Akhazà
Akha
Sino-Tibetan (Loloish, Hani)
Akha is a Loloish (Yi-branch) Sino-Tibetan language spoken across the highland borders of Yunnan (China), Myanmar's Shan State, northern Thailand (Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai), Laos, and Vietnam. Closely related to Hani in Yunnan; the two together form the Hani-Akha group. It has three contrastive tones, SOV word order, and rich verb-final particles. Akha society is famous for its Akha Way of ancestor genealogy, recited as a chain stretching back more than sixty generations.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Akha
Sources
- Akha Bible (Baptist orthography), bible.com version 1722; Inga-Lill Hansson 1989, Akha phonology/lexicon (via STEDT, "Hansson 89 AHKP"); James A. Matisoff 1972/1974 Akha data (via STEDT)
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Sino-Tibetan (Loloish, Hani)
| Meaning | Akha | Hani | Yi | Zaiwa | Lhomi | Tibetan | Jino |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | i cuq /i˥tɕṵ˨˩/ | wulquvq /u˥˥tɕʰu˧˩/ | ꒉ /ʑɿ˧˧/ | wuì /ʋui˥˩/ | ཆུ་ /tɕʰu˥/ | ཆུ /tɕʰu˥/ | ji31tʃho55 /ji˧˩tʃʰo˥˥/ |
| Fire | mi dza /mi˨˩dza˨˩/ | miqzaq /mi˧˩dza˧˩/ | ꃆꄔ /mu˨˩tu˥/ | myi /mji˨˩/ | མེ་ /me˥/ | མེ /me˩˧/ | mi33 /mi˧˧/ |
| Sun | nah ma /nɔ˥ma˧/ | naolma /nɔ˥˥ma˧˧/ | ꉘꁮ /ho˧˧bu˧˧/ | buì /pui˥˩/ | ཉི་མ་ /ɲi˥ma˩/ | ཉི་མ /ɲima/ | ȵɔ35 /ɲɔ˧˥/ |
| Moon | ba la /ba˧la˧/ | bala /ba˧˧la˧˧/ | ꆪ /ɬɯ˨˩/ | lhamó /lŏ̱˥˥mo˥˥/ | ཟླ་བ་ /dawa˩/ | ཟླ་བ /tawa˩˧/ | pu33ɬa44 /pu˧˧ɬa˦˦/ |
| Star | aqgeu /a˨˩ɡɯ˥/ | aqgeel /a˧˩ɡɯ˥˥/ | ꃅꏸ /mu˧˧tɕɿ˧˧/ | kyoi /kjoi˥˥/ | སྐར་མ /karma˥/ | སྐར་མ /karma˥/ | pu33ke33 /pu˧˧ke˧˧/ |
| Night | uchi /u˧tɕi˧/ | aoqqivq /ɔ˧˩tɕi˧˩/ | ꃅꌋ /mu˧˧si˧˧/ | myinle /mjin˥˥le˨˩/ | མཚན་མོ /tsʰemːu˥/ | མཚན་མོ /tsʰɛ̃˥mo˥/ | mi33tɕhø33 /mi˧˧tɕʰø˧˧/ |
