𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
Gothic
Indo-European (Germanic, East) · historical / hidden variety
Gothic (𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺) is the earliest substantially documented Germanic language and the only well-attested East Germanic language. Preserved primarily in Bishop Wulfila's 4th-century translation of the Bible (the Codex Argenteus, c. 350–380 CE), made for the Visigoths in the Balkans. Wulfila created the Gothic alphabet for this translation, derived from Greek with elements from Latin and runic. The language went extinct in continental Europe by the 8th century but Crimean Gothic survived until at least the 16th century (recorded in 1562 by Busbecq). Gothic preserves archaic features lost in other Germanic languages, including dual number and fully inflected case system.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Gothic
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (Germanic, East)
| Meaning | Gothic | Old Saxon | Old Frisian | Old English | Old High German | Middle English | Old Norse |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 /wɑtoː/ | watar /ˈwatar/ | wetir /wetir/ | wæter /wæter/ | wazzar /ˈwatsar/ | water /watər/ | vatn /vɑtn/ |
| Fire | 𐍆𐍉𐌽 /foːn/ | fiur /fiur/ | fiur /fjuːɾ/ | fȳr /fyːr/ | fiur /fiur/ | fyr /fyːr/ | eldr /eldr/ |
| Sun | 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 /sunːoː/ | sunna /ˈsunːa/ | sunne /sunːe/ | sunne /sunːe/ | sunna /ˈsunna/ | sonne /sɔnːə/ | sól /soːl/ |
| Moon | 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 /meːnɑ/ | māno /ˈmaːno/ | mōna /moːnɑ/ | mōna /moːnɑ/ | māno /ˈmaːno/ | mone /moːnə/ | máni /mɑːni/ |
| Star | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 /stɛrnoː/ | sterro /ˈsterro/ | stera /ˈstɛra/ | steorra /ˈsteorːɑ/ | sterno /ˈsterno/ | sterre /ˈstɛrːə/ | stjarna /ˈstjarna/ |
| Night | 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 /naxts/ | naht /naxt/ | nacht /naxt/ | niht /niçt/ | naht /naxt/ | night /nixt/ | nótt /noːtː/ |
| Rain | 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 /riɡn/ | regan /reɣan/ | rein /rɛin/ | regn /rejn/ | regan /ˈreɡan/ | reyn /rɛin/ | regn /rɛɣn/ |
| Snow | 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 /snɛːws/ | snēo /ˈsneːo/ | snē /sneː/ | snāw /snɑːw/ | snēo /sneːo/ | snow /snɔu/ | snjór /snjoːr/ |
| Wind | 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 /winds/ | wind /wind/ | wind /wind/ | wind /wind/ | wint /wint/ | wind /wind/ | vindr /vindr/ |
| Earth | 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 /ɛrθa/ | ertha /erθa/ | irthe /irθe/ | eorðe /eorðe/ | erda /ˈɛrda/ | erthe /ɛrθə/ | jörð /jœrð/ |
| Stone | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 /stɛːns/ | stēn /steːn/ | stēn /steːn/ | stān /stɑːn/ | stein /stein/ | ston /stɔːn/ | steinn /stɛinː/ |
| Mountain | 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 /ˈfɛrɡuni/ | berg /berɡ/ | berch /berx/ | beorg /beorɡ/ | berg /berɡ/ | mountayne /ˈmuːntain/ | fjall /fjɑlː/ |
| Sea | 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 /ˈmareː/ | seo /ˈseːo/ | sē /seː/ | sǣ /sæː/ | meri /ˈmeri/ | see /sɛː/ | haf /hav/ |
| Mother | 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 /aiθiː/ | modar /ˈmoːdar/ | moder /moːdeɾ/ | mōdor /moːdor/ | muoter /ˈmuotɛr/ | moder /moːdər/ | móðir /moːðir/ |
| Father | 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 /ɑtːɑ/ | fader /ˈfadər/ | feder /fedeɾ/ | fæder /fæder/ | fater /ˈfatɛr/ | fader /faːdər/ | faðir /fɑðir/ |
| Daughter | 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 /dɔːhtar/ | dohtar /ˈdoxtar/ | dochter /ˈdoxteɾ/ | dohtor /ˈdoxtor/ | tohter /ˈtoxtɛr/ | doughter /ˈdouxtər/ | dóttir /doːttir/ |
