — | — | ᜂᜎᜈ᜔ /ulan/ | ulan /ˈʔulan/ | uzan /uˈzan/ | ulan /ˈʔulan/ |
| Theluji | ge /ɡe/ | — | hiraːʔa /hiɾaːʔa/ | — | niyebe /nijebe/ | suRna /suʁna/ | niyebe /niˈjebe/ |
| Upepo | hawáa /haˈwaː/ | — | niweʔeːrʔa /niweʔeːɾʔa/ | ᜑᜅᜒᜈ᜔ /haˈŋin/ | hangin /haˈŋin/ | bari /baˈri/ | hangin /haˈŋin/ |
| Udongo | tik /tik/ | tiyamma- /tijamma/ | — | ᜎᜓᜉ /lupaʔ/ | lupa /lupaʔ/ | melanay /məɾaˈnaj/ | yuta /juta/ |
| Jiwe | dan /dan/ | assu- /ˈasːu/ | — | ᜊᜆᜓ /baˈto/ | bato /baˈtoʔ/ | btu /btu/ | bato /baˈto/ |
| Mlima | ćhiṣ /tɕʰiʂ/ | watti- /ˈwatːi/ | — | ᜊᜓᜈ᜔ᜇᜓᜃ᜔ /bunˈdok/ | bundok /bunˈdok/ | naung /nauŋ/ | bukid /ˈbukid/ |
| Bahari | — /—/ | — | — | ᜇᜄᜆ᜔ /daɡat/ | dagat /ˈdaɡat/ | lazing /laziŋ/ | dagat /ˈdaɡat/ |
| Mama | -mi /mi/ | anni- /ˈanni/ | eciyeːh /etsijeːh/ | ᜁᜈ /ina/ | ina /ʔiˈna/ | tina /ˈtina/ | inahan /inahan/ |
| Baba | táti /ˈtati/ | 𔐞𔑣𔓯𔗔 /ˈtadis/ | taːtah /taːtah/ | ᜀᜋ /ama/ | ama /ʔaˈma/ | tama /ˈtama/ | amahan /amahan/ |
| Binti | -i /i/ | duttariyati- /ˈdutːarijati/ | — | — | anak na babae /ˈʔanak na baˈbaʔe/ | — | anak nga babaye /anak ŋa babaje/ |
| Mimi | je /dʑe/ | 𔐀 /ˈamu/ | nacʔih /natsʔih/ | ᜀᜃᜓ /ako/ | ako /ʔaˈko/ | aiku /aiku/ | ako /ʔaˈko/ |
| Wewe | un /un/ | tu /tu/ | nasʔih /nasʔih/ | ᜁᜃᜏ᜔ /ikaw/ | ikaw /ʔiˈkaw/ | aisu /aisu/ | ikaw /ʔiˈkaw/ |
| Sisi | mi /mi/ | anzāš /ˈantsaːs/ | — /—/ | ᜆᜌᜓ / ᜃᜋᜒ /ˈtajo / kaˈmi/ | tayo / kami /ˈtaːjo / kaˈmi/ | aita / aimi /aita / aimi/ | kita / kami /kiˈta / kaˈmi/ |
| Jina | ik /ik/ | 𔐓𔓇𔒄𔖪 /ˈalamantsa/ | hissaːrʔa /hissaːɾʔa/ | ᜅᜎᜈ᜔ /ŋalan/ | pangalan /paˈŋalan/ | nangan /naŋan/ | ngalan /ˈŋalan/ |
| Mtu | sis /sis/ | ziti- /ˈtsiti/ | ihaas /ihaas/ | ᜆᜂ /taʔo/ | tao /ˈtaʔo/ | lazat /lazat/ | tawo /ˈtawo/ |
| Kichwa | -yaṭis /jaʈis/ | ḫarmaḫi- /ˈxarmaxi/ | — | ᜂᜎᜓ /ulo/ | ulo /ˈʔulo/ | uru /uʁu/ | ulo /ˈʔulo/ |
| Jicho | -lćin /ltɕin/ | tawi- /ˈtawi/ | kirikʔa /kiɾikʔa/ | ᜋᜆ /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /maˈta/ | mata /mata/ |
