Pangcah
Amis
Austronesian (East Formosan)
Amis (Pangcah) is the largest of Taiwan's recognized indigenous Austronesian languages, spoken on the east coast in Hualien and Taitung. Verb-initial (VOS), with a focus system marking participant roles on the verb. Several major dialect clusters (Sakizaya, Northern, Central, Coastal, Southern Amis). Recognized as a national language under the 2017 Indigenous Languages Development Act.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Amis
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (East Formosan)
| Meaning | Amis | Sakizaya | Maranao | Tao | Bunun | Puyuma | Proto-Austronesian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | nanom /nanom/ | nanum /nanum/ | ig /iɡ/ | ranom /ranom/ | danum /danum/ | enay /enai/ | *daNum /daNum/ |
| Fire | namal /namal/ | lamal /lamal/ | apoy /apoj/ | apuy /apuj/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apuy /apui/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ |
| Sun | cidal /tsiðal/ | cidal /tʃidal/ | alongan /aloŋan/ | araw /araw/ | vali /vali/ | kadaw /kadaw/ | *waRi /waRi/ |
| Moon | folad /folað/ | bulad /bulad/ | bolan /bolan/ | vehan /vehan/ | buan /buan/ | bulan /buɭan/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ |
| Star | foʼis /foʔis/ | boʼis /boʔis/ | bito-on /bitoʔon/ | vituen /vituən/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | vituwan /vituwan/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ |
| Night | lafiʼ /lafiʔ/ | labiʼ /labiʔ/ | gagawiʼi /ɡaɡawiʔi/ | mahep /mahəp/ | labian /labian/ | ʼarmeng /ʔarməŋ/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ |
| Rain | ʼorad /ʔorad/ | ʼudad /ʔuðað/ | oran /ʔoran/ | cimoy /tsimoi/ | qudan /qudan/ | ʼudal /ʔudal/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ |
| Snow | soleda^ /soləðaʔ/ | sulda /sulda/ | oran a ilo /ʔoran a ilo/ | — | paav /paav/ | urelra /uɾəla/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ |
| Wind | fali /fali/ | baliʼ /baliʔ/ | angin /aŋin/ | pagpag /paɡpaɡ/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | bali /baɭi/ | *bali /bali/ |
| Earth | sera /səra/ | lalaʼ /ɾaɾaʔ/ | lopaʼ /lopaʔ/ | tana /tana/ | dalah /dalah/ | dare /ðarə/ | *taneq /taneq/ |
| Stone | fakeluh /fakeluh/ | baʼtu /baʔtu/ | wato /wato/ | vato /vato/ | batu /batu/ | barasa /barasa/ | *batu /batu/ |
| Mountain | lutuk /lutuk/ | buyuʼ /bujuʔ/ | palaw /paˈlaw/ | tokon /tokon/ | ludun /ludun/ | zenan /ʐənan/ | *bukij /bukij/ |
| Sea | riyar /rijar/ | bayu /baju/ | ragat /raɡat/ | wawa /wawa/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | lrevek /ɭəvək/ | *tenem /tenem/ |
| Mother | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ |
| Father | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ |
| Daughter | fafahiyan a wawa /fafahijan a wawa/ | tatayna a wawa /tatajna a wawa/ | wataʼ a bebay /wataʔ a bəbaj/ | anak a mavakes /anak a mavakes/ | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | walrak na babayan /waɭak na babajan/ | — |
| I | kako /kako/ | zaku /ʐaku/ | ako /ako/ | yaken /jakən/ | saikin /saikin/ | kuiku /kuiku/ | *aku /aku/ |
| You | kiso /kiso/ | kisu /kisu/ | seka /sɵka/ | imo /ʔimo/ | suu /suʔu/ | yu /ju/ | *iSu /iSu/ |
| We | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | yaten / yamen /jatən / jamən/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | taita / mimi /taita / mimi/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ |
| Name | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ |
| Person | tamdaw /tamðaw/ | tademaw /tadəmaw/ | taw /taw/ | tao /tao/ | bunun /bunun/ | trau /ʈau/ | *Cau /tsau/ |
| Head | tangal /taŋal/ | tangah /taŋah/ | olo /olo/ | oo /oo/ | bungu /buŋu/ | tranguruʼ /ʈaŋuɾuʔ/ | *quluh /quluh/ |
| Eye | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ |
| Ear | tangila /taŋila/ | tangilaʼ /taŋilaʔ/ | tangila /taŋila/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | tangila /taŋiɭa/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ |
