Emiliàn
Emilian
Indo-European
Emilian (Emiliàn) is a Gallo-Italic Romance language of the Emilia sub-region of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, distinct from neighboring Romagnol (rgn — Romagna sub-region) and from sister Gallo-Italic languages Lombard, Piedmontese, Ligurian, and Venetian. Spoken by ~2M people in the cities of Bologna, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Parma, and Piacenza, Emilian shows strong urban-vs-rural variation and significant Po Valley substrate. Linguistically, Emilian shares Gallo-Italic features (vowel reduction, palatalization, loss of word-final vowels) but has distinctive Bologna-area vocalic system. The Bolognese variety is the most widely-documented and culturally salient (e.g., Alfredo Testoni's dialect theatre, Andrea Mingardi's songs).
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Emilian
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European
| Meaning | Emilian | Romagnol | Lombard | Piedmontese | Venetian | Ladin | Friulian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | âcua /ˈakwa/ | acva /ˈakva/ | aqua /ˈaːkwa/ | eva /ˈɛva/ | aqua /ˈakwa/ | ega /ˈeɡa/ | aghe /ˈaɡe/ |
| Fire | fôg /foɡ/ | fugh /fuɡ/ | fœg /føːk/ | feu /føː/ | fogo /ˈfoɡo/ | füch /fyk/ | fûc /fuːk/ |
| Sun | sôl /ˈsoːl/ | sòl /sɔl/ | sô /soː/ | sol /sul/ | sol /sol/ | surëdl /suˈrəːdl/ | soreli /soˈreːli/ |
| Moon | lónna /ˈlonːa/ | lónna /ˈlonːa/ | lüna /ˈlyna/ | lun-a /ˈlyŋa/ | łuna /ˈuna/ | löna /ˈløːna/ | lune /ˈlune/ |
| Star | strèla /ˈstrɛla/ | stèla /ˈstɛla/ | stella /ˈstɛla/ | stèila /ˈstɛjla/ | stela /ˈstela/ | stëila /ˈstəila/ | stele /ˈstɛle/ |
| Night | nòt /nɔt/ | nòta /ˈnɔta/ | nocc /nɔtʃ/ | neuit /nøjt/ | note /ˈnɔte/ | nöt /nøt/ | gnot /ɲɔt/ |
| Rain | piôva /pjova/ | piôva /ˈpjoːva/ | pioeuva /ˈpjøːva/ | pieuva /ˈpjøva/ | piova /ˈpjɔva/ | pievia /ˈpjɛvja/ | ploie /ˈplɔje/ |
| Snow | naiv /najv/ | név /neːv/ | nev /nɛf/ | fiòca /ˈfjɔka/ | neve /neve/ | nëif /nəif/ | nêf /neːf/ |
| Wind | vèint /veint/ | vènt /vɛt/ | vent /vɛnt/ | vent /vɛnt/ | vento /ˈvento/ | vent /vɛnt/ | vint /vint/ |
| Earth | tëra /ˈtɛra/ | tëra /ˈtɛra/ | tera /ˈteːra/ | tèra /ˈtɛra/ | tera /ˈtɛra/ | tera /tɛra/ | tiere /ˈtjɛre/ |
| Stone | sas /sas/ | sas /sas/ | sass /sas/ | pera /ˈpera/ | piera /ˈpjɛra/ | sas /sas/ | clap /klap/ |
| Mountain | muntâgna /munˈtaɲa/ | muntâgna /munˈtaːɲa/ | mont /munt/ | montagna /muŋˈtaɲa/ | montagna /monˈtaɲa/ | crëp /krəp/ | montagne /monˈtaɲe/ |
