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Dante-era Italian
Indo-European (Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Tuscan) · historical / hidden variety
Old Italian (italiano antico) is the literary Florentine Tuscan of the "Three Crowns" of the 14th century: Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy (~1308-1320), Petrarch's Canzoniere (~1350), and Boccaccio's Decameron (~1353). Foundational to the Italian literary canon and the basis on which Pietro Bembo's Prose della volgar lingua (1525) standardized Modern Italian. Distinguishing features from Modern Italian (it): foco (vs fuoco), bevere (vs bere), core (vs cuore), mercede (vs grazie); passato remoto used as default narrative tense; archaic articles (lo, li) before consonant clusters; ellisi-rich syntax; Provençal/Sicilian poetic vocabulary borrowings. Pronunciation reflects 14c. Tuscan: closed /e o/ in many words later opened in Modern standard, intervocalic /s/ voiced /z/ throughout (preserved in Modern Tuscan accent), unraised /i u/ in checked syllables. Taught canonically in Italian schools (Liceo Classico) for reading the Divine Comedy and the Tuscan canon.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Dante-era Italian
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Tuscan)
| Meaning | Dante-era Italian | Italian | Corsican | Sicilian | Venetian | Interlingua | Neapolitan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | acqua /ˈakːwa/ | acqua /ˈakkwa/ | acqua /ˈakwa/ | acqua /ˈakkwa/ | aqua /ˈakwa/ | aqua /akwa/ | acqua /ˈakkwə/ |
| Fire | foco /ˈfɔko/ | fuoco /ˈfwɔːko/ | focu /ˈfɔku/ | focu /ˈfɔku/ | fogo /ˈfoɡo/ | foco /fɔko/ | fuoco /ˈfwɔkə/ |
| Sun | sole /ˈsole/ | sole /ˈsoːle/ | sole /ˈsɔle/ | suli /ˈsuli/ | sol /sol/ | sol /sɔl/ | sole /ˈsolə/ |
| Moon | luna /ˈluna/ | luna /ˈluːna/ | luna /ˈluna/ | luna /ˈluna/ | łuna /ˈuna/ | luna /luna/ | luna /ˈlunə/ |
| Star | stella /ˈstella/ | stella /ˈstɛlla/ | stella /ˈstella/ | stidda /ˈstɪɖːa/ | stela /ˈstela/ | stella /ˈstɛla/ | stella /ˈstellə/ |
| Night | notte /ˈnotte/ | notte /ˈnɔtte/ | notte /ˈnɔtːe/ | notti /ˈnɔtti/ | note /ˈnɔte/ | nocte /ˈnokte/ | notte /ˈnɔttə/ |
| Rain | piova /ˈpjɔːva/ | pioggia /ˈpjɔddʒa/ | pioggia /ˈpjɔdʒa/ | chiuvuta /kjuˈvuta/ | piova /ˈpjɔva/ | pluvia /ˈpluvia/ | chiòve /ˈkjɔːvə/ |
| Snow | neve /ˈneve/ | neve /neːve/ | neve /ˈneve/ | nivi /ˈniːvi/ | neve /neve/ | nive /nive/ | neve /ˈneːvə/ |
| Wind | vento /ˈvɛnto/ | vento /ˈvento/ | ventu /ˈventu/ | ventu /ˈvɛntu/ | vento /ˈvento/ | vento /ˈvento/ | viento /ˈvjendə/ |
| Earth | terra /ˈtɛrra/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ | tera /ˈtɛra/ | terra /ˈtɛra/ | terra /ˈtɛrːə/ |
