Ngacʼang
Achang
Sino-Tibetan (Lolo-Burmese, Burmish)
Achang is one of the closest living relatives of Burmese, which makes it useful for reconstructing the Burmish branch of Sino-Tibetan. It is spoken by roughly 30,000 people in Longchuan, Lianghe and Luxi counties in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan, China; the Achang nationality numbers about 40,000 in the 2010 census. A further group lives in Kachin State, Myanmar, where they are known as Maingtha or Ngochang. The language is unwritten, and Achang people commonly also use Dai (Tai Nuea) and Chinese. Achang is tonal, and the forms in this row are written with the Chao tone values given in the source. The Achang are known as smiths: the Husa knife, forged in Husa township, is traded across Yunnan and beyond.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Achang
Sources
- Sagart, L. et al. (2019) Dated language phylogenies shed light on the ancestry of Sino-Tibetan. PNAS 116(21) — Burmish_Achang doculect, via Lexibank
- Glottolog: Achang
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Sino-Tibetan (Lolo-Burmese, Burmish)
| Meaning | Achang | Zaiwa | Hani | Southern Dong | Blang | Sui | Jino |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ti55 /ti˥˥/ | wuì /ʋui˥˩/ | wulquvq /u˥˥tɕʰu˧˩/ | nɐm31 /nɐm˧˩/ | ʔom33 /ʔom˧˧/ | nam3 /nam˧˧/ | ji31tʃho55 /ji˧˩tʃʰo˥˥/ |
| Fire | poi31 /poi˧˩/ | myi /mji˨˩/ | miqzaq /mi˧˩dza˧˩/ | pui55 /pui˥˥/ | ŋɔi31 /ŋɔi˧˩/ | vi1 /vi˩˩/ | mi33 /mi˧˧/ |
| Sun | ni31 mɔ31 /ni˧˩ mɔ˧˩/ | buì /pui˥˩/ | naolma /nɔ˥˥ma˧˧/ | ta53 mən55 /ta˥˧ mən˥˥/ | ŋai31 sa31 ŋi51 /ŋai˧˩ sa˧˩ ŋi˥˩/ | ⁿda1 van1 /ⁿda˩˩ van˩˩/ | ȵɔ35 /ɲɔ˧˥/ |
| Moon | pʰă31 lɔʔ31 /pʰă˧˩ lɔʔ˧˩/ | lhamó /lŏ̱˥˥mo˥˥/ | bala /ba˧˧la˧˧/ | kwaŋ55 ɲan55 /kwaŋ˥˥ ɲan˥˥/ | kaŋ33 khi51 /kaŋ˧˧ kʰi˥˩/ | njen2 /njen˧˩/ | pu33ɬa44 /pu˧˧ɬa˦˦/ |