| Sea | mèr /mɛr/ | mêr /meːɾ/ | mar /mar/ | mar /mar/ | mar /mar/ | mer /mer/ | mâr /maːr/ |
| Mother | mèder /ˈmɛdɛɾ/ | mêdar /ˈmeːdaɾ/ | mader /ˈmaːder/ | mare /ˈmare/ | mare /ˈmare/ | uma /ˈuma/ | mari /ˈmaːri/ |
| Father | pèder /ˈpɛdɛɾ/ | pêdar /ˈpeːdaɾ/ | pader /ˈpaːder/ | pare /ˈpare/ | pare /pare/ | pere /ˈpere/ | pari /ˈpaːri/ |
| Daughter | fiòla /ˈfjɔla/ | fiöla /ˈfjøːla/ | fiœula /ˈfjøːla/ | fija /ˈfija/ | fioła /ˈfjɔe̯a/ | fia /ˈfia/ | fie /ˈfie/ |
| I | mè /mɛ/ | mè /mɛ/ | mì /mi/ | mi /mi/ | mi /mi/ | ie /je/ | jo /jɔ/ |
| You | tè /tɛ/ | tè /tɛ/ | tì /ti/ | ti /ti/ | ti /ti/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ |
| We | nuèter /nuˈɛːter/ | nun /nun/ | nun /nyn/ | noi /nuj/ | noaltri /noˈaltri/ | nëus /ˈnəus/ | nô /noː/ |
| Name | nòm /nɔm/ | nóm /nom/ | nòmm /nɔm/ | nòm /nɔm/ | nome /ˈnome/ | inom /iˈnɔm/ | non /non/ |
| Person | persòuna /perˈsouna/ | pirsòuna /pirˈsouna/ | persona /perˈsoːna/ | përson-a /pərˈsuŋa/ | persona /perˈsona/ | persona /perˈsona/ | persone /perˈsone/ |
| Head | tèsta /ˈtɛsta/ | tësta /ˈtɛsta/ | coo /kuː/ | testa /ˈtɛsta/ | tèsta /ˈtɛsta/ | cef /tʃɛf/ | cjâf /caːf/ |
| Eye | ucc /utʃ/ | òcc /ɔtʃ/ | öcc /øtʃ/ | euj /øj/ | ocio /ɔtʃo/ | uedl /ˈwəːdl/ | voli /ˈvoli/ |
| Ear | uraccia /uˈratʃa/ | urècia /uˈrɛtʃa/ | oreggia /oˈredʒa/ | orija /uˈrija/ | récia /ˈretʃa/ | orëdla /oˈrədla/ | orele /oˈrɛle/ |
| Nose | nas /nas/ | nès /nɛs/ | nas /nas/ | nas /nas/ | naxo /ˈnazo/ | nas /nas/ | nâs /naːs/ |
| Mouth | bòca /ˈbɔka/ | bóca /ˈboka/ | boca /ˈbuka/ | boca /ˈbuka/ | boca /ˈboka/ | bocia /ˈbotʃa/ | bocje /ˈbɔce/ |
| Tooth | dèint /dɛjnt/ | dèint /dɛjnt/ | dent /dent/ | dent /dɛŋt/ | dente /ˈdente/ | dënt /dənt/ | dint /dint/ |
| Tongue | lèngua /ˈlɛŋɡwa/ | lèngva /ˈlɛŋɡva/ | lengua /ˈleŋɡwa/ | lenga /ˈlɛŋɡa/ | léngua /ˈleŋɡwa/ | lenga /ˈlɛŋɡa/ | lenghe /ˈleŋɡe/ |
| Hand | mân /man/ | mân /maːn/ | man /maŋ/ | man /maŋ/ | man /man/ | man /maŋ/ | man /maŋ/ |
| Foot | pà /pa/ | pè /pɛ/ | pè /pɛ/ | pé /pe/ | pìe /ˈpie/ | pe /pe/ | pît /piːt/ |
| Heart | côr /koːɾ/ | côr /koːɾ/ | cör /kør/ | cheur /kør/ | cor /kɔr/ | cuer /kweɾ/ | cûr /kuːr/ |
| Bone | òs /ɔs/ | òṣ /ɔs/ | oss /ɔs/ | òss /ɔs/ | oso /ˈɔso/ | os /ɔs/ | vues /vwes/ |
| Blood | sangov /ˈsaŋɡov/ | sangv /saŋv/ | sangu /ˈsaŋɡu/ | sangh /saŋ/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ | sanch /saŋk/ | sanc /saŋk/ |
| Poop | caca /ˈkaka/ | càca /ˈkaka/ | cacca /ˈkaka/ | caca /ˈkaka/ | caca /ˈkaka/ | merda /ˈmɛrda/ | cacan /kaˈkaŋ/ |
| Love | amôr /aˈmoːɾ/ | amour /aˈmouɾ/ | amor /aˈmuːr/ | amor /aˈmur/ | amor /amor/ | amor /aˈmoɾ/ | amôr /aˈmoːr/ |