| Nose | ngosoʼ /ŋosoʔ/ | cihek /tsihək/ | ngirong /ŋiroŋ/ | momodan /momodan/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | tingran /tiŋɾan/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ |
| Mouth | ngoyos /ŋojos/ | laway /lawaj/ | ngariʼ /ŋariʔ/ | ngongoy /ŋoŋoj/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | indan /indan/ | — |
| Tooth | walis /walis/ | ngipən /ŋipən/ | ngipen /ŋipən/ | nepen /nəpən/ | nipun /nipun/ | wali /wali/ | *nipen /nipen/ |
| Tongue | sema /səmaʔ/ | səmaʼ /səmaʔ/ | dilaʼ /dilaʔ/ | lila /lilaʔ/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lidam /ɭiɖam/ | *Sema /Sema/ |
| Hand | kamay /kamaj/ | kamay /kamai/ | lima /lima/ | kamay /kamaj/ | ima /ima/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ |
| Foot | waʼay /waʔaj/ | — | aʼi /aʔi/ | ai /ai/ | bantas /bantas/ | kuy /kui/ | *qaqay /qaqay/ |
| Heart | falokoʼ /falokoʔ/ | gawang /ɡawaŋ/ | pusoʼ /pusoʔ/ | paso /paso/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | kalumetan /kalumetan/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ |
| Bone | ʼokak /ʔokak/ | ʼukak /ʔukak/ | tolan /toˈlan/ | toang /toaŋ/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | ukak /ukak/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ |
| Blood | remes /rəməs/ | ʼidang /ʔidaŋ/ | rogoʼ /roɡoʔ/ | rala /ralaʔ/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | damuk /damuk/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ |
| Poop | tayiʼ /tajiʔ/ | taiʼ /taiʔ/ | taʼi /taʔi/ | obot /obot/ | taki /taki/ | traʼi /ʈaʔi/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ |
| Love | maolah /maolah/ | maolah /maolah/ | kalimo /kalimo/ | makakdeng /makakdəŋ/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | ulaw /ulaw/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | kilang /kilaŋ/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | kayo /kajo/ | kayo /kajo/ | kahu /kahu/ | kawi /kawi/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ |
| Dog | wacu /watsu/ | waco /watʃo/ | aso /aso/ | ino /ino/ | asu /asu/ | suwan /suwan/ | *asu /asu/ |
| Cat | posi /posi/ | posi /posi/ | pusa /pusa/ | koving /koviŋ/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | kating /katiŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | futing /futiŋ/ | buting /butiŋ/ | seda /səˈdaʔ/ | among /amoŋ/ | iskan /iskan/ | kuraw /kuɾaw/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ |
| Bird | ayam /ˈajam/ | ayam /ajam/ | papanok /papanok/ | laciw /latsiw/ | hazam /hazam/ | ayam /ajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ |
| Butterfly | ʼadipangpang /ʔaðipaŋpaŋ/ | adipapang /adipapaŋ/ | — | pahapahad no anito /pahapahad no anito/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | aribanglranglrawan /aɾibaŋɭaŋɭawan/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ |
| Egg | fitaʼol /fitaʔol/ | tiʼkuk /tiʔkuk/ | orak /orak/ | icioy /itsioj/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | bitrenun /biʈənun/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ |
| Bear | tomay /tomaj/ | tumay /tumai/ | barowang /barowaŋ/ | — | tumaz /tumað/ | trumay /ʈumaj/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ |
| Horse | efa /əfa/ | kabayu /kabaju/ | kodaʼ /kodaʔ/ | — | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | eva /əva/ | — |
| House | lomaʼ /lomaʔ/ | luma /luma/ | walay /walaj/ | vahay /vahaj/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | ruma /ɾuma/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ |
| Milk | hacol /hatsol/ | hacul /hatsul/ | gatas /ɡatas/ | mizoko /mizoko/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — |
| Honey | waneng no ʼodal /waneŋ no ʔoðal/ | waneng nu wadu /wanəŋ nu wadu/ | teneb /tənəb/ | — | vanu /vanu/ | kawalruwan /kawaɭuwan/ | — |
| Salt | cilah /tsilah/ | cikah /tsikah/ | asin /asin/ | asin /asin/ | hasila /hasila/ | iyam /ijam/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ |
| Wine | fadisosoʼ a ^pah /faðisosoʔ a ʔpah/ | — | — | potaw cyo /potaw tsjo/ | — | kutra /kuʈa/ | — |
