Aldfrysk
Old Frisian
Indo-European · historical / hidden variety
Old Frisian was the West Germanic language of the Frisians from c. 1100 to c. 1500, the historical ancestor of modern West Frisian (fy), Saterland Frisian (stq), and North Frisian (frr). It is sister to Old English (ang) within the Anglo-Frisian subgroup, and the Frisian-English bond is one of the closest within Germanic — Old Frisian and Old English share the second Anglo-Frisian Brightening (front umlaut), the loss of the West Germanic nasal before fricatives, and many vocabulary items. Reconstructed primarily from the Skeltana-Riucht law code and other medieval manuscripts. After the late 15th century, Old Frisian gradually evolved into Middle Frisian and then modern Frisian varieties.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Old Frisian
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European
| Meaning | Old Frisian | Old Saxon | Old English | Middle English | Old High German | Low German | Gothic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | wetir /wetir/ | watar /ˈwatar/ | wæter /wæter/ | water /watər/ | wazzar /ˈwatsar/ | Water /vɑːtɐ/ | 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 /wɑtoː/ |
| Fire | fiur /fjuːɾ/ | fiur /fiur/ | fȳr /fyːr/ | fyr /fyːr/ | fiur /fiur/ | Füer /fyːɐ/ | 𐍆𐍉𐌽 /foːn/ |
| Sun | sunne /sunːe/ | sunna /ˈsunːa/ | sunne /sunːe/ | sonne /sɔnːə/ | sunna /ˈsunna/ | Sünn /zʏn/ | 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 /sunːoː/ |
| Moon | mōna /moːnɑ/ | māno /ˈmaːno/ | mōna /moːnɑ/ | mone /moːnə/ | māno /ˈmaːno/ | Maan /maːn/ | 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 /meːnɑ/ |
| Star | stera /ˈstɛra/ | sterro /ˈsterro/ | steorra /ˈsteorːɑ/ | sterre /ˈstɛrːə/ | sterno /ˈsterno/ | Steern /steːrn/ | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 /stɛrnoː/ |
| Night | nacht /naxt/ | naht /naxt/ | niht /niçt/ | night /nixt/ | naht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 /naxts/ |
| Rain | rein /rɛin/ | regan /reɣan/ | regn /rejn/ | reyn /rɛin/ | regan /ˈreɡan/ | Regen /ˈreːɡn̩/ | 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 /riɡn/ |
| Snow | snē /sneː/ | snēo /ˈsneːo/ | snāw /snɑːw/ | snow /snɔu/ | snēo /sneːo/ | Snee /sneː/ | 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 /snɛːws/ |
| Wind | wind /wind/ | wind /wind/ | wind /wind/ | wind /wind/ | wint /wint/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 /winds/ |
| Earth | irthe /irθe/ | ertha /erθa/ | eorðe /eorðe/ | erthe /ɛrθə/ | erda /ˈɛrda/ | Eer /eːɐ/ | 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 /ɛrθa/ |
| Stone | stēn /steːn/ | stēn /steːn/ | stān /stɑːn/ | ston /stɔːn/ | stein /stein/ | Steen /steːn/ | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 /stɛːns/ |
| Mountain | berch /berx/ | berg /berɡ/ | beorg /beorɡ/ | mountayne /ˈmuːntain/ | berg /berɡ/ | Barg /barx/ | 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 /ˈfɛrɡuni/ |
| Sea | sē /seː/ | seo /ˈseːo/ | sǣ /sæː/ | see /sɛː/ | meri /ˈmeri/ | See /zeː/ | 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 /ˈmareː/ |
| Mother | moder /moːdeɾ/ | modar /ˈmoːdar/ | mōdor /moːdor/ | moder /moːdər/ | muoter /ˈmuotɛr/ | Moder /moːdɐ/ | 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 /aiθiː/ |
| Father | feder /fedeɾ/ | fader /ˈfadər/ | fæder /fæder/ | fader /faːdər/ | fater /ˈfatɛr/ | Vader /fɑːdɐ/ | 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 /ɑtːɑ/ |
| Daughter | dochter /ˈdoxteɾ/ | dohtar /ˈdoxtar/ | dohtor /ˈdoxtor/ | doughter /ˈdouxtər/ | tohter /ˈtoxtɛr/ | Dochter /dɔxtɐ/ | 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 /dɔːhtar/ |
| I | ik /ik/ | ik /ik/ | ic /itʃ/ | I /iː/ | ih /ix/ | ik /ɪk/ | 𐌹𐌺 /ik/ |
