Lingaz Ladin
Ladin
Indo-European (Romance, Gallo-Romance, Rhaeto-Romance)
Ladin (lingaz ladin, ladino dolomitano) is a Rhaeto-Romance language spoken in five valleys of the Italian Dolomites — Val Gardena (Gherdëina), Val Badia, Val di Fassa, Livinallongo (Fodom) and Ampezzo — by ~30K people. Together with Romansh (rm) of Switzerland and Friulian (fur) of northeast Italy, it forms the Rhaeto-Romance group, descending from the Latin of Roman colonists in Raetia (15 BCE). Recognized as a minority language under Italian Law 482/1999 and the Trentino-Alto Adige autonomous statute. Each of the five valleys has its own written variety; the SPELL standardization project (1988) created a unified pan-valley Ladin Dolomitan, which remains controversial.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Ladin
Sources
- Ethnologue: lld
- Salvi (1997) Ladin (in Maiden & Parry, The Dialects of Italy)
- Istitut Cultural Ladin Micurà de Rü
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (Romance, Gallo-Romance, Rhaeto-Romance)
| Meaning | Ladin | Lombard | Piedmontese | Friulian | Romansh | Emilian | Valencian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ega /ˈeɡa/ | aqua /ˈaːkwa/ | eva /ˈɛva/ | aghe /ˈaɡe/ | aua /awa/ | âcua /ˈakwa/ | aigua /ˈajɣwa/ |
| Fire | füch /fyk/ | fœg /føːk/ | feu /føː/ | fûc /fuːk/ | fieu /fjew/ | fôg /foɡ/ | foc /fɔk/ |
| Sun | surëdl /suˈrəːdl/ | sô /soː/ | sol /sul/ | soreli /soˈreːli/ | sulegl /suleʎ/ | sôl /ˈsoːl/ | sol /sɔl/ |
| Moon | löna /ˈløːna/ | lüna /ˈlyna/ | lun-a /ˈlyŋa/ | lune /ˈlune/ | glina /ɡlina/ | lónna /ˈlonːa/ | lluna /ˈʎuna/ |
| Star | stëila /ˈstəila/ | stella /ˈstɛla/ | stèila /ˈstɛjla/ | stele /ˈstɛle/ | staila /ˈʃtai̯la/ | strèla /ˈstrɛla/ | estrella /esˈtɾeʎa/ |
| Night | nöt /nøt/ | nocc /nɔtʃ/ | neuit /nøjt/ | gnot /ɲɔt/ | notg /notʃ/ | nòt /nɔt/ | nit /nit/ |
| Rain | pievia /ˈpjɛvja/ | pioeuva /ˈpjøːva/ | pieuva /ˈpjøva/ | ploie /ˈplɔje/ | plievgia /ˈpliəvdʒa/ | piôva /pjova/ | pluja /ˈpluʒa/ |
| Snow | nëif /nəif/ | nev /nɛf/ | fiòca /ˈfjɔka/ | nêf /neːf/ | naiv /naif/ | naiv /najv/ | neu /nɛw/ |
| Wind | vent /vɛnt/ | vent /vɛnt/ | vent /vɛnt/ | vint /vint/ | vent /vɛnt/ | vèint /veint/ | vent /vent/ |
| Earth | tera /tɛra/ | tera /ˈteːra/ | tèra /ˈtɛra/ | tiere /ˈtjɛre/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ | tëra /ˈtɛra/ | terra /ˈtɛra/ |
| Stone | sas /sas/ | sass /sas/ | pera /ˈpera/ | clap /klap/ | crap /krap/ | sas /sas/ | pedra /ˈpeðɾa/ |