| Rain | u yeh /u˨˩jɛ˥/ | aoqsseil /ɔ˧˩ze˥˥/ | ꂷꉐ /ma˧˧ha˧˧/ | mau /mau˨˩/ | — | ཆར་པ /tɕʰaː˥pa˥/ | mi31tha55 /mi˧˩tʰa˥˥/ |
| Snow | ngeh /ŋɛ˥/ | haqju /xa˧˩dʑu˧˧/ | ꃰ /vo˧˧/ | kyoq /kjoʔ˨˩/ | ཁ་བ /kʰawa˥/ | ཁ་བ /kʰawa˥/ | njɛ33ji44 /ɲɛ˧˧ji˦˦/ |
| Wind | ja leh /dʑa˨˩lɛ˥/ | jaqleil /dʑa˧˩le˥˥/ | ꃅꆳ /mu˧˧ɬɿ˧˧/ | laì /lai˥˩/ | — | རླུང /luŋ˥/ | li31phjɐ33 /li˧˩pʰjɐ˧˧/ |
| Earth | mi /mi˥/ | mil caq /mi˥˥tsʰa˧˩/ | ꊖ /tsa˧˧/ | myi-tse /mji˥˥tse̱˨˩/ | ས /sa˥/ | ས /sa˥/ | mi31tsha33 /mi˧˩tsʰa˧˧/ |
| Stone | ka lo /kʰa˨˩lo˧/ | haqluv /xa˧˩lu˧˧/ | ꇓ /lu˧˧/ | luqgok /luʔ˨˩kok˨˩/ | རྡོ་ /do˥/ | རྡོ /to˩˧/ | lo42mɔ44 /lo˦˨mɔ˦˦/ |
| Mountain | gaw jaw /ɡɔ˨˩dʑɔ˨˩/ | haolgaoq /xɔ˥˥ɡɔ˧˩/ | ꁧ /bo˧˧/ | bùm /pum˥˩/ | — | རི /ri˩˧/ | ɣɯ31tha55 /ɣɯ˧˩tʰa˥˥/ |
| Sea | i ma laq shaq /i˨˩ma˧la̰˧ʃa̰˧/ | lao'laoma /lɔ˧˧lɔ˧˧ma˧˧/ | — | — | — | རྒྱ་མཚོ /tʃatsʰo˩˧/ | lɐ31mɔ33 /lɐ˧˩mɔ˧˧/ |
| Mother | a ma /a˧ma˧/ | aqma /a˧˩ma˧˧/ | ꀉꂿ /a˧˦mo˧˧/ | înu /i˥˥nu˨˩/ | ཨ་མ་ /ʔama˩/ | ཨ་མ /ama˥/ | a33mɔ44 /a˧˧mɔ˦˦/ |
| Father | a da /a˧da˧/ | aqda /a˧˩da˧˧/ | ꀉꄉ /a˧˦ta˧˧/ | îwa /i˥˥va˨˩/ | ཨ་པ་ /ʔapa˩/ | ཨ་ཕ /apʰa˥/ | a33pu33 /a˧˧pu˧˧/ |
| Daughter | a boo /a˨˩bu˥/ | ssaqmiq /za˧˩mi˧˩/ | ꀋꃋ /a˨˩mɿ˧˧/ | myiwe zo /mji˨˩ve˨˩tso˨˩/ | — | བུ་མོ /pʰumo˥/ | zɔ33mi33 /zɔ˧˧mi˧˧/ |
| I | nga /ŋa˧/ | ngal /ŋa˥˥/ | ꉢ /ŋa˧˧/ | ngò /ŋo˥˩/ | ང /ŋa˩/ | ང /ŋa˩˨/ | ŋɔ31 /ŋɔ˧˩/ |
| You | naw /nɔ˧/ | nol /no˥˥/ | ꆏ /nɯ˧˧/ | nang /naŋ˥˥/ | ཁྱོད /kʰjø˥/ | ཁྱོད /cʰøː˥/ | nɐ31 /nɐ˧˩/ |
| We | aduma / ngama /a˨˩du˧ma̰˨˩ / ŋa˧ma̰˨˩/ | ngaldu / ngalya /ŋa˥˥du˧˧ / ŋa˥˥ja˧˧/ | ꉪꊇ /ŋo˨˩ɣo˧˦/ | nga-nhung / ngamoq /ŋa˥˥n̥uŋ˥˥ / ŋa˥˥moʔ˥˥/ | — /—/ | ང་ཚོ /ŋa˩˧tsʰo˥/ | a33ŋ̊o33 / ŋa33jo31 /a˧˧ŋ̊o˧˧ / ŋa˧˧jo˧˩/ |
| Name | myah /mjaŋ˥/ | milq /mi˥˥/ | ꂓ /m̥i˧˧/ | myìng /mjiŋ˥˩/ | མིང /miŋ˩/ | མིང /miŋ˥/ | a33mi33 /a˧˧mi˧˧/ |
| Person | tsaw /tsʰɔ˥/ | col /tsʰo˥˥/ | ꊿ /tsʰo˧˧/ | byù /pju˥˩/ | — | མི /mi/ | tshɐ35 /tsʰɐ˧˥/ |
