sahsisk
Old Saxon
Indo-European (West Germanic, Low German, Old Saxon) · historical / hidden variety
Old Saxon was the West Germanic language of the continental Saxons in modern northwest Germany and eastern Netherlands during the 8th-12th centuries CE, and the direct ancestor of Middle Low Saxon and modern Low German (Plattdüütsch, nds). It is the closest continental relative of Old English (Anglo-Saxon), reflecting the pre-migration unity. Best known from the Heliand (~830 CE), an alliterative biblical epic of ~6000 lines that retells the Gospel as a Germanic warrior-saga, and the fragmentary Genesis. Christianized only after Charlemagne's brutal 30-year Saxon Wars (772-804 CE).
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Old Saxon
Sources
- Cathey (2002) Hêliand: Text and Commentary
- Holthausen (1900) Altsächsisches Elementarbuch
- Glottolog: olds1239
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (West Germanic, Low German, Old Saxon)
| Meaning | Old Saxon | Old Frisian | Old High German | Old English | Middle English | Middle High German | Gothic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | watar /ˈwatar/ | wetir /wetir/ | wazzar /ˈwatsar/ | wæter /wæter/ | water /watər/ | wazzer /ˈwatser/ | 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 /wɑtoː/ |
| Fire | fiur /fiur/ | fiur /fjuːɾ/ | fiur /fiur/ | fȳr /fyːr/ | fyr /fyːr/ | viur /viur/ | 𐍆𐍉𐌽 /foːn/ |
| Sun | sunna /ˈsunːa/ | sunne /sunːe/ | sunna /ˈsunna/ | sunne /sunːe/ | sonne /sɔnːə/ | sunne /ˈzunːə/ | 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 /sunːoː/ |
| Moon | māno /ˈmaːno/ | mōna /moːnɑ/ | māno /ˈmaːno/ | mōna /moːnɑ/ | mone /moːnə/ | mâne /ˈmaːnə/ | 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 /meːnɑ/ |
| Star | sterro /ˈsterro/ | stera /ˈstɛra/ | sterno /ˈsterno/ | steorra /ˈsteorːɑ/ | sterre /ˈstɛrːə/ | sterne /ˈstɛrnə/ | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 /stɛrnoː/ |
| Night | naht /naxt/ | nacht /naxt/ | naht /naxt/ | niht /niçt/ | night /nixt/ | naht /naxt/ | 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 /naxts/ |
| Rain | regan /reɣan/ | rein /rɛin/ | regan /ˈreɡan/ | regn /rejn/ | reyn /rɛin/ | regen /ˈreɡən/ | 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 /riɡn/ |
| Snow | snēo /ˈsneːo/ | snē /sneː/ | snēo /sneːo/ | snāw /snɑːw/ | snow /snɔu/ | snē /sneː/ | 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 /snɛːws/ |
| Wind | wind /wind/ | wind /wind/ | wint /wint/ | wind /wind/ | wind /wind/ | wint /wɪnt/ | 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 /winds/ |
| Earth | ertha /erθa/ | irthe /irθe/ | erda /ˈɛrda/ | eorðe /eorðe/ | erthe /ɛrθə/ | erde /ˈɛrdə/ | 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 /ɛrθa/ |
| Stone | stēn /steːn/ | stēn /steːn/ | stein /stein/ | stān /stɑːn/ | ston /stɔːn/ | stein /stɛin/ | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 /stɛːns/ |
| Mountain | berg /berɡ/ | berch /berx/ | berg /berɡ/ | beorg /beorɡ/ | mountayne /ˈmuːntain/ | berc /bɛrk/ | 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 /ˈfɛrɡuni/ |
| Sea | seo /ˈseːo/ | sē /seː/ | meri /ˈmeri/ | sǣ /sæː/ | see /sɛː/ | mer /mɛr/ | 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 /ˈmareː/ |
| Mother | modar /ˈmoːdar/ | moder /moːdeɾ/ | muoter /ˈmuotɛr/ | mōdor /moːdor/ | moder /moːdər/ | muoter /ˈmuoːtər/ | 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 /aiθiː/ |
| Father | fader /ˈfadər/ | feder /fedeɾ/ | fater /ˈfatɛr/ | fæder /fæder/ | fader /faːdər/ | vater /ˈfatər/ | 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 /ɑtːɑ/ |
| Daughter | dohtar /ˈdoxtar/ | dochter /ˈdoxteɾ/ | tohter /ˈtoxtɛr/ | dohtor /ˈdoxtor/ | doughter /ˈdouxtər/ | tohter /ˈtoxtər/ | 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 /dɔːhtar/ |
| I | ik /ik/ | ik /ik/ | ih /ix/ | ic /itʃ/ | I /iː/ | ich /ix/ | 𐌹𐌺 /ik/ |