| Sikio | -ltúmal /lˈtumal/ | tummant- /ˈtumːant/ | — | ᜆᜁᜅ /taˈʔiŋa/ | tainga /taˈʔiŋa/ | kayal /kajal/ | dalunggan /daluŋˈɡan/ |
| Pua | -múpuṣ /ˈmupuʂ/ | — | — | ᜁᜎᜓᜅ᜔ /iˈloŋ/ | ilong /ʔiˈloŋ/ | unung /unuŋ/ | ilong /ʔiˈloŋ/ |
| Mdomo | -qhát /qʰat/ | āssa- /ˈaːsːa/ | — | ᜊᜒᜊᜒᜄ᜔ /biˈbiɡ/ | bibig /biˈbiɡ/ | ngibiR /ŋibiʁ/ | baba /ˈbabaʔ/ |
| Jino | -mé /me/ | — /—/ | aːkʔa /aːkʔa/ | ᜅᜒᜉᜒᜈ᜔ /ŋiˈpin/ | ngipin /ŋiˈpin/ | bangraw /baŋʁau/ | ngipon /ŋiˈpon/ |
| Ulimi | -úmus /ˈumus/ | lāli- /ˈlaːli/ | hacʼa /hatsʔa/ | ᜇᜒᜎ /diˈlaʔ/ | dila /diˈlaʔ/ | rilam /ʁilam/ | dila /diˈlaʔ/ |
| Mkono | -ríiṅ /ˈriːŋ/ | 𔑁𔓯𔑶𔖸 /ˈistri/ | iskʔa /iskʔa/ | ᜃᜋᜌ᜔ /kamaj/ | kamay /kamaj/ | rima /riˈma/ | kamot /kamot/ |
| Mguu | -úṭ /uʈ/ | pāta- /ˈpaːta/ | asʔa /asʔa/ | ᜉᜀ /paˈʔa/ | paa /paˈʔa/ | zapan /zaˈpan/ | tiil /tiˈʔil/ |
| Moyo | -s /s/ | zārt- /tsaːrt/ | sikicʔa /sikitsʔa/ | ᜉᜓᜐᜓ /puso/ | puso /puˈsoʔ/ | anem /aˈnəm/ | kasingkasing /kasiŋkasiŋ/ |
| Mfupa | -ltin /ltin/ | ḫāssa- /ˈxaːsːa/ | kiːsʔa /kiːsʔa/ | ᜊᜓᜆᜓ /buˈtoʔ/ | buto /buˈtoʔ/ | tiran /tiʁan/ | bukog /buˈkoɡ/ |
| Damu | multán /mulˈtan/ | āšḫar- /ˈaːsxar/ | waːckicʔa /waːtskitsʔa/ | ᜇᜓᜄᜓ /duˈɡoʔ/ | dugo /duˈɡoʔ/ | rinang /ʁinaŋ/ | dugo /duˈɡoʔ/ |
| Kinyesi | ġuráṣ /ɣuˈraʂ/ | — | — | ᜆᜁ /taʔe/ | tae /ˈtaʔɛ/ | tad /tad/ | tae /taʔe/ |
| Upendo | títir /ˈtitir/ | azza- /ˈatsːa/ | — /—/ | ᜁᜊᜒᜄ᜔ /ibiɡ/ | pag-ibig /paɡʔibiɡ/ | — /—/ | gugma /ɡuɡma/ |
| Mti | tom /tom/ | — /—/ | tiyaːhkw /tijaːhkʷ/ | ᜃᜑᜓᜌ᜔ /kahoj/ | puno /puno/ | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | kahoy /kahoj/ |
| Mbwa | huk /huk/ | zuwana- /tsuˈwana/ | kiciyeːh /kitsijeːh/ | ᜀᜐᜓ /aso/ | aso /ˈʔaso/ | wasu /waˈsu/ | iro /ʔiˈɾoʔ/ |
| Paka | buś /buɕ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᜉᜓᜐ /pusa/ | pusa /pusa/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | iring /iɾiŋ/ |
