چام
Western Cham
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic)
Western Cham (cja) is the Chamic Austronesian language of the Cham Muslim communities in Cambodia (Kampong Cham, Battambang, Pursat) and parts of southern Vietnam (An Giang, Tây Ninh), with ~190K speakers. After the fall of Champa kingdom (Vijaya, 1471 CE) to Đại Việt and the final destruction in 1832, large Cham populations fled west, gradually converting to Sunni Islam in Cambodia under Malay influence. Today Western Cham uses the Arabic script in Jawi style for religious texts; the historic Cham Brahmic script (descended from Pallava-Grantha) is preserved by Eastern Cham (cjm) in Vietnam. The language has lost the tones of Vietnamese contact and developed register based on glottal contrast.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Western Cham
Sources
- Ethnologue: cja
- Thurgood (1999) From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects
- Aymonier & Cabaton (1906) Dictionnaire čam-français
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic)
| Meaning | Western Cham | Eastern Cham | Old Cham | Minangkabau | Iban | Musi | Banjar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ايا /ja/ | ꨀꨳꨩ /ʔiaː/ | ie /ʔiə/ | aia /aia/ | ai /ai/ | ayek /ajek/ | banyu /baɲu/ |
| Fire | افوي /apuei/ | ꨀꨚꨶꨬ /apuei/ | apuy /ʔapuj/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ |
| Sun | أديتياء /aditiak/ | ꨀꨕꨪꨓꨳꩀ /aɗitiaʔ/ | huriy /hurij/ | matoari /matoaɾi/ | mata-ari /mataari/ | matahari /matahari/ | matahari /matahari/ |
| Moon | بيلن /bilan/ | ꨝꨪꨤꩆ /ɓilan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | فتاۛء /patɨʔ/ | ꨝꨪꨓꨭꩀ /ɓituʔ/ | bituk /bituʔ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Night | مالم /malam/ | ꨠꨤꩌ /mələm/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malem /maləm/ | malam /malam/ |
| Wind | أڠين /aŋin/ | ꨀꨋꨪꩆ /ʔaŋin/ | — | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ |
| Earth | تانه /tanah/ | ꨓꨘꩍ /tanah/ | — | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ |
| Stone | فتاو /patau/ | ꨝꨓꨭꨥ /ɓatuw/ | batau /batau/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ |
| Mother | ماي /mai/ | ꨀꨟꨰꩀ /ameʔ/ | inā /ina/ | amak /amaʔ/ | indai /indai/ | mak /mak/ | uma /uma/ |
| Father | أمآ /amaː/ | ꨀꨟꨲ /amɨ/ | amā /ama/ | abak /abaʔ/ | apai /apai/ | bapak /bapak/ | abah /abah/ |
| I | كاو /kɔw/ | ꨕꨨꨵꩀ /ɗahlaʔ/ | ku /ku/ | ambo /ambo/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ |
| You | هاۛ /hɨ/ | ꨨꨲ /hɨ/ | hã /haː/ | ang /aŋ/ | nuan /nuan/ | kau /kau/ | ikam /ikam/ |
| We | دري /drej/ | ꨁꨓꨩ /itaː/ | — /—/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | kitai / kami /kitai / kami/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ |
| Name | أڠن /aŋan/ | ꨀꨋꩆ /aŋan/ | angan /aŋan/ | namo /namo/ | nama /nama/ | namo /namo/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Eye | متا /mata/ | ꨟꨓꨩ /mətaː/ | matā /mata/ | mato /mato/ | mata /mata/ | mato /mato/ | mata /mata/ |