| Head | u du /u˨˩du˨˩/ | wuqduq /u˧˩du˧˩/ | ꀂꏾ /i˧˧tɕʰi˧˧/ | ulhum /u˨˩lu̱m˨˩/ | — | མགོ /ko˩˧/ | vu33khɛ33 /vu˧˧kʰɛ˧˧/ |
| Eye | myaq /mja̰˧/ | miav /mja˧˧/ | ꑓ /ɲɔ˧˧/ | myoq /mjoʔ˨˩/ | མིག་ /mik˥/ | མིག /mik˩˧/ | mja42tsi44 /mja˦˨tsi˦˦/ |
| Ear | na baw /na˨˩bɔ˥/ | naqbol /na˧˩bo˥˥/ | ꅻ /n̥ɯ˨˩/ | nophyo /no˨˩pʰjo˨˩/ | — | རྣ་བ /naba˥/ | na33kho55 /na˧˧kʰo˥˥/ |
| Nose | na meh /na˥mɤ˥/ | nalmeil /na˥˥me˥˥/ | ꅲ /n̥a˧˧/ | no /no˥˩/ | — | སྣ /na˥/ | nɔ33to44 /nɔ˧˧to˦˦/ |
| Mouth | ka meh /kʰa˨˩mɤ˧/ | meiqbaoq /me˧˩bɔ˧˩/ | ꈂꀸ /kʰa˨˩pʰi˥/ | nhut /nu̱t˥˥/ | — | ཁ /kʰa˥/ | mø33mø33 /mø˧˧mø˧˧/ |
| Tooth | seu /sɤ˨˩/ | seq /sɤ˧˩/ | ꎐꂷ /dʐɿ˧˧ma˧˧/ | zuì /tsui˥˩/ | སོ /so˥/ | སོ /so˥/ | a33tʃɯ33 /a˧˧tʃɯ˧˧/ |
| Tongue | mela /mela˥/ | lalma /la˥˥ma˧˧/ | ꉐꆂ /ha˧˧nɛ˧˧/ | sho /ʃo˥˩/ | ལྕེ /tɕila˥/ | ལྕེ /tɕe˥/ | mø33khɹa33 /mø˧˧kʰɹa˧˧/ |
| Hand | la pa /la˧pa˧/ | aqlavq /a˧˩la˧˩/ | ꇇ /lo˥/ | loq /loʔ˨˩/ | ལག་པ་ /lakpa˩/ | ལག་པ /lakpa˩˧/ | la33pu33 /la˧˧pu˧˧/ |
| Foot | a kui /a˨˩kʰɯ˥/ | aqkeel /a˧˩kʰɯ˥˥/ | ꏸꑭ /tɕɿ˧˧ɕɿ˧˧/ | hkyî /kʰji˥˩/ | རྐང་པ /kaŋpa˥/ | རྐང་པ /kaŋ˥pa˥/ | ʃɔ33khi33 /ʃɔ˧˧kʰi˧˧/ |
| Heart | nui ma /ne˧ma˧/ | neema /nɯ˧˧ma˧˧/ | ꉌꂵ /hɛ˧˧ma˥/ | nhiklhum /ni̱k˥˥lu̱m˨˩/ | སྙིང་ /ɲiŋ˥/ | སྙིང་ /ɲiŋ˥/ | pe33sɯ33 /pe˧˧sɯ˧˧/ |
| Bone | sha ye /ʃa˧je˧/ | saqyyuq /sa˧˩jø˧˩/ | ꃷꅍ /vu˨˩du˧˧/ | showui /ʃŏ˨˩ʋui˨˩/ | རུས་པ /ryːpa˥/ | རུས་པ /rypa˩˧/ | — /—/ |
| Blood | shi /ʃi˥/ | sivq /si˧˩/ | ꌦ /sɿ˧˧/ | sui /sui˨˩/ | ཁྲག /tʰak˥/ | ཁྲག /ʈʂʰaʔ˥˧/ | a33ɕi44 /a˧˧ɕi˦˦/ |
| Love | gaq /ɡaʔ˧/ | gaq /ɡa˧˩/ | ꉂ /ŋɡu˧˧/ | chyit /tʃi̱t˥˥/ | — /—/ | དགའ་པོ /kapo˩˧/ | mo44e33 /mo˦˦e˧˧/ |
| Tree | a baw /a˥bɔ˥/ | albol /a˥˥bo˥˥/ | ꌩꁧ /sɿ˧˧bo˧˧/ | sikgâm /sik˥˥kam˥˩/ | ཤིང་ /ɕiŋ˥/ | ཤིང་སྡོང་ /ɕiŋ˥toŋ˥/ | a33tsɯ33 /a˧˧tsɯ˧˧/ |