| Rice | felac /fəlats/ | belac /bəlats/ | begas /bəɡas/ | mogis /moɡis/ | cilas /tsilas/ | veras /vəɾas/ | *beRas /beRas/ |
| Iron | marad /marad/ | mukin /mukin/ | potaw /potaw/ | vahalang /vahalaŋ/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | batulrayaw /batuɭajaw/ | — |
| Wheel | fiher /fiher/ | bihel /bihel/ | tirikan /tirikan/ | — | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | mutralatralaw /muʈalaʈalaw/ | — |
| Book | cudad /tsuðad/ | cudad /tsudad/ | ribro /ribro/ | vakong /vakoŋ/ | patasan /patasan/ | valray /vaɭaj/ | — |
| Eat | komaen /komaən/ | hekal /hekal/ | mangan /maŋan/ | kuman /kuman/ | maun /maun/ | kuman /kuman/ | *kaen /kaen/ |
| Drink | minom /minom/ | mihecak /mihetʃak/ | minom /minom/ | minum /minum/ | muqun /muqun/ | enpa /enpa/ | *inum /inum/ |
| Sleep | mafotiʼ /mafotiʔ/ | mabiʼ /mabiʔ/ | matorog /matoˈroɡ/ | mitkeh /mitkəh/ | masabah /masabah/ | alrupeʼ /aɭupəʔ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ |
| One | cecay /tsetsaj/ | cacay /tʃatʃai/ | isa /isa/ | asa /asa/ | tasa /tasa/ | sa /sa/ | *isa /isa/ |
| Two | tosa /tosaʔ/ | tusa /tusa/ | dowa /dowa/ | doa /doa/ | dusa /dusa/ | zua /ʐua/ | *duSa /duSa/ |
| Three | tolo /tolo/ | tulu /tulu/ | telu /təlu/ | tilo /tilo/ | tau /tau/ | telu /təlu/ | *telu /telu/ |
| Four | sepat /səpat/ | sepat /səpat/ | pat /pat/ | apat /apat/ | paat /paːt/ | pat /pat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ |
| Five | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | smoʼot /smoʔot/ | lasubu /lasubu/ | magatos /maɡatos/ | ranaw /ranaw/ | saba /saba/ | saleman /saɭəman/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ |
| Hello | ngaʼay ho /ŋaʔaj ho/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | kapian /kapijan/ | akokay /akokaj/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | aray /araj/ | lalumahan /lalumahan/ | salamat /salamat/ | ayoy /ajoj/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | kasapakan /kasapakan/ | — /—/ |
| Good | kapah /kapah/ | kapah /kapah/ | mapia /mapija/ | mapia /mapia/ | masial /masial/ | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ | — /—/ |
| New | faluhay /faluhaj/ | baluhay /baluhaj/ | bego /bəɡo/ | vayo /vajo/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | bekal /bəkaɭ/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ |
| Red | kahengangay /kahəŋaŋaj/ | sumanah /sumanah/ | marigaʼ /maˈriɡaʔ/ | mivalah /mivalah/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | midarang /miɖaraŋ/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ |
| White | fohecalay /fohətsalaj/ | sanglac /saŋlatʃ/ | mapoti /maˈpotiʔ/ | malavang /malavaŋ/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | bulenan /buɭənan/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ |
| Black | kohtingay /kohtiŋaj/ | lumeniʼ /luməniʔ/ | maitem /maˈʔitəm/ | mavaheng /mavahəŋ/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | udedem /uɖəɖəm/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ |
| Green | kangdaway /kaŋdawaj/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | gadong /ˈɡadoŋ/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | miraʼat /miraʔat/ | — |
| Blue | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | sumilaway /sumilawaj/ | biro /ˈbiro/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | tremangiya /ʈəmaŋija/ | — |
| Computer | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | kompyuter /komˈpjutɛr/ | tiannaw /tiannaw/ | tinnau /tinnau/ | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | — |
| Tea | ociya /otsija/ | ucya /utʃja/ | sa /sa/ | — | ucia /utsia/ | — | — |
| Coffee | kohi /kohi/ | kuhi /kuhi/ | kahawa /kahawa/ | — | kapi /kapi/ | — | — |
| Sugar | waneng /waneŋ/ | waneng /wanəŋ/ | golaʼ /ɡolaʔ/ | — | kamasia /kamasia/ | — | — |
| Orange | mamiʼ /mamiʔ/ | — | — | vazcinok /vaztsinok/ | izuk /izuk/ | — | — |
| Ninety-nine | siwa a poloʼ ira ko siwa /siwa a poloʔ ira ko siwa/ | — | — | — | — | makaiwa zi iwaya /makaiwa ʐi iwaja/ | — |
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