| Star | kʰʐə55 /kʰʐə˥˥/ | kyoi /kjoi˥˥/ | aqgeel /a˧˩ɡɯ˥˥/ | ɕət55 /ɕət˥˥/ | sa31 məiŋ51 /sa˧˩ məiŋ˥˩/ | zət7 /zət˥˥/ | pu33ke33 /pu˧˧ke˧˧/ |
| Night | ni31 tɕʰot35 /ni˧˩ tɕʰot˧˥/ | myinle /mjin˥˥le˨˩/ | aoqqivq /ɔ˧˩tɕi˧˩/ | ɲɐm53 /ɲɐm˥˧/ | ta51 buh51 /ta˥˩ buh˥˩/ | saan2 /saːn˧˩/ | mi33tɕhø33 /mi˧˧tɕʰø˧˧/ |
| Rain | mau31 ʐo55 /mau˧˩ ʐo˥˥/ | mau /mau˨˩/ | aoqsseil /ɔ˧˩ze˥˥/ | pjən55 /pjən˥˥/ | lei51 /lei˥˩/ | fən1 /fən˩˩/ | mi31tha55 /mi˧˩tʰa˥˥/ |
| Snow | xan31 ʑai55 /xan˧˩ ʑai˥˥/ | kyoq /kjoʔ˨˩/ | haqju /xa˧˩dʑu˧˧/ | nui55 /nui˥˥/ | — | ʔnui1 /ʔnui˩˩/ | njɛ33ji44 /ɲɛ˧˧ji˦˦/ |
| Wind | l̥i55 /l̥i˥˥/ | laì /lai˥˩/ | jaqleil /dʑa˧˩le˥˥/ | ləm212 /ləm˨˩˨/ | kɨn51 /kɨn˥˩/ | lum1 /lum˩˩/ | li31phjɐ33 /li˧˩pʰjɐ˧˧/ |
| Earth | mi55 /mi˥˥/ | myi-tse /mji˥˥tse̱˨˩/ | mil caq /mi˥˥tsʰa˧˩/ | nam33 /nam˧˧/ | ka31 tɛ51 /ka˧˩ tɛ˥˩/ | hum5 /hum˧˥/ | mi31tsha33 /mi˧˩tsʰa˧˧/ |
| Stone | laŋ31kɔʔ55 /laŋ˧˩kɔʔ˥˥/ | luqgok /luʔ˨˩kok˨˩/ | haqluv /xa˧˩lu˧˧/ | pja55 /pja˥˥/ | — /—/ | tin2 /tin˧˩/ | lo42mɔ44 /lo˦˨mɔ˦˦/ |
| Mountain | pum55 /pum˥˥/ | bùm /pum˥˩/ | haolgaoq /xɔ˥˥ɡɔ˧˩/ | — | ka31 ʔaŋ55 /ka˧˩ ʔaŋ˥˥/ | nu2 /nu˧˩/ | ɣɯ31tha55 /ɣɯ˧˩tʰa˥˥/ |
| Sea | nam31 tɕu31 /nam˧˩ tɕu˧˩/ | — | lao'laoma /lɔ˧˧lɔ˧˧ma˧˧/ | hɐi13 /hɐi˩˧/ | ʔum51 hɔn51 /ʔum˥˩ hɔn˥˩/ | haai3 /haːi˧˧/ | lɐ31mɔ33 /lɐ˧˩mɔ˧˧/ |
| Mother | mauʔ51 /mauʔ˥˩/ | înu /i˥˥nu˨˩/ | aqma /a˧˩ma˧˧/ | nɐi31 /nɐi˧˩/ | ma31 ʔe51 /ma˧˩ ʔe˥˩/ | ni4 /ni˥˩/ | a33mɔ44 /a˧˧mɔ˦˦/ |
| Father | teʔ55 /teʔ˥˥/ | îwa /i˥˥va˨˩/ | aqda /a˧˩da˧˧/ | pu31 /pu˧˩/ | kɨiŋ51 ʔe51 /kɨiŋ˥˩ ʔe˥˩/ | pu4 /pu˥˩/ | a33pu33 /a˧˧pu˧˧/ |
| Daughter | tsaŋ31 ʑi31 /tsaŋ˧˩ ʑi˧˩/ | myiwe zo /mji˨˩ve˨˩tso˨˩/ | ssaqmiq /za˧˩mi˧˩/ | pəi31 /pəi˧˩/ | kɔn51 ka31 pon51 /kɔn˥˩ ka˧˩ pon˥˩/ | laak8 ʔbjaak7 /laːk˦˨ ʔbjaːk˧˥/ | zɔ33mi33 /zɔ˧˧mi˧˧/ |
