Lombard
Romance (Gallo-Italic)
Lombard is a Gallo-Italic language of northern Italy and southern Switzerland, with two main groups — Western (Milanese) and Eastern (Bergamasque, Brescian) — often treated as separate languages. It uses several Germanic-influenced rounded front vowels (ö, ü) absent from standard Italian, the legacy of Lombard Germanic settlement and centuries of Alpine contact. Long suppressed by Italian standardization, Lombard retains a vibrant cabaret and dialect-poetry tradition centred on Milan.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Lombard
Sources
- lmo.wiktionary (Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda / Milanesa classica entries with Milanese IPA); en.wiktionary Lombard lemmas (Western/Eastern IPA); lmo.wikipedia articles (Aigua: 'aqua in del rest de la Lombardofonia'; Sangu 'anca sangh o sanch'; Alber)
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Romance (Gallo-Italic)
| Meaning | Lombard | Piedmontese | Emilian | Friulian | Romagnol | Tabarchino | Venetian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | aqua /ˈaːkwa/ | eva /ˈɛva/ | âcua /ˈakwa/ | aghe /ˈaɡe/ | acva /ˈakva/ | ègua /ˈeːɡwa/ | aqua /ˈakwa/ |
| Fire | fœg /føːk/ | feu /føː/ | fôg /foɡ/ | fûc /fuːk/ | fugh /fuɡ/ | fögu /ˈføːɡu/ | fogo /ˈfoɡo/ |
| Sun | sô /soː/ | sol /sul/ | sôl /ˈsoːl/ | soreli /soˈreːli/ | sòl /sɔl/ | su /su/ | sol /sol/ |
| Moon | lüna /ˈlyna/ | lun-a /ˈlyŋa/ | lónna /ˈlonːa/ | lune /ˈlune/ | lónna /ˈlonːa/ | lugna /ˈlyɲa/ | łuna /ˈuna/ |
| Star | stella /ˈstɛla/ | stèila /ˈstɛjla/ | strèla /ˈstrɛla/ | stele /ˈstɛle/ | stèla /ˈstɛla/ | stella /ˈstɛlːa/ | stela /ˈstela/ |
| Night | nocc /nɔtʃ/ | neuit /nøjt/ | nòt /nɔt/ | gnot /ɲɔt/ | nòta /ˈnɔta/ | neutte /ˈnøte/ | note /ˈnɔte/ |
| Rain | pioeuva /ˈpjøːva/ | pieuva /ˈpjøva/ | piôva /pjova/ | ploie /ˈplɔje/ | piôva /ˈpjoːva/ | — | piova /ˈpjɔva/ |
| Snow | nev /nɛf/ | fiòca /ˈfjɔka/ | naiv /najv/ | nêf /neːf/ | név /neːv/ | neive /ˈnejve/ | neve /neve/ |
| Wind | vent /vɛnt/ | vent /vɛnt/ | vèint /veint/ | vint /vint/ | vènt /vɛt/ | vento /ˈveŋtu/ | vento /ˈvento/ |
| Earth | tera /ˈteːra/ | tèra /ˈtɛra/ | tëra /ˈtɛra/ | tiere /ˈtjɛre/ | tëra /ˈtɛra/ | tæra /ˈtɛːra/ | tera /ˈtɛra/ |
| Stone | sass /sas/ | pera /ˈpera/ | sas /sas/ | clap /klap/ | sas /sas/ | prîa /ˈpriːa/ | piera /ˈpjɛra/ |
| Mountain | mont /munt/ | montagna /muŋˈtaɲa/ | muntâgna /munˈtaɲa/ | montagne /monˈtaɲe/ | muntâgna /munˈtaːɲa/ | — | montagna /monˈtaɲa/ |
| Sea | mar /mar/ | mar /mar/ | mèr /mɛr/ | mâr /maːr/ | mêr /meːɾ/ | — | mar /mar/ |
| Mother | mader /ˈmaːder/ | mare /ˈmare/ | mèder /ˈmɛdɛɾ/ | mari /ˈmaːri/ | mêdar /ˈmeːdaɾ/ | maire /ˈmajre/ | mare /ˈmare/ |