| I | 𐌹𐌺 /ik/ | ik /ik/ | ik /ik/ | ic /itʃ/ | ih /ix/ | I /iː/ | ek /ek/ |
| You | 𐌸𐌿 /θuː/ | thu /θuː/ | thū /θuː/ | þū /θuː/ | du /duː/ | thou /θuː/ | þú /θuː/ |
| We | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 /wiːs/ | wī /wiː/ | wī /wiː/ | wē /weː/ | wir /wir/ | we /weː/ | vér /veːr/ |
| Name | 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 /nɑmoː/ | namo /ˈnamo/ | nama /ˈnama/ | nama /ˈnɑma/ | namo /ˈnamo/ | name /ˈnaːmə/ | nafn /nafn/ |
| Person | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 /ˈmanːa/ | man /man/ | — | mann /mɑnn/ | mennisco /ˈmenːisko/ | man /man/ | maðr /maðr/ |
| Head | 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 /ˈhɔːβiθ/ | hōbid /ˈhoːβid/ | hāved /ˈhaːved/ | hēafod /ˈhæːɑvod/ | houbit /ˈhoubit/ | hed /hɛːd/ | hǫfuð /ˈhɔvuð/ |
| Eye | 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 /ɑuɣoː/ | ōga /ˈoːɡa/ | āge /aːɣe/ | ēage /æːɑɣe/ | ouga /ˈouɡa/ | eye /iːə/ | auga /ɑuɣɑ/ |
| Ear | 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 /ˈau̯soː/ | ōra /ˈoːra/ | are /ˈaːrə/ | ēare /æːɑre/ | ōra /ˈoːra/ | ere /ɛːrə/ | eyra /øyra/ |
| Mouth | 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 /munθs/ | mūth /muːθ/ | mūth /muːθ/ | mūþ /muːθ/ | mund /munt/ | mouth /muːθ/ | munnr /munːr/ |
| Tooth | 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 /tunθus/ | tand /tand/ | tōth /toːθ/ | tōþ /toːθ/ | zand /tsand/ | tooth /toːθ/ | tǫnn /tɔnː/ |
| Tongue | 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 /tuŋɡoː/ | tunga /ˈtuŋɡa/ | tunge /ˈtuŋɡe/ | tunge /ˈtuŋɡe/ | zunga /ˈtsuŋɡa/ | tonge /ˈtɔŋɡə/ | tunga /ˈtuŋɡa/ |
| Hand | 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 /hɑndus/ | hand /hand/ | hond /hond/ | hand /hɑnd/ | hant /hant/ | hand /hand/ | hǫnd /hɔnd/ |
| Foot | 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 /foːtus/ | fōt /foːt/ | fōt /foːt/ | fōt /foːt/ | fuoz /fuo̯s/ | fot /foːt/ | fótr /foːtr/ |
| Heart | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 /hɛrtoː/ | herta /ˈherta/ | herte /heɾte/ | heorte /ˈheorte/ | herza /ˈhertsa/ | herte /hɛrtə/ | hjarta /hjɑrtɑ/ |
| Bone | — /—/ | bēn /beːn/ | bēn /beːn/ | bān /bɑːn/ | bein /bein/ | bon /bɔːn/ | bein /bɛin/ |
| Blood | 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 /bloːθ/ | blōd /bloːd/ | blōd /bloːd/ | blōd /bloːd/ | bluot /bluot/ | blood /bloːd/ | blóð /bloːð/ |
| Poop | 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰 /ˈsmarna/ | — | — | tord /tord/ | mist /mist/ | tord /tord/ | drit /drit/ |
| Love | 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌸𐍅𐌰 /friɑθwɑ/ | minnea /ˈminːea/ | minne /minːe/ | lufu /luvu/ | minna /ˈminna/ | love /ˈluvə/ | ást /ɑːst/ |
| Tree | 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 /bɑɣms/ | bōm /boːm/ | bām /baːm/ | trēow /treːow/ | boum /boum/ | tre /treː/ | tré /treː/ |
| Dog | 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 /hunds/ | hund /hund/ | hund /hund/ | hund /hund/ | hunt /hunt/ | hound /huːnd/ | hundr /hundr/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | katta /ˈkatːa/ | katte /katːe/ | catt /kɑtt/ | kazza /ˈkatsa/ | catte /katːə/ | kǫttr /kɔtːr/ |
| Fish | 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 /fisks/ | fisk /fisk/ | fisk /fisk/ | fisc /fisk/ | fisc /fisk/ | fisch /fiʃ/ | fiskr /fiskr/ |
| Bird | 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 /fuɡls/ | fugal /ˈfuɡal/ | fugel /ˈfuɡəl/ | fugol /ˈfuɣol/ | fogal /ˈfoɡal/ | brid /brid/ | fugl /fuɡl/ |
| House | 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 /rɑzn/ | hūs /huːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | hous /huːs/ | hús /huːs/ |