| I | ŋɔ55 /ŋɔ˥˥/ | ngò /ŋo˥˩/ | ngal /ŋa˥˥/ | jau212 /jau˨˩˨/ | ʔɨt33 /ʔɨt˧˧/ | ʔai2 /ʔai˧˩/ | ŋɔ31 /ŋɔ˧˩/ |
| You | nuaŋ55 /nuaŋ˥˥/ | nang /naŋ˥˥/ | nol /no˥˥/ | ɲa212 /ɲa˨˩˨/ | mit33 /mit˧˧/ | ȵa2 /ȵa˧˩/ | nɐ31 /nɐ˧˩/ |
| We | ŋɔ55 tuʔ31 /ŋɔ˥˥ tuʔ˧˩/ | nga-nhung / ngamoq /ŋa˥˥n̥uŋ˥˥ / ŋa˥˥moʔ˥˥/ | ngaldu / ngalya /ŋa˥˥du˧˧ / ŋa˥˥ja˧˧/ | tau55 / tɕiu55 /tau˥˥ / tɕiu˥˥/ | ʔet33 ti31 /ʔet˧˧ ti˧˩/ | ȶən1 ⁿdaau1 / ȶən1 ⁿdiu1 /ȶən˩˩ ⁿdaːu˩˩ / ȶən˩˩ ⁿdiu˩˩/ | a33ŋ̊o33 / ŋa33jo31 /a˧˧ŋ̊o˧˧ / ŋa˧˧jo˧˩/ |
| Name | a31 nʲiŋ55 /a˧˩ nʲiŋ˥˥/ | myìng /mjiŋ˥˩/ | milq /mi˥˥/ | kwan55 /kwan˥˥/ | mɨh31 /mɨh˧˩/ | ʔdaan1 /ʔdaːn˩˩/ | a33mi33 /a˧˧mi˧˧/ |
| Person | tʂo55 /tʂo˥˥/ | byù /pju˥˩/ | col /tsʰo˥˥/ | ɲən212 /ɲən˨˩˨/ | pəi51 /pəi˥˩/ | zən1 /zən˩˩/ | tshɐ35 /tsʰɐ˧˥/ |
| Head | nă31kuaŋ31 /nă˧˩kuaŋ˧˩/ | ulhum /u˨˩lu̱m˨˩/ | wuqduq /u˧˩du˧˩/ | kau323 /kau˧˨˧/ | ka31 tɔŋ33 /ka˧˩ tɔŋ˧˧/ | ku3 /ku˧˧/ | vu33khɛ33 /vu˧˧kʰɛ˧˧/ |
| Eye | nʲɔʔ55 tsiʔ31 /nʲɔʔ˥˥ tsiʔ˧˩/ | myoq /mjoʔ˨˩/ | miav /mja˧˧/ | ta55 /ta˥˥/ | ŋai33 /ŋai˧˧/ | ⁿda1 /ⁿda˩˩/ | mja42tsi44 /mja˦˨tsi˦˦/ |
| Ear | ni31 ʈʂʰua31 /ni˧˩ ʈʂʰua˧˩/ | nophyo /no˨˩pʰjo˨˩/ | naqbol /na˧˩bo˥˥/ | kha35 /kʰa˧˥/ | ja31 juk51 /ja˧˩ juk˥˩/ | qha1 /qʰa˩˩/ | na33kho55 /na˧˧kʰo˥˥/ |
| Nose | n̥ʲɔŋ55 /n̥ʲɔŋ˥˥/ | no /no˥˩/ | nalmeil /na˥˥me˥˥/ | mɐŋ55 /mɐŋ˥˥/ | mɨh33 /mɨh˧˧/ | ʔnaŋ1 /ʔnaŋ˩˩/ | nɔ33to44 /nɔ˧˧to˦˦/ |
| Mouth | n̥ʲot55 /n̥ʲot˥˥/ | nhut /nu̱t˥˥/ | meiqbaoq /me˧˩bɔ˧˩/ | ʔəp55 /ʔəp˥˥/ | mɔiŋ51 /mɔiŋ˥˩/ | paak7 /paːk˧˥/ | mø33mø33 /mø˧˧mø˧˧/ |
| Tooth | tɕoi55 /tɕoi˥˥/ | zuì /tsui˥˩/ | seq /sɤ˧˩/ | pjɐn55 /pjɐn˥˥/ | haŋ33 /haŋ˧˧/ | vjən1 /vjən˩˩/ | a33tʃɯ33 /a˧˧tʃɯ˧˧/ |
| Tongue | ɕɔ55 /ɕɔ˥˥/ | sho /ʃo˥˩/ | lalma /la˥˥ma˧˧/ | ma212 /ma˨˩˨/ | ka31 tak51 /ka˧˩ tak˥˩/ | ʔu1 ma2 /ʔu˩˩ ma˧˩/ | mø33khɹa33 /mø˧˧kʰɹa˧˧/ |