| You | thu /θuː/ | thū /θuː/ | du /duː/ | þū /θuː/ | thou /θuː/ | dû /duː/ | 𐌸𐌿 /θuː/ |
| We | wī /wiː/ | wī /wiː/ | wir /wir/ | wē /weː/ | we /weː/ | wir /wir/ | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 /wiːs/ |
| Name | namo /ˈnamo/ | nama /ˈnama/ | namo /ˈnamo/ | nama /ˈnɑma/ | name /ˈnaːmə/ | name /ˈnamə/ | 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 /nɑmoː/ |
| Person | man /man/ | — | mennisco /ˈmenːisko/ | mann /mɑnn/ | man /man/ | mensch /mɛnʃ/ | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 /ˈmanːa/ |
| Head | hōbid /ˈhoːβid/ | hāved /ˈhaːved/ | houbit /ˈhoubit/ | hēafod /ˈhæːɑvod/ | hed /hɛːd/ | houbet /ˈhoubət/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 /ˈhɔːβiθ/ |
| Eye | ōga /ˈoːɡa/ | āge /aːɣe/ | ouga /ˈouɡa/ | ēage /æːɑɣe/ | eye /iːə/ | ouge /ˈouɡə/ | 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 /ɑuɣoː/ |
| Ear | ōra /ˈoːra/ | are /ˈaːrə/ | ōra /ˈoːra/ | ēare /æːɑre/ | ere /ɛːrə/ | ōre /ˈoːrə/ | 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 /ˈau̯soː/ |
| Nose | nasa /nasa/ | nose /nozə/ | nasa /nasa/ | nosu /nozu/ | nose /nɔːzə/ | nase /nazə/ | — |
| Mouth | mūth /muːθ/ | mūth /muːθ/ | mund /munt/ | mūþ /muːθ/ | mouth /muːθ/ | munt /munt/ | 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 /munθs/ |
| Tooth | tand /tand/ | tōth /toːθ/ | zand /tsand/ | tōþ /toːθ/ | tooth /toːθ/ | zan /tsan/ | 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 /tunθus/ |
| Tongue | tunga /ˈtuŋɡa/ | tunge /ˈtuŋɡe/ | zunga /ˈtsuŋɡa/ | tunge /ˈtuŋɡe/ | tonge /ˈtɔŋɡə/ | zunge /ˈtsuŋɡə/ | 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 /tuŋɡoː/ |
| Hand | hand /hand/ | hond /hond/ | hant /hant/ | hand /hɑnd/ | hand /hand/ | hant /hant/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 /hɑndus/ |
| Foot | fōt /foːt/ | fōt /foːt/ | fuoz /fuo̯s/ | fōt /foːt/ | fot /foːt/ | vuoz /ˈvuo̯s/ | 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 /foːtus/ |
| Heart | herta /ˈherta/ | herte /heɾte/ | herza /ˈhertsa/ | heorte /ˈheorte/ | herte /hɛrtə/ | herze /ˈhertsə/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 /hɛrtoː/ |
| Bone | bēn /beːn/ | bēn /beːn/ | bein /bein/ | bān /bɑːn/ | bon /bɔːn/ | bein /bein/ | — /—/ |
| Blood | blōd /bloːd/ | blōd /bloːd/ | bluot /bluot/ | blōd /bloːd/ | blood /bloːd/ | bluot /bluot/ | 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 /bloːθ/ |
| Love | minnea /ˈminːea/ | minne /minːe/ | minna /ˈminna/ | lufu /luvu/ | love /ˈluvə/ | minne /ˈminːə/ | 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌸𐍅𐌰 /friɑθwɑ/ |
| Tree | bōm /boːm/ | bām /baːm/ | boum /boum/ | trēow /treːow/ | tre /treː/ | boum /boum/ | 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 /bɑɣms/ |
| Dog | hund /hund/ | hund /hund/ | hunt /hunt/ | hund /hund/ | hound /huːnd/ | hunt /hunt/ | 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 /hunds/ |
| Cat | katta /ˈkatːa/ | katte /katːe/ | kazza /ˈkatsa/ | catt /kɑtt/ | catte /katːə/ | katze /ˈkatsə/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | fisk /fisk/ | fisk /fisk/ | fisc /fisk/ | fisc /fisk/ | fisch /fiʃ/ | visch /viʃ/ | 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 /fisks/ |
| Bird | fugal /ˈfuɡal/ | fugel /ˈfuɡəl/ | fogal /ˈfoɡal/ | fugol /ˈfuɣol/ | brid /brid/ | vogel /ˈfoɡəl/ | 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 /fuɡls/ |
| Egg | ei /ɛi/ | ei /ɛi/ | ei /ɛi/ | ǣġ /æːj/ | ey /ɛiː/ | ei /ɛi/ | — |
| Bear | bero /ˈbero/ | — | bero /ˈbero/ | bera /ˈbera/ | bere /ˈbɛːrə/ | ber /bɛr/ | — |
| Horse | hros /hros/ | hors /hors/ | ros /ros/ | hors /hors/ | hors /hɔrs/ | ros /rɔs/ | — |
| House | hūs /huːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | hous /huːs/ | hûs /huːs/ | 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 /rɑzn/ |
