ꨌꩌ
Eastern Cham
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic)
Eastern Cham, also called Phan Rang Cham (ISO 639-3: cjm), is a Chamic Austronesian language spoken chiefly in Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận provinces of south-central Vietnam. It is distinct from Western Cham (cja), centered in Cambodia, and its speakers include Ahiér or Balamon and Awal or Bani communities as well as other religious affiliations. The traditional Akhar Thrah abugida, descended from South Indian Brahmic writing, is used in manuscripts and community instruction, while Latin transcription also appears in linguistic and educational work. Long contact with Vietnamese has reshaped word structure and produced phonation or register contrasts; some analyses describe incipient tonality, so a categorical “non-tonal” label is too simple. Eastern Cham has no nationwide official status, and transmission varies as Vietnamese increasingly dominates schooling and public life.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Eastern Cham
Sources
- Ethnologue: cjm
- Thurgood (1999) From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects
- Brunelle (2009) Tone perception in Eastern Cham
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic)
| Meaning | Eastern Cham | Western Cham | Old Cham | Minangkabau | Old Malay | Iban | Musi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ꨀꨳꨩ /ʔiaː/ | ايا /ja/ | ie /ʔiə/ | aia /aia/ | air /air/ | ai /ai/ | ayek /ajek/ |
| Fire | ꨀꨚꨶꨬ /apuei/ | افوي /apuei/ | apuy /ʔapuj/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ |
| Sun | ꨀꨕꨪꨓꨳꩀ /aɗitiaʔ/ | أديتياء /aditiak/ | huriy /hurij/ | matoari /matoaɾi/ | matari /matari/ | mata-ari /mataari/ | matahari /matahari/ |
| Moon | ꨝꨪꨤꩆ /ɓilan/ | بيلن /bilan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | ꨝꨪꨓꨭꩀ /ɓituʔ/ | فتاۛء /patɨʔ/ | bituk /bituʔ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Night | ꨠꨤꩌ /mələm/ | مالم /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malem /maləm/ |
| Wind | ꨀꨋꨪꩆ /ʔaŋin/ | أڠين /aŋin/ | — | angin /aŋin/ | — | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ |
| Earth | ꨓꨘꩍ /tanah/ | تانه /tanah/ | — | tanah /tanah/ | — | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ |
| Stone | ꨝꨓꨭꨥ /ɓatuw/ | فتاو /patau/ | batau /batau/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mountain | ꨌꨮꩀ /cəʔ/ | — | — | gunuang /ɡunuaŋ/ | — | bukit /bukit/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ |
| Sea | ꨓꨧꨪꩀ /tasiʔ/ | — | — | lauik /lauiʔ/ | — | tasik /tasik/ | laot /laot/ |
| Mother | ꨀꨟꨰꩀ /ameʔ/ | ماي /mai/ | inā /ina/ | amak /amaʔ/ | ibu /ibu/ | indai /indai/ | mak /mak/ |
| Father | ꨀꨟꨲ /amɨ/ | أمآ /amaː/ | amā /ama/ | abak /abaʔ/ | bapa /bapa/ | apai /apai/ | bapak /bapak/ |
| I | ꨕꨨꨵꩀ /ɗahlaʔ/ | كاو /kɔw/ | ku /ku/ | ambo /ambo/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ |
| You | ꨨꨲ /hɨ/ | هاۛ /hɨ/ | hã /haː/ | ang /aŋ/ | kamu /kamu/ | nuan /nuan/ | kau /kau/ |
| We | ꨁꨓꨩ /itaː/ | دري /drej/ | — /—/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kitai / kami /kitai / kami/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ |
| Name | ꨀꨋꩆ /aŋan/ | أڠن /aŋan/ | angan /aŋan/ | namo /namo/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | nama /nama/ | namo /namo/ |
| Person | ꨂꨣꩃ /ʔuraːŋ/ | — | urāṅ /uraːŋ/ | urang /uraŋ/ | — | orang /ˈoraŋ/ | wong /woŋ/ |
| Head | ꨀꨆꨯꨱꩀ /akɔʔ/ | — | — | kapalo /kapalo/ | — | pala /pala/ | palak /palak/ |
| Eye | ꨟꨓꨩ /mətaː/ | متا /mata/ | matā /mata/ | mato /mato/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mato /mato/ |
| Ear | ꨓꨊꨪ /taŋi/ | — | — | talingo /taliŋo/ | — | pending /pəndiŋ/ | telingo /teliŋo/ |