| Hand | lɔʔ55 /lɔʔ˥˥/ | loq /loʔ˨˩/ | aqlavq /a˧˩la˧˩/ | mja212 /mja˨˩˨/ | ti51 /ti˥˩/ | mjə1 /mjə˩˩/ | la33pu33 /la˧˧pu˧˧/ |
| Foot | tɕʰi55 /tɕʰi˥˥/ | hkyî /kʰji˥˩/ | aqkeel /a˧˩kʰɯ˥˥/ | tin55 /tin˥˥/ | ćuŋ51 /tɕuŋ˥˩/ | tin1 /tin˩˩/ | ʃɔ33khi33 /ʃɔ˧˧kʰi˧˧/ |
| Heart | n̥ʲa55 lum31 /n̥ʲa˥˥ lum˧˩/ | nhiklhum /ni̱k˥˥lu̱m˨˩/ | neema /nɯ˧˧ma˧˧/ | səm323 /səm˧˨˧/ | ćit51 /tɕit˥˩/ | ɕim1 /ɕim˩˩/ | pe33sɯ33 /pe˧˧sɯ˧˧/ |
| Bone | a31ʐau31 /a˧˩ʐau˧˩/ | showui /ʃŏ˨˩ʋui˨˩/ | saqyyuq /sa˧˩jø˧˩/ | lak323 /lak˧˨˧/ | sa31 ʔaŋ33 /sa˧˩ ʔaŋ˧˧/ | laak7 /laːk˧˥/ | — /—/ |
| Blood | sui31 /sui˧˩/ | sui /sui˨˩/ | sivq /si˧˩/ | phat13 /pʰat˩˧/ | nam55 /nam˥˥/ | phjaat7 /pʰjaːt˧˥/ | a33ɕi44 /a˧˧ɕi˦˦/ |
| Poop | tɕʰi31 /tɕʰi˧˩/ | — | xiq /ɕi˧˩/ | — | — | — | ɑ33khɹi33 /ɑ˧˧kʰɹi˧˧/ |
| Love | — /—/ | chyit /tʃi̱t˥˥/ | gaq /ɡa˧˩/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mo44e33 /mo˦˦e˧˧/ |
| Tree | saŋ31 tseŋ55 /saŋ˧˩ tseŋ˥˥/ | sikgâm /sik˥˥kam˥˩/ | albol /a˥˥bo˥˥/ | mɐi31 /mɐi˧˩/ | khu51 /kʰu˥˩/ | mai4 /mai˥˩/ | a33tsɯ33 /a˧˧tsɯ˧˧/ |
| Dog | xui31 /xui˧˩/ | hkuî /kʰui˨˩/ | aqkeeq /a˧˩kʰɯ˧˩/ | ŋwa35 /ŋwa˧˥/ | so51 /so˥˩/ | m̥a1 /m̥a˩˩/ | khɯ33jo33 /kʰɯ˧˧jo˧˧/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | almil /a˥˥mi˥˥/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | jɔ31mɛ44 /jɔ˧˩mɛ˦˦/ |
| Fish | ŋa31 ʂua31 /ŋa˧˩ ʂua˧˩/ | ngozo /ŋŏ˨˩tso˨˩/ | ngaqdeil /ŋa˧˩de˥˥/ | pa55 /pa˥˥/ | ka33 /ka˧˧/ | mom6 /mom˨˦/ | ŋɔ33 /ŋɔ˧˧/ |
| Bird | m̥ɔʔ55 /m̥ɔʔ˥˥/ | nghoq /ŋo̱ʔ˥˥/ | alzil /a˥˥dzi˥˥/ | mok21 /mok˨˩/ | sim33 /sim˧˧/ | nok8 /nok˧˩/ | ŋɑ33zɔ33 /ŋɑ˧˧zɔ˧˧/ |
| Butterfly | phă31ʐam35tʂam55 /pʰă˧˩ʐam˧˥tʂam˥˥/ | — | allu /a˥˥lu˧˧/ | ma55 mən323 /ma˥˥ mən˧˨˧/ | ćak31 ka31 lau33 /tɕak˧˩ ka˧˩ lau˧˧/ | ʔba3 /ʔba˧˧/ | pu33ɬo33pu33tʃɯ33 /pu˧˧ɬo˧˧pu˧˧tʃɯ˧˧/ |