| Mountain | crëp /krəp/ | mont /munt/ | montagna /muŋˈtaɲa/ | montagne /monˈtaɲe/ | muntogna /munˈtɔɲa/ | muntâgna /munˈtaɲa/ | muntanya /munˈtaɲa/ |
| Sea | mer /mer/ | mar /mar/ | mar /mar/ | mâr /maːr/ | mar /mar/ | mèr /mɛr/ | mar /maɾ/ |
| Mother | uma /ˈuma/ | mader /ˈmaːder/ | mare /ˈmare/ | mari /ˈmaːri/ | mamma /mama/ | mèder /ˈmɛdɛɾ/ | mare /ˈmaɾe/ |
| Father | pere /ˈpere/ | pader /ˈpaːder/ | pare /ˈpare/ | pari /ˈpaːri/ | bab /bap/ | pèder /ˈpɛdɛɾ/ | pare /ˈpaɾe/ |
| Daughter | fia /ˈfia/ | fiœula /ˈfjøːla/ | fija /ˈfija/ | fie /ˈfie/ | figlia /ˈfiʎa/ | fiòla /ˈfjɔla/ | filla /ˈfiʎa/ |
| I | ie /je/ | mì /mi/ | mi /mi/ | jo /jɔ/ | jau /jaw/ | mè /mɛ/ | jo /jɔ/ |
| You | tu /tu/ | tì /ti/ | ti /ti/ | tu /tu/ | ti /ti/ | tè /tɛ/ | tu /tu/ |
| We | nëus /ˈnəus/ | nun /nyn/ | noi /nuj/ | nô /noː/ | nus /nus/ | nuèter /nuˈɛːter/ | nosaltres /noˈzaltɾes/ |
| Name | inom /iˈnɔm/ | nòmm /nɔm/ | nòm /nɔm/ | non /non/ | num /num/ | nòm /nɔm/ | nom /nɔm/ |
| Person | persona /perˈsona/ | persona /perˈsoːna/ | përson-a /pərˈsuŋa/ | persone /perˈsone/ | persuna /perˈsuna/ | persòuna /perˈsouna/ | persona /peɾˈsona/ |
| Head | cef /tʃɛf/ | coo /kuː/ | testa /ˈtɛsta/ | cjâf /caːf/ | chau /tʃaw/ | tèsta /ˈtɛsta/ | cap /kap/ |
| Eye | uedl /ˈwəːdl/ | öcc /øtʃ/ | euj /øj/ | voli /ˈvoli/ | egl /eʎ/ | ucc /utʃ/ | ull /uʎ/ |
| Ear | orëdla /oˈrədla/ | oreggia /oˈredʒa/ | orija /uˈrija/ | orele /oˈrɛle/ | ureglia /uˈreʎa/ | uraccia /uˈratʃa/ | orella /oˈɾeʎa/ |
| Nose | nas /nas/ | nas /nas/ | nas /nas/ | nâs /naːs/ | nas /nas/ | nas /nas/ | nas /nas/ |
| Mouth | bocia /ˈbotʃa/ | boca /ˈbuka/ | boca /ˈbuka/ | bocje /ˈbɔce/ | bucca /ˈbuka/ | bòca /ˈbɔka/ | boca /ˈboka/ |
| Tooth | dënt /dənt/ | dent /dent/ | dent /dɛŋt/ | dint /dint/ | dent /dɛnt/ | dèint /dɛjnt/ | dent /dent/ |
| Tongue | lenga /ˈlɛŋɡa/ | lengua /ˈleŋɡwa/ | lenga /ˈlɛŋɡa/ | lenghe /ˈleŋɡe/ | lieunga /ˈljɛuŋɡa/ | lèngua /ˈlɛŋɡwa/ | llengua /ˈʎeŋɡwa/ |
| Hand | man /maŋ/ | man /maŋ/ | man /maŋ/ | man /maŋ/ | maun /mawn/ | mân /man/ | mà /ma/ |
| Foot | pe /pe/ | pè /pɛ/ | pé /pe/ | pît /piːt/ | pe /pe/ | pà /pa/ | peu /pɛw/ |
| Heart | cuer /kweɾ/ | cör /kør/ | cheur /kør/ | cûr /kuːr/ | cor /kɔr/ | côr /koːɾ/ | cor /kɔɾ/ |
| Bone | os /ɔs/ | oss /ɔs/ | òss /ɔs/ | vues /vwes/ | oss /ɔs/ | òs /ɔs/ | os /ɔs/ |
| Blood | sanch /saŋk/ | sangu /ˈsaŋɡu/ | sangh /saŋ/ | sanc /saŋk/ | sang /saŋ/ | sangov /ˈsaŋɡov/ | sang /saŋk/ |
| Poop | merda /ˈmɛrda/ | cacca /ˈkaka/ | caca /ˈkaka/ | cacan /kaˈkaŋ/ | cac /kak/ | caca /ˈkaka/ | caca /ˈkaka/ |