| Milk | miluk /ˈmiluk/ | melok /ˈmelok/ | miluh /ˈmilux/ | meoluc /ˈmeoluk/ | milk /milk/ | milch /milç/ | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 /miluks/ |
| Honey | huneg /ˈhunɛɣ/ | hunich /ˈhunix/ | honag /ˈhonaɡ/ | hunig /ˈhunij/ | hony /ˈhɔni/ | honec /ˈhonɛk/ | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 /miliθ/ |
| Salt | salt /salt/ | salt /salt/ | salz /salts/ | sealt /sæɑlt/ | salt /salt/ | salz /salts/ | 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄 /salt/ |
| Wine | wīn /wiːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | wyn /wiːn/ | wīn /viːn/ | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 /wiːn/ |
| Iron | īsarn /ˈiːsarn/ | īsern /ˈiːsern/ | īsarn /ˈiːsarn/ | īsern /ˈiːsern/ | iren /ˈiːrən/ | īsen /ˈiːzən/ | 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 /iːsarn/ |
| Wheel | rath /raθ/ | hwēl /hweːl/ | rad /rat/ | hwēol /ˈhweːol/ | whel /hweːl/ | rat /rat/ | — |
| Book | bōk /boːk/ | bōk /boːk/ | buoh /buox/ | bōc /boːk/ | bok /boːk/ | buoch /buox/ | 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 /ˈboːkoːs/ |
| Eat | etan /ˈetan/ | eta /etɑ/ | ezzan /ˈetsan/ | etan /etɑn/ | eten /eːtən/ | ezzen /ˈetsən/ | 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 /mɑtjɑn/ |
| Drink | drinkan /ˈdrinkan/ | drinka /dɾinkɑ/ | trinkan /ˈtrinkan/ | drincan /drinkɑn/ | drinken /ˈdrinkən/ | trinken /ˈtrinkən/ | 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌽 /driŋkɑn/ |
| Sleep | slāpan /ˈslɑːpan/ | slēpa /ˈsleːpa/ | slāfan /ˈslɑːfan/ | slǣpan /slæːpɑn/ | slepen /ˈslɛːpən/ | slāfen /ˈslɑːfən/ | 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 /sleːpan/ |
| One | ēn /eːn/ | ān /aːn/ | ein /ein/ | ān /aːn/ | oon /oːn/ | ein /ein/ | 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 /ains/ |
| Two | twēne /ˈtweːne/ | twā /twaː/ | zwei /tswei/ | twā /twɑː/ | two /twɔː/ | zwei /tsweɪ/ | 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 /twai/ |
| Three | thrie /θriː/ | thrē /θreː/ | drī /driː/ | þrī /θriː/ | thre /θreː/ | drî /driː/ | 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 /θriːs/ |
| Four | fiuwar /ˈfiuwar/ | fiuwer /ˈfiuwer/ | fior /fioːr/ | fēower /ˈfeːower/ | four /four/ | vier /fiːr/ | 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 /fidwoːr/ |
| Five | fīf /fiːf/ | fīf /fiːf/ | fimf /fimf/ | fīf /fiːf/ | fyve /fiːvə/ | vünf /fynf/ | 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 /fimf/ |
| Hundred | hund /hund/ | hundred /hundred/ | hunt /hunt/ | hund /hund/ | hundred /ˈhundrəd/ | hundert /ˈhundərt/ | 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 /hund/ |
| Hello | heil /heil/ | heil /heil/ | heil /heil/ | wes hāl /wes haːl/ | hail /hɛːl/ | gegrüezet /ɡəˈɡryːətsət/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 /hails/ |
| Thank you | thank /θaŋk/ | thank /θank/ | danc /daŋk/ | þanc /θɑnk/ | thank /θank/ | danc /daŋk/ | 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐍃 /θɑŋks/ |
| Good | gōd /ɡoːd/ | gōd /ɡoːd/ | guot /ɡuot/ | gōd /ɡoːd/ | good /ɡoːd/ | guot /ɡuoːt/ | 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 /ɡoːθs/ |
| New | niuwi /ˈniuwi/ | nī /niː/ | niuwi /ˈniuwi/ | nīwe /ˈniːwe/ | newe /ˈniuə/ | niuwe /ˈniuwə/ | 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 /ˈniujis/ |
| Red | rōd /roːd/ | rād /raːd/ | rōt /roːt/ | rēad /ræːɑd/ | reed /reːd/ | rôt /roːt/ | 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 /rɔːθs/ |
| White | hwīt /hwiːt/ | hwīt /hwiːt/ | wīz /wiːts/ | hwīt /ʍiːt/ | whit /hwiːt/ | wīz /viːts/ | 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 /ʍiːts/ |
| Black | swart /swart/ | swart /swart/ | swarz /swarts/ | blæc /blæk/ | blak /blak/ | swarz /svarts/ | 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 /swarts/ |
| Green | grōni /ˈɡroːni/ | grēne /ˈɡreːne/ | gruoni /ɡruoni/ | grēne /ɡreːne/ | grene /ɡreːnə/ | grüene /ɡryənə/ | — |
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