| Egg | uʔ31 /uʔ˧˩/ | au /a˨˩u˥˥/ | alwuv /a˥˥u˧˧/ | kɐi53 /kɐi˥˧/ | ka31 tɔm33 /ka˧˩ tɔm˧˧/ | kai5 /kai˧˥/ | ɑ33vu33 /ɑ˧˧vu˧˧/ |
| Bear | ɔm55 /ɔm˥˥/ | wàm /vam˥˩/ | haq'aol /xa˧˩ɔ˥˥/ | me55 /me˥˥/ | — | ʔmi1 /ʔmi˩˩/ | a33ø44 /a˧˧ø˦˦/ |
| Horse | m̥ʐaŋ31 /m̥ʐaŋ˧˩/ | myang /mjaŋ˨˩/ | moq /mo˧˩/ | ma31 /ma˧˩/ | ka31 hɔŋ51 /ka˧˩ hɔŋ˥˩/ | ma4 /ma˥˩/ | mjo33 /mjo˧˧/ |
| House | in55 /in˥˥/ | yhûm /ju̱m˥˩/ | laqhyul /la˧˩xø˥˥/ | jan212 /jan˨˩˨/ | ɲa31 /ɲa˧˩/ | ɣaan2 /ɣaːn˧˩/ | tso31 /tso˧˩/ |
| Milk | nau35 /nau˧˥/ | naú /nau˥˥/ | aqqul /a˧˩tɕʰu˥˥/ | nɐm31 məi323 /nɐm˧˩ məi˧˨˧/ | ʔum51 pə31 /ʔum˥˩ pə˧˩/ | tiu4 /tiu˥˩/ | mɛ44ji33 /mɛ˦˦ji˧˧/ |
| Salt | tɕʰɔ31 /tɕʰɔ˧˩/ | xo /tsʰo˥˥/ | caqdevq /tsʰa˧˩dɤ˧˩/ | jim212 /jim˨˩˨/ | kih33 /kih˧˧/ | ʔdwə1 /ʔdwə˩˩/ | tsha55kha31 /tsʰa˥˥kʰa˧˩/ |
| Rice | tsʰen55 /tsʰen˥˥/ | — | ceil /tsʰe˥˥/ | — | — | ʔau4 /ʔau˥˩/ | tɕhe31 /tɕʰe˧˩/ |
| Iron | ʂam55 /ʂam˥˥/ | shamtoq /ʃam˥˩to̱ʔ˥˥/ | saol /sɔ˥˥/ | kwat35 /kwat˧˥/ | lek33 /lek˧˧/ | ɕət7 /ɕət˥˥/ | ɕɛ42 /ɕɛ˦˨/ |
| Silk | phe55 /pʰe˥˥/ | — | — | ɕu212 /ɕu˨˩˨/ | — | min2 /min˧˩/ | — |
| Book | a31pʐo55 /a˧˩pʐo˥˥/ | laiká bùk /lai˨˩ka̱˥˥puk˨˩/ | soqhhaq /so˧˩ɣa˧˩/ | le212 /le˨˩˨/ | ka31 nak33 /ka˧˩ nak˧˧/ | le1 /le˩˩/ | a33pjo33 /a˧˧pjo˧˧/ |
| Eat | tɕɔ31 /tɕɔ˧˩/ | zo /tso˨˩/ | zaq /dza˧˩/ | tɕan55 /tɕan˥˥/ | ʔeŋ33 /ʔeŋ˧˧/ | ʔman3 /ʔman˧˧/ | tsɔ33 /tsɔ˧˧/ |
| Drink | ʂoʔ55 /ʂoʔ˥˥/ | shuq /ʃuʔ˥˥/ | dol /do˥˥/ | wum31 /wum˧˩/ | ɲɨ51 /ɲɨ˥˩/ | ɣəm4 /ɣəm˥˩/ | tɐ42 /tɐ˦˨/ |
| Sleep | e31 /e˧˩/ | yhup /ju̱p˥˥/ | yiuvq /ju˧˩/ | nun212 /nun˨˩˨/ | ʔit33 /ʔit˧˧/ | n̥ak7 /n̥ak˥˥/ | ji44 /ji˦˦/ |
| One | ta31 /ta˧˩/ | ra /ʒa˨˩/ | qiq /tɕʰi˧˩/ | ʔi55 /ʔi˥˥/ | ti31 /ti˧˩/ | to2 /to˧˩/ | thi33 /tʰi˧˧/ |
| Two | sək55 /sək˥˥/ | í /i˥˥/ | niq /ȵi˧˩/ | ja323 /ja˧˨˧/ | lai33 /lai˧˧/ | ɣa2 /ɣa˧˩/ | ni55 /ni˥˥/ |