| Milk | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 /miluks/ | miluk /ˈmiluk/ | melok /ˈmelok/ | meoluc /ˈmeoluk/ | miluh /ˈmilux/ | milk /milk/ | mjólk /mjoːlk/ |
| Honey | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 /miliθ/ | huneg /ˈhunɛɣ/ | hunich /ˈhunix/ | hunig /ˈhunij/ | honag /ˈhonaɡ/ | hony /ˈhɔni/ | hunang /ˈhunɑŋɡ/ |
| Salt | 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄 /salt/ | salt /salt/ | salt /salt/ | sealt /sæɑlt/ | salz /salts/ | salt /salt/ | salt /salt/ |
| Wine | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 /wiːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | wyn /wiːn/ | vín /viːn/ |
| Iron | 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 /iːsarn/ | īsarn /ˈiːsarn/ | īsern /ˈiːsern/ | īsern /ˈiːsern/ | īsarn /ˈiːsarn/ | iren /ˈiːrən/ | járn /jaːrn/ |
| Book | 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 /ˈboːkoːs/ | bōk /boːk/ | bōk /boːk/ | bōc /boːk/ | buoh /buox/ | bok /boːk/ | bók /boːk/ |
| Eat | 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 /mɑtjɑn/ | etan /ˈetan/ | eta /etɑ/ | etan /etɑn/ | ezzan /ˈetsan/ | eten /eːtən/ | eta /etɑ/ |
| Drink | 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌽 /driŋkɑn/ | drinkan /ˈdrinkan/ | drinka /dɾinkɑ/ | drincan /drinkɑn/ | trinkan /ˈtrinkan/ | drinken /ˈdrinkən/ | drekka /drekːɑ/ |
| Sleep | 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 /sleːpan/ | slāpan /ˈslɑːpan/ | slēpa /ˈsleːpa/ | slǣpan /slæːpɑn/ | slāfan /ˈslɑːfan/ | slepen /ˈslɛːpən/ | sofa /ˈsova/ |
| One | 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 /ains/ | ēn /eːn/ | ān /aːn/ | ān /aːn/ | ein /ein/ | oon /oːn/ | einn /ɛinː/ |
| Two | 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 /twai/ | twēne /ˈtweːne/ | twā /twaː/ | twā /twɑː/ | zwei /tswei/ | two /twɔː/ | tveir /tveir/ |
| Three | 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 /θriːs/ | thrie /θriː/ | thrē /θreː/ | þrī /θriː/ | drī /driː/ | thre /θreː/ | þrír /θriːr/ |
| Four | 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 /fidwoːr/ | fiuwar /ˈfiuwar/ | fiuwer /ˈfiuwer/ | fēower /ˈfeːower/ | fior /fioːr/ | four /four/ | fjórir /fjoːrir/ |
| Five | 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 /fimf/ | fīf /fiːf/ | fīf /fiːf/ | fīf /fiːf/ | fimf /fimf/ | fyve /fiːvə/ | fimm /fimː/ |
| Hundred | 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 /hund/ | hund /hund/ | hundred /hundred/ | hund /hund/ | hunt /hunt/ | hundred /ˈhundrəd/ | hundrað /hundrɑð/ |
| Hello | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 /hails/ | heil /heil/ | heil /heil/ | wes hāl /wes haːl/ | heil /heil/ | hail /hɛːl/ | heill /hɛilː/ |
| Thank you | 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐍃 /θɑŋks/ | thank /θaŋk/ | thank /θank/ | þanc /θɑnk/ | danc /daŋk/ | thank /θank/ | þǫkk /θɔkː/ |
| Good | 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 /ɡoːθs/ | gōd /ɡoːd/ | gōd /ɡoːd/ | gōd /ɡoːd/ | guot /ɡuot/ | good /ɡoːd/ | góðr /ɡoːðr/ |
| New | 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 /ˈniujis/ | niuwi /ˈniuwi/ | nī /niː/ | nīwe /ˈniːwe/ | niuwi /ˈniuwi/ | newe /ˈniuə/ | nýr /nyːr/ |
| Red | 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 /rɔːθs/ | rōd /roːd/ | rād /raːd/ | rēad /ræːɑd/ | rōt /roːt/ | reed /reːd/ | rauðr /rɔuðr/ |
| White | 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 /ʍiːts/ | hwīt /hwiːt/ | hwīt /hwiːt/ | hwīt /ʍiːt/ | wīz /wiːts/ | whit /hwiːt/ | hvítr /hwiːtr/ |
| Black | 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 /swarts/ | swart /swart/ | swart /swart/ | blæc /blæk/ | swarz /swarts/ | blak /blak/ | svartr /svartr/ |
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