| Samaki | ćhúmo /ˈtɕʰumo/ | — /—/ | kaːcʔa /kaːtsʔa/ | ᜁᜐ᜔ᜇ /ʔisˈdaʔ/ | isda /ʔisˈdaʔ/ | baut /baut/ | isda /ʔisˈdaʔ/ |
| Ndege | balás /baˈlas/ | — | ichir /itsʰiɾ/ | ᜁᜊᜓᜈ᜔ /iˈbon/ | ibon /ʔiˈbon/ | alam /aˈɬam/ | langgam /laŋˈɡam/ |
| Kipepeo | hoólalas /ˈhoːlalas/ | — | — | ᜉᜇᜓᜉᜇᜓ /paɾupaˈɾo/ | paruparo /paɾupaˈɾo/ | pulaw /pulaw/ | alibangbang /ʔalibaŋˈbaŋ/ |
| Yai | ṭiṅán /ʈiˈŋan/ | — | nikwiːkʔa /nikʷiːkʔa/ | ᜁᜆ᜔ᜎᜓᜄ᜔ /itˈloɡ/ | itlog /ʔitˈloɡ/ | tirur /tiʁuʁ/ | itlog /ʔitˈloɡ/ |
| Dubu | ya /ja/ | — | — | — | oso /ˈʔoso/ | tumay /tuˈmai/ | oso /ˈoso/ |
| Farasi | haġúr /haˈɣur/ | azzu- /ˈatsːu/ | — | — | kabayo /kaˈbajo/ | kebayu /kəbaju/ | kabayo /kaˈbajo/ |
| Nyumba | ha /ha/ | 𔔙𔐤𔖪 /ˈparnantsa/ | akhaːrʔa /akʰaːɾʔa/ | ᜊᜑᜌ᜔ /bahaj/ | bahay /bahaj/ | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | balay /balaj/ |
| Maziwa | mamú /maˈmu/ | — | — | ᜄᜆᜐ᜔ /ˈɡatas/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ | — | gatas /ˈɡatas/ |
| Asali | mac̣híi /maˈʈʂʰiː/ | malli- /ˈmalːi/ | — | ᜉᜓᜎᜓᜆ᜔ /puˈlot/ | pulot /puˈlot/ | wanu /wanu/ | dugos /duˈɡos/ |
| Chumvi | bayú /baˈju/ | — | — | ᜀᜐᜒᜈ᜔ /aˈsin/ | asin /ʔaˈsin/ | zemiyan /zəmijan/ | asin /ʔaˈsin/ |
| Mchele | bras /bras/ | — | — | ᜊᜒᜄᜐ᜔ /biˈɡas/ | bigas /biˈɡas/ | beRas /bəʁas/ | bugas /buˈɡas/ |
| Chuma | ćímar /ˈtɕimar/ | — | — | ᜊᜃᜎ᜔ /ˈbakal/ | bakal /baˈkal/ | balis /baˈlis/ | puthaw /putˈhaw/ |
| Kitabu | — /—/ | — | — | — | aklat /ʔakˈlat/ | sudad /sudad/ | libro /ˈlibɾo/ |
| Kula | ṣi- /ʂi/ | ad- /ad/ | kaʔac /kaʔats/ | ᜃᜁᜈ᜔ /kain/ | kumain /kumaˈʔin/ | quman /quˈman/ | kaon /kaʔon/ |
| Kunywa | min- /min/ | ū- /uː/ | kikʔa /kikʔa/ | ᜁᜈᜓᜋ᜔ /inom/ | uminom /ʔumiˈnom/ | mimum /miˈmum/ | inom /inom/ |
| Kulala | gućhá- /ɡuˈtɕʰa/ | — | — | ᜆᜓᜎᜓᜄ᜔ /ˈtuloɡ/ | matulog /maˈtuloɡ/ | mainep /maiˈnəp/ | matulog /maˈtuloɡ/ |
| Moja | hin /hin/ | — /—/ | chiʔass /tsʰiʔass/ | ᜁᜐ /isa/ | isa /ʔiˈsa/ | issa /ˈissa/ | usa /usa/ |