| You | thū /θuː/ | thu /θuː/ | þū /θuː/ | thou /θuː/ | du /duː/ | du /duː/ | 𐌸𐌿 /θuː/ |
| We | wī /wiː/ | wī /wiː/ | wē /weː/ | we /weː/ | wir /wir/ | wi /viː/ | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 /wiːs/ |
| Name | nama /ˈnama/ | namo /ˈnamo/ | nama /ˈnɑma/ | name /ˈnaːmə/ | namo /ˈnamo/ | Naam /naːm/ | 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 /nɑmoː/ |
| Head | hāved /ˈhaːved/ | hōbid /ˈhoːβid/ | hēafod /ˈhæːɑvod/ | hed /hɛːd/ | houbit /ˈhoubit/ | Kopp /kɔp/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 /ˈhɔːβiθ/ |
| Eye | āge /aːɣe/ | ōga /ˈoːɡa/ | ēage /æːɑɣe/ | eye /iːə/ | ouga /ˈouɡa/ | Oog /oːx/ | 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 /ɑuɣoː/ |
| Ear | are /ˈaːrə/ | ōra /ˈoːra/ | ēare /æːɑre/ | ere /ɛːrə/ | ōra /ˈoːra/ | Ohr /oːr/ | 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 /ˈau̯soː/ |
| Nose | nose /nozə/ | nasa /nasa/ | nosu /nozu/ | nose /nɔːzə/ | nasa /nasa/ | Nees /neːs/ | — |
| Mouth | mūth /muːθ/ | mūth /muːθ/ | mūþ /muːθ/ | mouth /muːθ/ | mund /munt/ | Muul /muːl/ | 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 /munθs/ |
| Tooth | tōth /toːθ/ | tand /tand/ | tōþ /toːθ/ | tooth /toːθ/ | zand /tsand/ | Tähn /tɛːn/ | 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 /tunθus/ |
| Tongue | tunge /ˈtuŋɡe/ | tunga /ˈtuŋɡa/ | tunge /ˈtuŋɡe/ | tonge /ˈtɔŋɡə/ | zunga /ˈtsuŋɡa/ | Tung /tʊŋ/ | 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 /tuŋɡoː/ |
| Hand | hond /hond/ | hand /hand/ | hand /hɑnd/ | hand /hand/ | hant /hant/ | Hand /hant/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 /hɑndus/ |
| Foot | fōt /foːt/ | fōt /foːt/ | fōt /foːt/ | fot /foːt/ | fuoz /fuo̯s/ | Foot /fɔʊ̯t/ | 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 /foːtus/ |
| Heart | herte /heɾte/ | herta /ˈherta/ | heorte /ˈheorte/ | herte /hɛrtə/ | herza /ˈhertsa/ | Hart /haɐt/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 /hɛrtoː/ |
| Bone | bēn /beːn/ | bēn /beːn/ | bān /bɑːn/ | bon /bɔːn/ | bein /bein/ | Knaken /ˈknaːkən/ | — /—/ |
| Blood | blōd /bloːd/ | blōd /bloːd/ | blōd /bloːd/ | blood /bloːd/ | bluot /bluot/ | Bloot /bloːt/ | 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 /bloːθ/ |
| Love | minne /minːe/ | minnea /ˈminːea/ | lufu /luvu/ | love /ˈluvə/ | minna /ˈminna/ | Leev /leːf/ | 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌸𐍅𐌰 /friɑθwɑ/ |
| Tree | bām /baːm/ | bōm /boːm/ | trēow /treːow/ | tre /treː/ | boum /boum/ | Boom /boːm/ | 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 /bɑɣms/ |
| Dog | hund /hund/ | hund /hund/ | hund /hund/ | hound /huːnd/ | hunt /hunt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 /hunds/ |
| Cat | katte /katːe/ | katta /ˈkatːa/ | catt /kɑtt/ | catte /katːə/ | kazza /ˈkatsa/ | Katt /kat/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | fisk /fisk/ | fisk /fisk/ | fisc /fisk/ | fisch /fiʃ/ | fisc /fisk/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 /fisks/ |
| Bird | fugel /ˈfuɡəl/ | fugal /ˈfuɡal/ | fugol /ˈfuɣol/ | brid /brid/ | fogal /ˈfoɡal/ | Vagel /ˈfaːɣəl/ | 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 /fuɡls/ |
| Egg | ei /ɛi/ | ei /ɛi/ | ǣġ /æːj/ | ey /ɛiː/ | ei /ɛi/ | Ei /ai/ | — |
| Horse | hors /hors/ | hros /hros/ | hors /hors/ | hors /hɔrs/ | ros /ros/ | Peerd /peːrt/ | — |
| House | hūs /huːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | hous /huːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | Huus /huːs/ | 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 /rɑzn/ |
| Milk | melok /ˈmelok/ | miluk /ˈmiluk/ | meoluc /ˈmeoluk/ | milk /milk/ | miluh /ˈmilux/ | Melk /mɛlk/ | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 /miluks/ |