| Love | amor /aˈmoɾ/ | amor /aˈmuːr/ | amor /aˈmur/ | amôr /aˈmoːr/ | amur /amur/ | amôr /aˈmoːɾ/ | amor /aˈmoɾ/ |
| Tree | albe /ˈalbe/ | alber /ˈɑːrbɛr/ | àrbol /ˈarbul/ | arbul /ˈarbul/ | planta /planta/ | arbal /ˈaɾbal/ | arbre /ˈaɾbɾe/ |
| Dog | cian /tʃaŋ/ | can /kan/ | can /kaŋ/ | cjan /caŋ/ | chaun /tʃawn/ | can /kan/ | gos /ɡos/ |
| Cat | giat /dʒat/ | gat /ɡat/ | gat /ɡat/ | gjat /ɟat/ | giat /dʒat/ | gât /ɡat/ | gat /ɡat/ |
| Fish | pësc /pəʃ/ | pess /pes/ | pess /pes/ | pes /pes/ | pesch /peʃ/ | pès /pɛs/ | peix /pejʃ/ |
| Bird | uciel /uˈtʃɛl/ | usèll /yzɛl/ | osel /uˈzɛl/ | ucel /uˈtʃel/ | utschè /uˈtʃɛ/ | usèl /uˈzɛl/ | ocell /oˈseʎ/ |
| Butterfly | pavël /paˈvəl/ | parpaj /parˈpaj/ | parpajon /parpaˈjuŋ/ | pavee /paˈvee/ | spler /ʃpler/ | parpàja /parˈpaja/ | papallona /papaˈʎona/ |
| Egg | uef /uɛf/ | öv /øf/ | euv /øw/ | ûf /uːf/ | ov /ɔf/ | ôv /oːv/ | ou /ɔw/ |
| Bear | lors /lors/ | ors /ors/ | ors /urs/ | ors /ors/ | urs /urs/ | aurs /aurs/ | ós /os/ |
| Horse | ciaval /tʃaˈval/ | cavall /kaˈval/ | caval /kaˈval/ | cjaval /caˈval/ | chaval /tʃaˈval/ | cavàl /kaˈval/ | cavall /kaˈvaʎ/ |
| House | ciasa /ˈtʃaza/ | cà /kaː/ | ca /ka/ | cjase /ˈcaːse/ | chasa /tʃaza/ | cà /ka/ | casa /ˈkaza/ |
| Milk | lat /lat/ | latt /lat/ | làit /lɑɪ̯t/ | lat /lat/ | latg /latɕ/ | làt /lat/ | llet /ʎet/ |
| Honey | mel /mɛl/ | mel /mɛl/ | amel /aˈmɛl/ | mîl /miːl/ | mel /mɛl/ | mêl /meːl/ | mel /mɛl/ |
| Salt | sèl /sɛl/ | sal /sal/ | sal /sal/ | sâl /saːl/ | sal /sal/ | sèl /sɛl/ | sal /sal/ |
| Wine | vin /viŋ/ | vin /viŋ/ | vin /viŋ/ | vin /viŋ/ | vin /vin/ | vén /veŋ/ | vi /vi/ |
| Rice | riji /ˈriʒi/ | ris /ris/ | ris /ris/ | ris /ris/ | ris /ris/ | rîs /riːs/ | arròs /aˈrɔs/ |
| Chocolate | cicolata /tʃikoˈlata/ | cicolat /tʃikuˈlat/ | cicolata /tʃikuˈlata/ | cjocolate /cokoˈlate/ | tschigulatta /tʃiɡuˈlata/ | cecolèta /tʃeˈkolɛːta/ | xocolate /tʃokoˈlate/ |
| Iron | fer /fɛr/ | fèr /fɛr/ | fer /fɛr/ | fiêr /fjeːr/ | fier /fjɛr/ | fèr /fɛr/ | ferro /ˈfɛro/ |
| Wheel | roda /ˈroda/ | roeuda /ˈrøːda/ | roa /ˈrua/ | ruede /ˈrwede/ | roda /ˈroda/ | róda /ˈroda/ | roda /ˈrɔða/ |
| Silk | seida /ˈseida/ | seda /ˈseːda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | sede /ˈsede/ | saida /ˈsai̯da/ | séda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseða/ |
| Book | liber /ˈliber/ | liber /ˈliber/ | lìber /ˈliber/ | libri /ˈlibri/ | cudesch /ˈkudɛʃ/ | lîber /ˈliːber/ | llibre /ˈʎibɾe/ |
| Eat | mangé /manˈdʒe/ | mangià /maɲˈdʒaː/ | mangé /maɲˈdʒe/ | mangjâ /manˈɲaː/ | mangiar /mandʒar/ | magnèr /maˈɲɛɾ/ | menjar /meɲˈdʒaɾ/ |