| Tooth | ꨓꨈꨬ /taɡaj/ | تڬي /taɡɛj/ | tagai /taɡaj/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ngeliʼ /ŋeliʔ/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Tongue | ꨕꨤꩍ /dalah/ | دله /dalah/ | dalah /dalah/ | lidah /lidah/ | lidah /lidah/ | dilah /dilah/ | lidah /lidah/ |
| Hand | ꨓꨊꨪꩆ /taŋin/ | تاڠين /taŋin/ | taŋin /taŋin/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | jari /dʒari/ | tangan /taŋan/ |
| Foot | ꨓꨆꨰ /takai/ | تاكاي /takai/ | takai /takai/ | kaki /kaki/ | — | kaki /kaki/ | — |
| Heart | ꨨꨓꨰ /hatai/ | هتاي /hatai/ | hatai /hatai/ | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ |
| Bone | ꨓꨤꩃ /talaŋ/ | تلڠ /talaŋ/ | talang /talaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Blood | ꨕꨣꩍ /darah/ | دره /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ |
| Love | ꨀꨘꨪꩅ /anit/ | ڬاوه /ɡauh/ | klɛn /klɛn/ | cinto /tʃinto/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | rinduai /rinduai/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ |
| Tree | ꨆꨢꨮꨭ /kajauː/ | كايو /kajuv/ | phuəŋ /pʰuəŋ/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ |
| Dog | ꨀꨧꨮꨭ /ʔasaw/ | أتحو /atʰuv/ | asuv /asuw/ | anjiang /aɲdʒiaŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | ukui /ukui/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ |
| Cat | ꨟꨢꨥ /mɨjaw/ | ميٛو /meuv/ | mɛw /mɛw/ | kuciang /kutʃiaŋ/ | — /—/ | mayau /majau/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ |
| Fish | ꨁꨆꩆ /ikan/ | كان /kan/ | ikan /ikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ |
| Bird | ꨌꨳꨪꩌ /ciːm/ | — | cim /tʃim/ | buruang /buruaŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| House | ꨧꩃ /saːŋ/ | تحاڠ /tʰaŋ/ | sɔŋ /sɔŋ/ | rumah /ɾumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ |
| Rice | ꨝꨴꩍ /brah/ | — | — | bareh /bareh/ | — | beras /bəras/ | beras /bəras/ |
| Iron | ꨝꨪꨧꨬ /bisei/ | — | — | basi /ˈbasi/ | — | besi /ˈbəsi/ | besi /bəsi/ |
| Eat | ꨨꨶꩀ /huaʔ/ | هواء /huak/ | bɔh /bɔh/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | makai /makai/ | makan /makan/ |
| Drink | ꨟꨑꨭꩌ /mɨɲum/ | ماوم /maum/ | mɛnum /mɛnum/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | ngirup /ŋirup/ | minum /minum/ |
| One | ꨧ /saː/ | تحا /tʰa/ | sa /sa/ | ciek /tʃieʔ/ | sa /sa/ | satu /satu/ | siko /siko/ |
| Two | ꨕꨶ /duaː/ | ڎوا /ɗuə/ | dua /dua/ | duo /duo/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | duo /duo/ |
| Three | ꨆꨵꨯꨱ /klɔw/ | كلاو /klaw/ | klau /klau/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | tlu /tlu/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | tigo /tiɡo/ |
| Four | ꨚꩀ /paʔ/ | — | pāt /paːt/ | ampek /ampeʔ/ | mpat /əmpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | empat /əmpat/ |
| Five | ꨤꨪꨟꨩ /limɨ/ | لاماۛ /lamɨː/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ |
| Hundred | ꨣꨪꨓꨭꩍ /rituh/ | — | — | saratuih /saratuih/ | ratus /ratus/ | seratus /səratus/ | seratus /səratus/ |
| Hello | ꨦꨤꩌ /salam/ | سلام /salam/ | — /—/ | salam /salam/ | — /—/ | salam /salam/ | halo /halo/ |
| Thank you | ꨙꨶ ꨜꨲꩊ /ɗua pʰuəl/ | تريما كاسيه /tarima kasiʔ/ | — /—/ | tarimo kasiah /taɾimo kasiah/ | — /—/ | terima kasih /tərima kasih/ | terimo kasih /terimo kasih/ |
| Good | ꨧꨳꩌ /siam/ | سيام /siam/ | siam /siam/ | rancak /ɾantʃaʔ/ | baik /baik/ | manah /manah/ | bagus /baɡus/ |
| New | ꨝꨣꨭꨥ /ɓaruw/ | باهاو /bahau/ | — | baru /baru/ | — | baru /baru/ | anyar /aɲar/ |
| Red | ꨟꨣꨳꩍ /mɨriah/ | ماۛرياه /mɨriah/ | mưriah /mɨriah/ | sirah /siɾah/ | merah /merah/ | mirah /miɾah/ | merah /ˈmerah/ |
| White | ꨚꨓꨪꩍ /patih/ | — | patih /patih/ | putiah /putiah/ | putih /putih/ | burak /burak/ | putih /putih/ |
| Tea | ꨌꨰꩈ /cɛː/ | — | — | teh /teh/ | — | te /te/ | — |
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