| Dog | a kui /a˨˩kʰɯ˨˩/ | aqkeeq /a˧˩kʰɯ˧˩/ | ꈌ /kʰɯ˧˧/ | hkuî /kʰui˨˩/ | ཁྱི་ /kʰi˥/ | ཁྱི /cʰi˥/ | khɯ33jo33 /kʰɯ˧˧jo˧˧/ |
| Cat | a mi /a˥mi˥/ | almil /a˥˥mi˥˥/ | ꀉꑐ /a˧˦ɲɛ˧˧/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ཞི་མི /ɕimi˩˧/ | jɔ31mɛ44 /jɔ˧˩mɛ˦˦/ |
| Fish | nghasha /ŋa˥ʃa˥/ | ngaqdeil /ŋa˧˩de˥˥/ | ꉛ /hɯ˧˧/ | ngozo /ŋŏ˨˩tso˨˩/ | ན /na˥/ | ཉ /ɲa˥/ | ŋɔ33 /ŋɔ˧˧/ |
| Bird | a ji /a˥dʑi˥/ | alzil /a˥˥dzi˥˥/ | — | nghoq /ŋo̱ʔ˥˥/ | — | བྱ /tʃʰa˩˧/ | ŋɑ33zɔ33 /ŋɑ˧˧zɔ˧˧/ |
| Egg | uq /ṵ˧/ | alwuv /a˥˥u˧˧/ | ꏿ /tɕʰi˨˩/ | au /a˨˩u˥˥/ | — | སྒོ་ང /koŋa˩˧/ | ɑ33vu33 /ɑ˧˧vu˧˧/ |
| Bear | ka hm /kʰa˨˩hm̩˥/ | haq'aol /xa˧˩ɔ˥˥/ | ꊈ /ɣo˧˧/ | wàm /vam˥˩/ | དོམ /dom˩/ | དོམ /tom˩˧/ | a33ø44 /a˧˧ø˦˦/ |
| Horse | maw /mɔ˨˩/ | moq /mo˧˩/ | ꃅ /mu˧˧/ | myang /mjaŋ˨˩/ | — | རྟ /ta˥/ | mjo33 /mjo˧˧/ |
| House | nyma /ɲma˧/ | laqhyul /la˧˩xø˥˥/ | ꑳ /ʑi˧˧/ | yhûm /ju̱m˥˩/ | ཁྱིམ་ /kʰim˥/ | ཁང་པ /kʰaŋpa˥/ | tso31 /tso˧˩/ |
| Milk | a coe /a˨˩tɕø˥/ | aqqul /a˧˩tɕʰu˥˥/ | — | naú /nau˥˥/ | — | འོ་མ /oma˥/ | mɛ44ji33 /mɛ˦˦ji˧˧/ |
| Honey | bya bya ui /bja˨˩bja˨˩ɯ˥/ | biaqeel /bja˧˩ɯ˥˥/ | ꐚꒉ /dʑi˧˧ʑɿ˧˧/ | — | — | སྦྲང་རྩི /ʈʂaŋ˩˧ tsi˥/ | — |
| Wine | a gaq dza ui /a˨˩ɡa̰˨˩dza˥ɯ˥/ | — | — | — | — | རྒུན་ཆང་ /kỹ˩˨tɕaŋ/ | — |
| Iron | shm /ʃm̩˥/ | saol /sɔ˥˥/ | — | shamtoq /ʃam˥˩to̱ʔ˥˥/ | — | ལྕགས /tɕaʔ˥˧/ | ɕɛ42 /ɕɛ˦˨/ |
| Eat | za /dza˧/ | zaq /dza˧˩/ | ꋠ /dzɯ˧˧/ | zo /tso˨˩/ | ཟ་ /sa˩/ | ཟ /sa˩˧/ | tsɔ33 /tsɔ˧˧/ |
| Drink | tu /tu˧/ | dol /do˥˥/ | ꅝ /ndo˧˧/ | shuq /ʃuʔ˥˥/ | འཐུང་ /tʰuŋ˩/ | འཐུང་ /tʰuŋ˥/ | tɐ42 /tɐ˦˨/ |
| Sleep | yuq /jṵ˨˩/ | yiuvq /ju˧˩/ | ꀀ /i˥/ | yhup /ju̱p˥˥/ | ཉལ་ /ɲal˩/ | ཉལ /ɲäː/ | ji44 /ji˦˦/ |
| One | ti /ti˧/ | qiq /tɕʰi˧˩/ | ꋍ /tsʰɿ˨˩/ | ra /ʒa˨˩/ | གཅིག་ /tɕik˥/ | གཅིག /tɕik˥/ | thi33 /tʰi˧˧/ |
| Two | nyi /ɲḭ˨˩/ | niq /ȵi˧˩/ | ꑍ /ɲi˨˩/ | í /i˥˥/ | གཉིས /ɲi˩/ | གཉིས /ɲiː˩˧/ | ni55 /ni˥˥/ |