| Tree | arbal /ˈaɾbal/ | arbal /ˈaɾbal/ | alber /ˈɑːrbɛr/ | àrbol /ˈarbul/ | àlbaro /ˈalbaro/ | albe /ˈalbe/ | arbul /ˈarbul/ |
| Dog | can /kan/ | cã /kɤɤ̃/ | can /kan/ | can /kaŋ/ | can /kaŋ/ | cian /tʃaŋ/ | cjan /caŋ/ |
| Cat | gât /ɡat/ | gâta /ˈɡaːta/ | gat /ɡat/ | gat /ɡat/ | gato /ˈɡato/ | giat /dʒat/ | gjat /ɟat/ |
| Fish | pès /pɛs/ | pès /pɛs/ | pess /pes/ | pess /pes/ | pesse /ˈpese/ | pësc /pəʃ/ | pes /pes/ |
| Bird | usèl /uˈzɛl/ | ușël /uˈzel/ | usèll /yzɛl/ | osel /uˈzɛl/ | oxeło /oˈzeo/ | uciel /uˈtʃɛl/ | ucel /uˈtʃel/ |
| Butterfly | parpàja /parˈpaja/ | parpàia /parˈpaja/ | parpaj /parˈpaj/ | parpajon /parpaˈjuŋ/ | pavegia /paˈvedʒa/ | pavël /paˈvəl/ | pavee /paˈvee/ |
| Egg | ôv /oːv/ | öv /ɔːv/ | öv /øf/ | euv /øw/ | vovo /ˈvɔvo/ | uef /uɛf/ | ûf /uːf/ |
| Bear | aurs /aurs/ | órs /ors/ | ors /ors/ | ors /urs/ | orso /ˈorso/ | lors /lors/ | ors /ors/ |
| Horse | cavàl /kaˈval/ | cavàl /kaˈval/ | cavall /kaˈval/ | caval /kaˈval/ | caval /kaˈval/ | ciaval /tʃaˈval/ | cjaval /caˈval/ |
| House | cà /ka/ | ca /ka/ | cà /kaː/ | ca /ka/ | caxa /ˈkaza/ | ciasa /ˈtʃaza/ | cjase /ˈcaːse/ |
| Milk | làt /lat/ | lat /lat/ | latt /lat/ | làit /lɑɪ̯t/ | late /ˈlate/ | lat /lat/ | lat /lat/ |
| Honey | mêl /meːl/ | mél /meːl/ | mel /mɛl/ | amel /aˈmɛl/ | miel /mjɛl/ | mel /mɛl/ | mîl /miːl/ |
| Salt | sèl /sɛl/ | sêl /seːl/ | sal /sal/ | sal /sal/ | sal /sal/ | sèl /sɛl/ | sâl /saːl/ |
| Wine | vén /veŋ/ | vẽn /vẽː/ | vin /viŋ/ | vin /viŋ/ | vin /viŋ/ | vin /viŋ/ | vin /viŋ/ |
| Rice | rîs /riːs/ | — | ris /ris/ | ris /ris/ | rixo /ˈrizo/ | riji /ˈriʒi/ | ris /ris/ |
| Chocolate | cecolèta /tʃeˈkolɛːta/ | — | cicolat /tʃikuˈlat/ | cicolata /tʃikuˈlata/ | ciocolata /tʃokoˈlata/ | cicolata /tʃikoˈlata/ | cjocolate /cokoˈlate/ |
| Iron | fèr /fɛr/ | fër /fɛːɾ/ | fèr /fɛr/ | fer /fɛr/ | fero /ˈfɛro/ | fer /fɛr/ | fiêr /fjeːr/ |
| Wheel | róda /ˈroda/ | rôda /ˈroːda/ | roeuda /ˈrøːda/ | roa /ˈrua/ | roda /ˈrɔda/ | roda /ˈroda/ | ruede /ˈrwede/ |
| Silk | séda /ˈseda/ | — | seda /ˈseːda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | seida /ˈseida/ | sede /ˈsede/ |
| Book | lîber /ˈliːber/ | lìvar /ˈlivaɾ/ | liber /ˈliber/ | lìber /ˈliber/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | liber /ˈliber/ | libri /ˈlibri/ |
| Eat | magnèr /maˈɲɛɾ/ | magnê /maˈɲeː/ | mangià /maɲˈdʒaː/ | mangé /maɲˈdʒe/ | magnàr /maˈɲar/ | mangé /manˈdʒe/ | mangjâ /manˈɲaː/ |