| Mbili | altó /alˈto/ | — /—/ | wic /wits/ | ᜇᜎᜏ /dalaˈwa/ | dalawa /dalaˈwa/ | zusa /zusa/ | duha /duˈha/ |
| Tatu | iskén /isˈken/ | tarri- /ˈtarːi/ | taw /taw/ | ᜆᜆ᜔ᜎᜓ /tatˈloʔ/ | tatlo /tatˈloʔ/ | turu /tuɾu/ | tulo /tuˈlo/ |
| Nne | wálto /ˈwalto/ | māuwa- /ˈmaːuwa/ | taːkwic /taːkʷits/ | ᜀᜉᜆ᜔ /aˈpat/ | apat /ˈʔapat/ | spat /spat/ | upat /ˈʔupat/ |
| Tano | ċhundó /tsʰunˈdo/ | panta /ˈpanta/ | — | ᜎᜒᜋ /liˈma/ | lima /lima/ | rima /riˈma/ | lima /lima/ |
| Mia | tha /tʰa/ | — | — | ᜇᜀᜈ᜔ /daˈʔan/ | sandaan /sanˈdaʔan/ | Rasibu /ʁasibu/ | gatos /ɡaˈtos/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᜋᜊᜓᜑᜌ᜔ /mabuhaj/ | kamusta /kamusta/ | — /—/ | kumusta /kumusta/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᜐᜎᜋᜆ᜔ /salamat/ | salamat /salamat/ | — /—/ | salamat /salamat/ |
| Nzuri | śua /ɕuˈa/ | 𔖢 /ˈwaːsu/ | acs /atss/ | ᜋᜊᜓᜆᜒ /mabuti/ | mabuti /mabuti/ | nngi /nŋi/ | maayo /maʔajo/ |
| Mpya | thoṣ /tʰoʂ/ | nāwa- /ˈnaːwa/ | — | ᜊᜄᜓ /baɡo/ | bago /ˈbaɡo/ | tasu /tasu/ | bag-o /ˈbaɡʔo/ |
| Nyekundu | báardum /ˈbaːrdum/ | — /—/ | kwhaːc /kʷʰaːts/ | ᜉᜓᜎ /puˈlaʔ/ | pula /puˈlaʔ/ | tebari /təbaʀi/ | pula /puˈla/ |
| Nyeupe | burúm /buˈrum/ | — | — | ᜉᜓᜆᜒ /puˈtiʔ/ | puti /puˈtiʔ/ | busar /busaʀ/ | puti /puˈti/ |
| Nyeusi | matúm /maˈtum/ | — | — | ᜁᜆᜒᜋ᜔ /iˈtim/ | itim /ʔiˈtim/ | tengen /təŋən/ | itom /iˈtom/ |
| Kijani | ṣiqám /ʂiˈqam/ | — | — | — | berde /ˈbɛɾde/ | puli /puli/ | berde /ˈbɛrde/ |
| Buluu | ṣiqám /ʂiˈqam/ | — | — | — | asul /ʔaˈsul/ | puli /puli/ | asul /ʔaˈsul/ |
| Kekeo | kápo /ˈkapo/ | — | — | — | kakok /kaˈkok/ | — | kukok /ˈkukok/ |
| Chai | ćái /ˈtɕai/ | — | — | — | tsaa /tsaˈʔa/ | — | tsa /tʃa/ |
| Kahawa | kofi /kofi/ | — | — | — | kape /kaˈpe/ | — | kape /kaˈpe/ |
| Sukari | shakar /ʂakar/ | — | — | — | asukal /ʔaˈsukal/ | waneng /waˈnəŋ/ | asukar /ʔaˈsukar/ |
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