| Stone | pietra /ˈpjɛtra/ | pietra /ˈpjɛːtra/ | petra /ˈpɛtra/ | petra /ˈpɛːtra/ | piera /ˈpjɛra/ | petra /ˈpetra/ | preta /ˈprɛtə/ |
| Mountain | montagna /monˈtaɲɲa/ | montagna /monˈtaɲːa/ | muntagna /munˈtaɲɲa/ | muntagna /munˈtaɲɲa/ | montagna /monˈtaɲa/ | montania /monˈtania/ | muntagna /munˈdaɲːə/ |
| Sea | mare /ˈmare/ | mare /ˈmare/ | mare /ˈmare/ | mari /ˈmari/ | mar /mar/ | mar /mar/ | mare /ˈmarə/ |
| Mother | madre /ˈmaːdre/ | madre /ˈmaːdre/ | mamma /ˈmamma/ | matri /ˈmatri/ | mare /ˈmare/ | matre /matre/ | mamma /ˈmammə/ |
| Father | padre /ˈpaːdre/ | padre /ˈpaːdre/ | babbu /ˈbabːu/ | patri /ˈpatri/ | pare /pare/ | patre /patre/ | pate /ˈpatə/ |
| Daughter | figlia /ˈfiʎʎa/ | figlia /ˈfiʎʎa/ | figliola /fiʎˈʎola/ | figghia /ˈfiɟɟa/ | fioła /ˈfjɔe̯a/ | filia /ˈfilia/ | figlia /ˈfiʎʎə/ |
| I | io /ˈio/ | io /ˈio/ | eiu /ˈɛju/ | iu /ju/ | mi /mi/ | io /ˈio/ | io /ˈiːə/ |
| You | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | tù /tu/ | tu /tu/ | ti /ti/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ |
| We | noi /ˈnoi/ | noi /noi/ | noi /ˈnoi/ | nuàutri /nuˈawtri/ | noaltri /noˈaltri/ | nos /nos/ | nuje /ˈnujə/ |
| Name | nome /ˈnoːme/ | nome /ˈnome/ | nome /ˈnome/ | nomu /ˈnɔmu/ | nome /ˈnome/ | nomine /ˈnomine/ | nomme /ˈnommə/ |
| Person | persona /perˈsona/ | persona /perˈsona/ | persona /perˈsona/ | pirsuna /pirˈsuna/ | persona /perˈsona/ | persona /perˈsona/ | perzona /perˈtsonə/ |
| Head | testa /ˈtɛsta/ | testa /ˈtɛsta/ | capu /ˈkapu/ | testa /ˈtɛsta/ | tèsta /ˈtɛsta/ | capite /ˈkapite/ | capa /ˈkapə/ |
| Eye | occhio /ˈɔkːjo/ | occhio /ˈɔkkjo/ | ochju /ˈɔcu/ | occhiu /ˈɔkkju/ | ocio /ɔtʃo/ | oculo /okulo/ | uocchio /ˈwɔkkjə/ |
| Ear | orecchio /oˈrɛkkjo/ | orecchio /oˈrekkjo/ | arechja /aˈrɛca/ | aricchia /aˈrikkja/ | récia /ˈretʃa/ | aure /ˈawre/ | 'recchia /ˈrɛkkjə/ |
| Nose | naso /ˈnaso/ | naso /ˈnaːzo/ | nasu /ˈnazu/ | nasu /ˈnaːsu/ | naxo /ˈnazo/ | naso /ˈnazo/ | naso /ˈnaːsə/ |
| Mouth | bocca /ˈbokka/ | bocca /ˈbokka/ | bocca /ˈbɔkka/ | vucca /ˈvukka/ | boca /ˈboka/ | bucca /ˈbuka/ | vocca /ˈvokkə/ |
| Tooth | dente /ˈdente/ | dente /ˈdɛnte/ | dente /ˈdɛnte/ | denti /ˈdɛnti/ | dente /ˈdente/ | dente /ˈdente/ | dente /ˈdɛntə/ |
| Tongue | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ | lingua /ˈlinɡwa/ | léngua /ˈleŋɡwa/ | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ | lengua /ˈlɛŋɡwə/ |
| Hand | mano /ˈmano/ | mano /ˈmaːno/ | manu /ˈmanu/ | manu /ˈmanu/ | man /man/ | mano /mano/ | mano /ˈmanə/ |
| Foot | piede /ˈpjɛde/ | piede /ˈpjɛde/ | pede /ˈpɛde/ | pedi /ˈpɛdi/ | pìe /ˈpie/ | pede /pede/ | pere /ˈpɛːrə/ |
| Heart | core /ˈkɔre/ | cuore /ˈkwɔːre/ | core /ˈkɔre/ | cori /ˈkɔri/ | cor /kɔr/ | corde /kɔrde/ | core /ˈkorə/ |
| Bone | osso /ˈɔsːo/ | osso /ˈɔsso/ | ossu /ˈɔssu/ | ossu /ˈɔssu/ | oso /ˈɔso/ | osso /ˈosso/ | uosso /ˈwɔssə/ |