| Drink | bever /ˈbever/ | bev /bev/ | bèive /ˈbɛive/ | bevi /ˈbeːvi/ | baiver /bajver/ | bevvre /ˈbevːɾe/ | beure /ˈbewɾe/ |
| Sleep | durmì /durˈmi/ | dormì /durˈmi/ | durmì /dyrˈmi/ | durmî /durˈmiː/ | durmir /durˈmir/ | durmìr /durˈmir/ | dormir /doɾˈmiɾ/ |
| One | un /un/ | vün /vyŋ/ | un /yŋ/ | un /uŋ/ | in /in/ | un /un/ | un /un/ |
| Two | doi /dɔi/ | duu /dy/ | doi /dui/ | doi /doj/ | dus /dus/ | dû /duː/ | dos /dos/ |
| Three | trëi /ˈtrəi/ | trii /triː/ | tre /trɛ/ | trê /treː/ | trais /trais/ | trî /triː/ | tres /tɾes/ |
| Four | cater /ˈkater/ | quater /ˈkwater/ | quatr /kwatr/ | cuatri /ˈkwatri/ | quatter /ˈkwatər/ | quàter /ˈkwatər/ | quatre /ˈkwatɾe/ |
| Five | cinch /tʃiŋk/ | cinch /tʃiŋk/ | sinch /siŋk/ | cinc /tʃiŋk/ | tschintg /tʃiŋk/ | sînch /siːŋk/ | cinc /siŋk/ |
| Hundred | cënt /tʃənt/ | cent /tʃent/ | sent /sɛŋt/ | cent /tʃent/ | tschient /tʃient/ | sènt /sɛnt/ | cent /sent/ |
| Hello | bun de /buŋ ˈde/ | ciao /ˈtʃaːo/ | ciao /tʃao/ | mandi /ˈmandi/ | allegra /aleɡra/ | cciô /tʃoː/ | hola /ˈola/ |
| Thank you | dilan /diˈlaŋ/ | gràzie /ˈɡrasje/ | gràssie /ˈɡrasie/ | graziis /ˈɡraːtsjis/ | grazia /ɡratsia/ | gràzie /ˈɡɾaːtsje/ | gràcies /ˈɡɾasies/ |
| Good | bon /boŋ/ | bun /buŋ/ | bon /buŋ/ | bon /boŋ/ | bun /bun/ | bón /bon/ | bo /bɔ/ |
| New | nuef /nuɛf/ | nœuv /nøf/ | neuv /nøw/ | gnûf /ɲuːf/ | nov /nɔf/ | nôv /noːv/ | nou /nɔw/ |
| Red | cuecen /ˈkwetʃən/ | ross /rɔs/ | ross /rus/ | ros /ros/ | cotschen /ˈkotʃən/ | ròss /rɔs/ | roig /rɔtʃ/ |
| White | blanch /blaŋk/ | bianch /bjaŋk/ | bianch /bjaŋk/ | blanc /blaŋk/ | alv /alf/ | biânc /bjaŋk/ | blanc /blaŋk/ |
| Black | fosch /fosk/ | negher /ˈneɡer/ | nèir /nɛjr/ | neri /ˈneri/ | nair /nair/ | négher /ˈneɡer/ | negre /ˈneɣɾe/ |
| Green | vërt /vərt/ | verd /vert/ | verd /vɛrt/ | vert /vɛrt/ | verd /vɛrt/ | vérd /verd/ | verd /vɛɾt/ |
| Blue | brum /brum/ | blö /blø/ | bleu /blø/ | — | blau /blaw/ | — | blau /blaw/ |
| Cuckoo | cuch /kuk/ | cùcch /kuk/ | coco /ˈkuku/ | cuc /kuk/ | cucu /ˈkuku/ | còc /kɔk/ | cucut /kuˈkut/ |
| Computer | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /kɔmˈpjuːtər/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | ordinador /oɾðinaˈðoɾ/ |
| Sushi | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ |
| Orange | naranza /naˈrantsa/ | naranz /naˈrans/ | aransa /aˈraŋsa/ | naranç /naˈraŋts/ | aranscha /aˈraŋʃa/ | naranza /naˈraŋza/ | taronja /taˈɾɔɲdʒa/ |
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