| Drink | bevvre /ˈbevːɾe/ | bé /be/ | bev /bev/ | bèive /ˈbɛive/ | bévar /ˈbevar/ | bever /ˈbever/ | bevi /ˈbeːvi/ |
| Sleep | durmìr /durˈmir/ | durmì /durˈmi/ | dormì /durˈmi/ | durmì /dyrˈmi/ | dormir /dorˈmir/ | durmì /durˈmi/ | durmî /durˈmiː/ |
| One | un /un/ | ón /on/ | vün /vyŋ/ | un /yŋ/ | un /un/ | un /un/ | un /uŋ/ |
| Two | dû /duː/ | du /duː/ | duu /dy/ | doi /dui/ | do /do/ | doi /dɔi/ | doi /doj/ |
| Three | trî /triː/ | tri /tri/ | trii /triː/ | tre /trɛ/ | tre /tre/ | trëi /ˈtrəi/ | trê /treː/ |
| Four | quàter /ˈkwatər/ | quàtar /ˈkwatar/ | quater /ˈkwater/ | quatr /kwatr/ | quatro /ˈkwatro/ | cater /ˈkater/ | cuatri /ˈkwatri/ |
| Five | sînch /siːŋk/ | — | cinch /tʃiŋk/ | sinch /siŋk/ | sìnque /ˈsiŋkwe/ | cinch /tʃiŋk/ | cinc /tʃiŋk/ |
| Hundred | sènt /sɛnt/ | — | cent /tʃent/ | sent /sɛŋt/ | sento /ˈsento/ | cënt /tʃənt/ | cent /tʃent/ |
| Hello | cciô /tʃoː/ | ciô /tʃoː/ | ciao /ˈtʃaːo/ | ciao /tʃao/ | ciao /tʃao/ | bun de /buŋ ˈde/ | mandi /ˈmandi/ |
| Thank you | gràzie /ˈɡɾaːtsje/ | gras /ɡɾas/ | gràzie /ˈɡrasje/ | gràssie /ˈɡrasie/ | grassie /ɡrasje/ | dilan /diˈlaŋ/ | graziis /ˈɡraːtsjis/ |
| Good | bón /bon/ | bôn /bõː/ | bun /buŋ/ | bon /buŋ/ | bon /bon/ | bon /boŋ/ | bon /boŋ/ |
| New | nôv /noːv/ | növ /nɔːv/ | nœuv /nøf/ | neuv /nøw/ | novo /ˈnovo/ | nuef /nuɛf/ | gnûf /ɲuːf/ |
| Red | ròss /rɔs/ | ròss /rɔs/ | ross /rɔs/ | ross /rus/ | róso /ˈroso/ | cuecen /ˈkwetʃən/ | ros /ros/ |
| White | biânc /bjaŋk/ | biânc /bjaŋk/ | bianch /bjaŋk/ | bianch /bjaŋk/ | bianco /ˈbjaŋko/ | blanch /blaŋk/ | blanc /blaŋk/ |
| Black | négher /ˈneɡer/ | nìgar /ˈniɡar/ | negher /ˈneɡer/ | nèir /nɛjr/ | negro /ˈneɡro/ | fosch /fosk/ | neri /ˈneri/ |
| Green | vérd /verd/ | vérd /veːɾd/ | verd /vert/ | verd /vɛrt/ | verde /ˈverde/ | vërt /vərt/ | vert /vɛrt/ |
| Cuckoo | còc /kɔk/ | còc /kɔk/ | cùcch /kuk/ | coco /ˈkuku/ | cucù /kuˈku/ | cuch /kuk/ | cuc /kuk/ |
| Computer | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ |
| Sushi | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ |
| Tea | tä /tæ/ | — | tè /tɛ/ | tè /tɛ/ | tè /tɛ/ | — | tè /tɛ/ |
| Coffee | cafà /kaˈfa/ | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | — | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ |
| Sugar | zóccher /ˈθoker/ | — | zuccher /syˈkeːr/ | sùcher /ˈsykɛr/ | sùcaro /ˈsukaro/ | — | zucar /ˈtsukar/ |
| Orange | naranza /naˈraŋza/ | naranza /naˈraŋza/ | naranz /naˈrans/ | aransa /aˈraŋsa/ | naranza /naˈraŋsa/ | naranza /naˈrantsa/ | naranç /naˈraŋts/ |
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