| Tooth | تڬي /taɡɛj/ | ꨓꨈꨬ /taɡaj/ | tagai /taɡaj/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ngeliʼ /ŋeliʔ/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Tongue | دله /dalah/ | ꨕꨤꩍ /dalah/ | dalah /dalah/ | lidah /lidah/ | dilah /dilah/ | lidah /lidah/ | ilat /ilat/ |
| Hand | تاڠين /taŋin/ | ꨓꨊꨪꩆ /taŋin/ | taŋin /taŋin/ | tangan /taŋan/ | jari /dʒari/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ |
| Foot | تاكاي /takai/ | ꨓꨆꨰ /takai/ | takai /takai/ | kaki /kaki/ | kaki /kaki/ | — | batis /batis/ |
| Heart | هتاي /hatai/ | ꨨꨓꨰ /hatai/ | hatai /hatai/ | ati /ati/ | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ | ati /ati/ |
| Bone | تلڠ /talaŋ/ | ꨓꨤꩃ /talaŋ/ | talang /talaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Blood | دره /darah/ | ꨕꨣꩍ /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ |
| Love | ڬاوه /ɡauh/ | ꨀꨘꨪꩅ /anit/ | klɛn /klɛn/ | cinto /tʃinto/ | rinduai /rinduai/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ |
| Tree | كايو /kajuv/ | ꨆꨢꨮꨭ /kajauː/ | phuəŋ /pʰuəŋ/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | batang /bataŋ/ |
| Dog | أتحو /atʰuv/ | ꨀꨧꨮꨭ /ʔasaw/ | asuv /asuw/ | anjiang /aɲdʒiaŋ/ | ukui /ukui/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | hadupan /hadupan/ |
| Cat | ميٛو /meuv/ | ꨟꨢꨥ /mɨjaw/ | mɛw /mɛw/ | kuciang /kutʃiaŋ/ | mayau /majau/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | pusa /pusa/ |
| Fish | كان /kan/ | ꨁꨆꩆ /ikan/ | ikan /ikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ |
| Egg | بوه /boh/ | — | — | talua /talua/ | telu /təlu/ | telok /telok/ | hintalu /hintalu/ |
| House | تحاڠ /tʰaŋ/ | ꨧꩃ /saːŋ/ | sɔŋ /sɔŋ/ | rumah /ɾumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ |
| Eat | هواء /huak/ | ꨨꨶꩀ /huaʔ/ | bɔh /bɔh/ | makan /makan/ | makai /makai/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ |
| Drink | ماوم /maum/ | ꨟꨑꨭꩌ /mɨɲum/ | mɛnum /mɛnum/ | minum /minum/ | ngirup /ŋirup/ | minum /minum/ | nginum /ŋinum/ |
| One | تحا /tʰa/ | ꨧ /saː/ | sa /sa/ | ciek /tʃieʔ/ | satu /satu/ | siko /siko/ | asa /asa/ |
| Two | ڎوا /ɗuə/ | ꨕꨶ /duaː/ | dua /dua/ | duo /duo/ | dua /dua/ | duo /duo/ | dua /dua/ |
| Three | كلاو /klaw/ | ꨆꨵꨯꨱ /klɔw/ | klau /klau/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | talu /talu/ |
| Five | لاماۛ /lamɨː/ | ꨤꨪꨟꨩ /limɨ/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hello | سلام /salam/ | ꨦꨤꩌ /salam/ | — /—/ | salam /salam/ | salam /salam/ | halo /halo/ | salam /salam/ |
| Thank you | تريما كاسيه /tarima kasiʔ/ | ꨙꨶ ꨜꨲꩊ /ɗua pʰuəl/ | — /—/ | tarimo kasiah /taɾimo kasiah/ | terima kasih /tərima kasih/ | terimo kasih /terimo kasih/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ |
| Good | سيام /siam/ | ꨧꨳꩌ /siam/ | siam /siam/ | rancak /ɾantʃaʔ/ | manah /manah/ | bagus /baɡus/ | bagus /baɡus/ |
| New | باهاو /bahau/ | ꨝꨣꨭꨥ /ɓaruw/ | — | baru /baru/ | baru /baru/ | anyar /aɲar/ | hanyar /haɲar/ |
| Red | ماۛرياه /mɨriah/ | ꨟꨣꨳꩍ /mɨriah/ | mưriah /mɨriah/ | sirah /siɾah/ | mirah /miɾah/ | merah /ˈmerah/ | habang /habaŋ/ |
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