| Honey | hunich /ˈhunix/ | huneg /ˈhunɛɣ/ | hunig /ˈhunij/ | hony /ˈhɔni/ | honag /ˈhonaɡ/ | Honnig /ˈhɔnɪç/ | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 /miliθ/ |
| Salt | salt /salt/ | salt /salt/ | sealt /sæɑlt/ | salt /salt/ | salz /salts/ | Solt /zɔlt/ | 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄 /salt/ |
| Wine | wīn /wiːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | wyn /wiːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | Wien /viːn/ | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 /wiːn/ |
| Iron | īsern /ˈiːsern/ | īsarn /ˈiːsarn/ | īsern /ˈiːsern/ | iren /ˈiːrən/ | īsarn /ˈiːsarn/ | Iesen /ˈiːzn̩/ | 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 /iːsarn/ |
| Wheel | hwēl /hweːl/ | rath /raθ/ | hwēol /ˈhweːol/ | whel /hweːl/ | rad /rat/ | Rad /raːt/ | — |
| Book | bōk /boːk/ | bōk /boːk/ | bōc /boːk/ | bok /boːk/ | buoh /buox/ | Book /boːk/ | 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 /ˈboːkoːs/ |
| Eat | eta /etɑ/ | etan /ˈetan/ | etan /etɑn/ | eten /eːtən/ | ezzan /ˈetsan/ | eten /eːtn̩/ | 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 /mɑtjɑn/ |
| Drink | drinka /dɾinkɑ/ | drinkan /ˈdrinkan/ | drincan /drinkɑn/ | drinken /ˈdrinkən/ | trinkan /ˈtrinkan/ | drinken /drɪŋkn̩/ | 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌽 /driŋkɑn/ |
| Sleep | slēpa /ˈsleːpa/ | slāpan /ˈslɑːpan/ | slǣpan /slæːpɑn/ | slepen /ˈslɛːpən/ | slāfan /ˈslɑːfan/ | slapen /ˈslaːpn̩/ | 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 /sleːpan/ |
| One | ān /aːn/ | ēn /eːn/ | ān /aːn/ | oon /oːn/ | ein /ein/ | een /eːn/ | 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 /ains/ |
| Two | twā /twaː/ | twēne /ˈtweːne/ | twā /twɑː/ | two /twɔː/ | zwei /tswei/ | twee /tveː/ | 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 /twai/ |
| Three | thrē /θreː/ | thrie /θriː/ | þrī /θriː/ | thre /θreː/ | drī /driː/ | dree /dreː/ | 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 /θriːs/ |
| Four | fiuwer /ˈfiuwer/ | fiuwar /ˈfiuwar/ | fēower /ˈfeːower/ | four /four/ | fior /fioːr/ | veer /feːɐ̯/ | 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 /fidwoːr/ |
| Five | fīf /fiːf/ | fīf /fiːf/ | fīf /fiːf/ | fyve /fiːvə/ | fimf /fimf/ | fief /fiːf/ | 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 /fimf/ |
| Hundred | hundred /hundred/ | hund /hund/ | hund /hund/ | hundred /ˈhundrəd/ | hunt /hunt/ | hunnert /ˈhʊnɐt/ | 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 /hund/ |
| Hello | heil /heil/ | heil /heil/ | wes hāl /wes haːl/ | hail /hɛːl/ | heil /heil/ | Moin /mɔɪn/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 /hails/ |
| Thank you | thank /θank/ | thank /θaŋk/ | þanc /θɑnk/ | thank /θank/ | danc /daŋk/ | Dankschöön /daŋkʃøːn/ | 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐍃 /θɑŋks/ |
| Good | gōd /ɡoːd/ | gōd /ɡoːd/ | gōd /ɡoːd/ | good /ɡoːd/ | guot /ɡuot/ | goot /ɡoːt/ | 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 /ɡoːθs/ |
| New | nī /niː/ | niuwi /ˈniuwi/ | nīwe /ˈniːwe/ | newe /ˈniuə/ | niuwi /ˈniuwi/ | nee /neː/ | 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 /ˈniujis/ |
| Red | rād /raːd/ | rōd /roːd/ | rēad /ræːɑd/ | reed /reːd/ | rōt /roːt/ | root /roːt/ | 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 /rɔːθs/ |
| White | hwīt /hwiːt/ | hwīt /hwiːt/ | hwīt /ʍiːt/ | whit /hwiːt/ | wīz /wiːts/ | witt /vɪt/ | 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 /ʍiːts/ |
| Black | swart /swart/ | swart /swart/ | blæc /blæk/ | blak /blak/ | swarz /swarts/ | swart /svart/ | 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 /swarts/ |
| Green | grēne /ˈɡreːne/ | grōni /ˈɡroːni/ | grēne /ɡreːne/ | grene /ɡreːnə/ | gruoni /ɡruoni/ | gröön /ɡrøːn/ | — |
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