| Blood | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ | sangu /ˈsaŋɡu/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ | sanguine /sanˈɡwine/ | sango /ˈsaŋɡə/ |
| Poop | merda /ˈmɛrda/ | cacca /ˈkakka/ | caca /ˈkaka/ | cacca /ˈkakka/ | caca /ˈkaka/ | caca /ˈkaka/ | cacca /ˈkakːə/ |
| Love | amore /aˈmore/ | amore /aˈmoːre/ | amore /aˈmɔre/ | amuri /aˈmuri/ | amor /amor/ | amor /amor/ | ammore /amˈmorə/ |
| Tree | albero /ˈalbero/ | albero /ˈalbero/ | arburu /ˈarburu/ | àrbulu /ˈarbulu/ | àlbaro /ˈalbaro/ | arbore /arbore/ | àrvero /ˈarvərə/ |
| Dog | cane /ˈkane/ | cane /ˈkaːne/ | cane /ˈkane/ | cani /ˈkani/ | can /kaŋ/ | can /kan/ | cane /ˈkanə/ |
| Cat | gatto /ˈɡatːo/ | gatto /ˈɡatto/ | ghjattu /ˈɟattu/ | jattu /ˈjattu/ | gato /ˈɡato/ | catto /katto/ | jatto /ˈjattə/ |
| Fish | pesce /ˈpeʃʃe/ | pesce /ˈpeʃʃe/ | pesciu /ˈpeʃu/ | pisci /ˈpiʃi/ | pesse /ˈpese/ | pisce /ˈpiʃe/ | pesce /ˈpeʃʃə/ |
| Bird | uccello /utˈtʃɛlːo/ | uccello /utˈtʃɛllo/ | uccellu /utˈtʃɛllu/ | aceddu /aˈtʃɛɖːu/ | oxeło /oˈzeo/ | ave /ˈave/ | auciello /auˈtʃiɛllə/ |
| Butterfly | farfalla /farˈfalla/ | farfalla /farˈfalla/ | farfalla /farˈfalla/ | parpagghiuni /parpaɟˈɟuni/ | pavegia /paˈvedʒa/ | papilion /papiliˈon/ | palomma /paˈlommə/ |
| Egg | uovo /ˈwɔːvo/ | uovo /ˈwɔːvo/ | ovu /ˈɔvu/ | ovu /ˈɔvu/ | vovo /ˈvɔvo/ | ovo /ˈovo/ | uovo /ˈuːovə/ |
| Bear | orso /ˈorso/ | orso /ˈorso/ | orsu /ˈorsu/ | ursu /ˈursu/ | orso /ˈorso/ | urso /ˈurso/ | urzo /ˈurtsə/ |
| Horse | cavallo /kaˈvallo/ | cavallo /kaˈvallo/ | cavallu /kaˈvallu/ | cavaddu /kaˈvaɖːu/ | caval /kaˈval/ | cavallo /kaˈvalo/ | cavallo /kaˈvallə/ |
| House | casa /ˈkasa/ | casa /ˈkaːsa/ | casa /ˈkaza/ | casa /ˈkasa/ | caxa /ˈkaza/ | casa /kasa/ | casa /ˈkasə/ |
| Milk | latte /ˈlatte/ | latte /ˈlatte/ | latte /ˈlatte/ | latti /ˈlatti/ | late /ˈlate/ | lacte /ˈlakte/ | latte /ˈlattə/ |
| Honey | miele /ˈmjɛːle/ | miele /ˈmjɛːle/ | mele /ˈmɛle/ | meli /ˈmɛli/ | miel /mjɛl/ | melle /ˈmɛle/ | mèle /ˈmɛːlə/ |
| Salt | sale /ˈsale/ | sale /ˈsale/ | sale /ˈsale/ | sali /ˈsali/ | sal /sal/ | sal /sal/ | sale /ˈsalə/ |
| Wine | vino /ˈvino/ | vino /ˈvino/ | vinu /ˈvinu/ | vinu /ˈvinu/ | vin /viŋ/ | vino /ˈvino/ | vino /ˈvinə/ |
| Iron | ferro /ˈfɛrro/ | ferro /ˈfɛrro/ | ferru /ˈfɛrru/ | ferru /ˈfɛrru/ | fero /ˈfɛro/ | ferro /ˈfɛrro/ | fierro /ˈfjɛrrə/ |
| Wheel | rota /ˈrɔta/ | ruota /ˈrwɔta/ | rota /ˈrɔta/ | rota /ˈrɔːta/ | roda /ˈrɔda/ | rota /ˈrɔta/ | rota /ˈrɔːtə/ |
| Book | libro /ˈlibro/ | libro /ˈliːbro/ | libru /ˈlibru/ | libbru /ˈlibbru/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | libbro /ˈlibbərə/ |
| Eat | mangiare /manˈdʒare/ | mangiare /manˈdʒaːre/ | manghjà /manˈɟa/ | manciari /manˈtʃari/ | magnàr /maˈɲar/ | manducar /mandukar/ | mangià /manˈdʒa/ |