| Three | sm /sm̩˥/ | saol /sɔ˥˥/ | ꌕ /sɔ˧˧/ | sum /sum˥˥/ | གསུམ /ʰsum˥/ | གསུམ /sum˥/ | sø33 /sø˧˧/ |
| Four | oe /ø˨˩/ | yuvq /ø˧˩/ | ꇖ /lɿ˧˧/ | myi /mji˨˩/ | བཞི /ʃi˩/ | བཞི /ʑi˩˧/ | li33 /li˧˧/ |
| Five | nga /ŋa˨˩/ | ngavq /ŋa˧˩/ | ꉬ /ŋɯ˧˧/ | ngo /ŋo˨˩/ | ལྔ /ʰŋa˥/ | ལྔ /ŋa˥/ | ŋɔ33 /ŋɔ˧˧/ |
| Hundred | ya /ja˥/ | yal /ja˥˥/ | ꉐ /ha˧˧/ | rashô /ʒa˨˩ʃo˥˩/ | — | བརྒྱ /ca˩˧/ | ɕɔ33 /ɕɔ˧˧/ |
| Hello | u du la /u˧du˧la˧/ | niahuq mahuq /nia˧˧xu˧˩ ma˧˧xu˧˩/ | ꂿꎆꈐ /mo˧˧su˧˧kɤ˧˧/ | — /—/ | བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས /taɕi˥ tele˩/ | བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས /taɕi˥ telek˩˧/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | gv ya /ɡɯ˧ja˧/ | gaq sai /ɡa˧˩ sai/ | ꈀꎭꀕ /kʰa˧˦ʂa˧˧ʂa˧˧/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ /tʰuktɕe˥ tɕʰe˥/ | — /—/ |
| Good | jau /tɕau˧/ | xa /xa˧˧/ | ꉾ /xɯ˧˧/ | ge /ke˥˩/ | ཡག་པོ་ /jakpo˩/ | ཡག་པོ /jakpo˩˧/ | mɯ33 /mɯ˧˧/ |
| New | shuiq /ʃɯ̰˨˩/ | siivq /sɿ˧˩/ | ꀊꏀ /a˧˧ʂɿ˥/ | asik /a˨˩sik˥˥/ | — | གསར་པ /saː˥pa˥/ | a33ɕi55 /a˧˧ɕi˥˥/ |
| Red | ne /ne˥/ | nil /ȵi˥˥/ | ꀊꅪ /a˧˧n̥i˧˧/ | ne /ne˥˩/ | དམར་པོ /mar˥pu˩/ | དམར་པོ /mar˥po˥/ | a33nɯ44 /a˧˧nɯ˦˦/ |
| White | pyu /pʰju˥/ | piul /pʰju˥˥/ | ꀊꐎ /a˧˧tɕʰu˧˧/ | phju /pʰju˥˩/ | དཀར་པོ /kar˥pu˩/ | དཀར་པོ /kar˥ po˥/ | a33phɹo33 /a˧˧pʰɹo˧˧/ |
| Black | naq /na̰˧/ | nav /na˧˧/ | ꀉꆈ /a˧˦nɔ˧˧/ | noq /noʔ˨˩/ | — | ནག་པོ /naʔpo˩˧/ | a33na42 /a˧˧na˦˨/ |
| Green | nyoe /ɲø˧/ | niul /ɲu˥˥/ | ꀈꆧ /a˥ɬo˨˩/ | nyuì /ŋjui˥˩/ | — | ལྗང་ཁུ /tɕəŋ˩˧ku˥/ | a33ny55 /a˧˧ny˥˥/ |
| Blue | nyoe /ɲø˧/ | peel /pʰɯ˥˥/ | ꀊꃴ /a˧˧vu˥/ | nyuì /ŋjui˥˩/ | — | སྔོན་པོ /ŋom˥po˥/ | a33lɯ33 /a˧˧lɯ˧˧/ |
| Ninety-nine | gʼoe tse gʼoe /ɣø˨˩tsʰe˥ɣø˨˩/ | — | ꈬꊰꈬ /ɡu˧˧ tsʰi˧˧ ɡu˧˧/ | — | — | དགུ་བཅུ་གོ་དགུ /ku˥tɕu˥ ko˥ ku˥/ | — |
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