| Three | sum31 /sum˧˩/ | sum /sum˥˥/ | saol /sɔ˥˥/ | sam35 /sam˧˥/ | — /—/ | haam1 /haːm˩˩/ | sø33 /sø˧˧/ |
| Four | mi31 /mi˧˩/ | myi /mji˨˩/ | yuvq /ø˧˩/ | si453 /si˦˥˧/ | pun35 /pun˧˥/ | hi5 /hi˧˥/ | li33 /li˧˧/ |
| Five | ŋɔ31 /ŋɔ˧˩/ | ngo /ŋo˨˩/ | ngavq /ŋa˧˩/ | ŋo31 /ŋo˧˩/ | phɔn35 /pʰɔn˧˥/ | ŋo4 /ŋo˥˩/ | ŋɔ33 /ŋɔ˧˧/ |
| Hundred | pak35 /pak˧˥/ | rashô /ʒa˨˩ʃo˥˩/ | yal /ja˥˥/ | pek323 /pek˧˨˧/ | ti31 roi31 /ti˧˩ roi˧˩/ | pek7 /pek˥˥/ | ɕɔ33 /ɕɔ˧˧/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | niahuq mahuq /nia˧˧xu˧˩ ma˧˧xu˧˩/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | gaq sai /ɡa˧˩ sai/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | tɕi55 /tɕi˥˥/ | ge /ke˥˩/ | xa /xa˧˧/ | lai55 /lai˥˥/ | nhɔm33 /n̥ɔm˧˧/ | ʔdaai1 /ʔdaːi˩˩/ | mɯ33 /mɯ˧˧/ |
| New | ʂək55 /ʂək˥˥/ | asik /a˨˩sik˥˥/ | siivq /sɿ˧˩/ | mɐi453 /mɐi˦˥˧/ | su51 /su˥˩/ | m̥ai5 /m̥ai˧˥/ | a33ɕi55 /a˧˧ɕi˥˥/ |
| Red | na55 /na˥˥/ | ne /ne˥˩/ | nil /ȵi˥˥/ | ja453 /ja˦˥˧/ | sa31 khak33 /sa˧˩ kʰak˧˧/ | haan3 /haːn˧˧/ | a33nɯ44 /a˧˧nɯ˦˦/ |
| White | pʰʐo55 /pʰʐo˥˥/ | phju /pʰju˥˩/ | piul /pʰju˥˥/ | pak31 /pak˧˩/ | paiŋ51 /paiŋ˥˩/ | paak8 /paːk˦˨/ | a33phɹo33 /a˧˧pʰɹo˧˧/ |
| Black | lɔk55 /lɔk˥˥/ | noq /noʔ˨˩/ | nav /na˧˧/ | nɐm55 /nɐm˥˥/ | lhɔŋ31 /l̥ɔŋ˧˩/ | ʔnam1 /ʔnam˩˩/ | a33na42 /a˧˧na˦˨/ |
| Green | nʲau55 /nʲau˥˥/ | nyuì /ŋjui˥˩/ | niul /ɲu˥˥/ | su35 /su˧˥/ | khiu33 /kʰiu˧˧/ | ȶhu1 /ȶʰu˩˩/ | a33ny55 /a˧˧ny˥˥/ |
| Blue | səm31 /səm˧˩/ | nyuì /ŋjui˥˩/ | peel /pʰɯ˥˥/ | pha35 su55 /pʰa˧˥ su˥˥/ | lən51 /lən˥˩/ | śu1 /ɕu˩˩/ | a33lɯ33 /a˧˧lɯ˧˧/ |
| Tea | tʂhaʔ31 /tʂʰaʔ˧˩/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Sugar | năm31muai31 /năm˧˩muai˧˩/ | — | — | taŋ212 /taŋ˨˩˨/ | ʔum51 mɛʔ33 /ʔum˥˩ mɛʔ˧˧/ | taaŋ2 /taːŋ˧˩/ | — |
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