| Drink | bevere /ˈbevere/ | bere /ˈbeːre/ | beie /ˈbeje/ | vìviri /ˈviviri/ | bévar /ˈbevar/ | biber /biber/ | vevere /ˈvevərə/ |
| Sleep | dormire /dorˈmire/ | dormire /dorˈmiːre/ | durmì /durˈmi/ | dòrmiri /ˈdɔrmɪrɪ/ | dormir /dorˈmir/ | dormir /dorˈmir/ | durmì /durˈmiː/ |
| One | uno /ˈuno/ | uno /ˈuːno/ | unu /ˈunu/ | unu /ˈunu/ | un /un/ | un /un/ | uno /ˈunə/ |
| Two | due /ˈduːe/ | due /ˈdue/ | dui /ˈdui/ | dui /ˈduɪ/ | do /do/ | duo /ˈduo/ | duje /ˈduːjə/ |
| Three | tre /tre/ | tre /tre/ | trè /trɛ/ | tri /tri/ | tre /tre/ | tres /tres/ | tre /trɛ/ |
| Four | quattro /ˈkwatːro/ | quattro /ˈkwattro/ | quattru /ˈkwatːru/ | quattru /ˈkwattru/ | quatro /ˈkwatro/ | quatro /ˈkwatro/ | quatto /ˈkwattə/ |
| Five | cinque /ˈtʃiŋkwe/ | cinque /ˈtʃiŋkwe/ | cinque /ˈtʃiŋkwe/ | cincu /ˈtʃiŋku/ | sìnque /ˈsiŋkwe/ | cinque /ˈtʃiŋkwe/ | cinche /ˈtʃiŋkə/ |
| Hundred | cento /ˈtʃɛnto/ | cento /ˈtʃɛnto/ | centu /ˈtʃɛntu/ | centu /ˈtʃɛntu/ | sento /ˈsento/ | cento /ˈtʃento/ | ciento /ˈtʃjentə/ |
| Hello | salute /saˈlute/ | ciao /ˈtʃaːo/ | salute /saˈlute/ | salutamu /salutamu/ | ciao /tʃao/ | salute /salute/ | uè /wɛ/ |
| Thank you | mercede /merˈtʃede/ | grazie /ˈɡrattsje/ | grazie /ˈɡratsje/ | grazii /ˈɡrattsii/ | grassie /ɡrasje/ | gratias /ɡratias/ | grazie /ˈɡratsjə/ |
| Good | buono /ˈbwɔno/ | buono /ˈbwɔːno/ | bonu /ˈbɔnu/ | bonu /ˈbɔnu/ | bon /bon/ | bon /bon/ | buono /ˈbwɔnə/ |
| New | novo /ˈnɔvo/ | nuovo /ˈnwɔːvo/ | novu /ˈnɔvu/ | novu /ˈnɔvu/ | novo /ˈnovo/ | nove /ˈnove/ | nuovo /ˈnwɔvə/ |
| Red | rosso /ˈrosso/ | rosso /ˈrosso/ | rossu /ˈrossu/ | russu /ˈrussu/ | róso /ˈroso/ | rubie /ˈrubie/ | russo /ˈrussə/ |
| White | bianco /ˈbjaŋko/ | bianco /ˈbjaŋko/ | biancu /ˈbjaŋku/ | biancu /ˈbjaŋku/ | bianco /ˈbjaŋko/ | blanc /blaŋk/ | janco /ˈjaŋkə/ |
| Black | nero /ˈnero/ | nero /ˈnero/ | neru /ˈneru/ | nìuru /ˈniuru/ | negro /ˈneɡro/ | nigre /ˈniɡre/ | niro /ˈnirə/ |
| Green | verde /ˈverde/ | verde /ˈverde/ | verde /ˈverde/ | virdi /ˈvɪrdɪ/ | verde /ˈverde/ | verde /ˈverde/ | verde /ˈverdə/ |
| Cuckoo | cucco /ˈkukko/ | cuculo /ˈkuːkulo/ | cuccu /ˈkukku/ | cuccu /ˈkukku/ | cucù /kuˈku/ | cucu /ˈkuku/ | cucù /kuˈku/ |
| Computer | abbaco /abˈbaːko/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | urdinatore /urdinaˈtore/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computator /komputaˈtor/ | computer /komˈpjutə/ |
| Sushi | tonnina /tonˈniːna/ | sushi /ˈsuʃʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ |
| Orange | arancia /aˈrantʃa/ | arancia /aˈrantʃa/ | aranciu /aˈrantʃu/ | aranciu /aˈrantʃu/ | naranza /naˈraŋsa/ | orange /oˈrandʒe/ | arancia /aˈrantʃə/ |
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