| Father | pader /ˈpaːder/ | pare /ˈpare/ | pèder /ˈpɛdɛɾ/ | pari /ˈpaːri/ | pêdar /ˈpeːdaɾ/ | paire /ˈpajre/ | pare /pare/ |
| Daughter | fiœula /ˈfjøːla/ | fija /ˈfija/ | fiòla /ˈfjɔla/ | fie /ˈfie/ | fiöla /ˈfjøːla/ | fìggia /ˈfidːʒa/ | fioła /ˈfjɔe̯a/ |
| I | mì /mi/ | mi /mi/ | mè /mɛ/ | jo /jɔ/ | mè /mɛ/ | mi /mi/ | mi /mi/ |
| You | tì /ti/ | ti /ti/ | tè /tɛ/ | tu /tu/ | tè /tɛ/ | ti /ti/ | ti /ti/ |
| We | nun /nyn/ | noi /nuj/ | nuèter /nuˈɛːter/ | nô /noː/ | nun /nun/ | nuiâtri /nuˈjaːtri/ | noaltri /noˈaltri/ |
| Name | nòmm /nɔm/ | nòm /nɔm/ | nòm /nɔm/ | non /non/ | nóm /nom/ | nomme /ˈnɔmːe/ | nome /ˈnome/ |
| Person | persona /perˈsoːna/ | përson-a /pərˈsuŋa/ | persòuna /perˈsouna/ | persone /perˈsone/ | pirsòuna /pirˈsouna/ | — | persona /perˈsona/ |
| Head | coo /kuː/ | testa /ˈtɛsta/ | tèsta /ˈtɛsta/ | cjâf /caːf/ | tësta /ˈtɛsta/ | tésta /ˈtesta/ | tèsta /ˈtɛsta/ |
| Eye | öcc /øtʃ/ | euj /øj/ | ucc /utʃ/ | voli /ˈvoli/ | òcc /ɔtʃ/ | öggiu /ˈødʒu/ | ocio /ɔtʃo/ |
| Ear | oreggia /oˈredʒa/ | orija /uˈrija/ | uraccia /uˈratʃa/ | orele /oˈrɛle/ | urècia /uˈrɛtʃa/ | oegia /ˈweːdʒa/ | récia /ˈretʃa/ |
| Nose | nas /nas/ | nas /nas/ | nas /nas/ | nâs /naːs/ | nès /nɛs/ | naso /ˈnazu/ | naxo /ˈnazo/ |
| Mouth | boca /ˈbuka/ | boca /ˈbuka/ | bòca /ˈbɔka/ | bocje /ˈbɔce/ | bóca /ˈboka/ | bócca /ˈbukːa/ | boca /ˈboka/ |
| Tooth | dent /dent/ | dent /dɛŋt/ | dèint /dɛjnt/ | dint /dint/ | dèint /dɛjnt/ | dente /ˈdente/ | dente /ˈdente/ |
| Tongue | lengua /ˈleŋɡwa/ | lenga /ˈlɛŋɡa/ | lèngua /ˈlɛŋɡwa/ | lenghe /ˈleŋɡe/ | lèngva /ˈlɛŋɡva/ | lengua /ˈleŋɡwa/ | léngua /ˈleŋɡwa/ |
| Hand | man /maŋ/ | man /maŋ/ | mân /man/ | man /maŋ/ | mân /maːn/ | mòn /mɔŋ/ | man /man/ |
| Foot | pè /pɛ/ | pé /pe/ | pà /pa/ | pît /piːt/ | pè /pɛ/ | pé /peː/ | pìe /ˈpie/ |
| Heart | cör /kør/ | cheur /kør/ | côr /koːɾ/ | cûr /kuːr/ | côr /koːɾ/ | cö /kø/ | cor /kɔr/ |
| Bone | oss /ɔs/ | òss /ɔs/ | òs /ɔs/ | vues /vwes/ | òṣ /ɔs/ | òsso /ˈɔsu/ | oso /ˈɔso/ |
| Blood | sangu /ˈsaŋɡu/ | sangh /saŋ/ | sangov /ˈsaŋɡov/ | sanc /saŋk/ | sangv /saŋv/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ |
| Poop | cacca /ˈkaka/ | caca /ˈkaka/ | caca /ˈkaka/ | cacan /kaˈkaŋ/ | càca /ˈkaka/ | — | caca /ˈkaka/ |
| Love | amor /aˈmuːr/ | amor /aˈmur/ | amôr /aˈmoːɾ/ | amôr /aˈmoːr/ | amour /aˈmouɾ/ | amù /aˈmu/ | amor /amor/ |
| Tree | alber /ˈɑːrbɛr/ | àrbol /ˈarbul/ | arbal /ˈaɾbal/ | arbul /ˈarbul/ | arbal /ˈaɾbal/ | âbu /ˈaːbu/ | àlbaro /ˈalbaro/ |
| Dog | can /kan/ | can /kaŋ/ | can /kan/ | cjan /caŋ/ | cã /kɤɤ̃/ | can /kaŋ/ | can /kaŋ/ |
| Cat | gat /ɡat/ | gat /ɡat/ | gât /ɡat/ | gjat /ɟat/ | gâta /ˈɡaːta/ | gatu /ˈɡatu/ | gato /ˈɡato/ |
| Fish | pess /pes/ | pess /pes/ | pès /pɛs/ | pes /pes/ | pès /pɛs/ | pésciu /ˈpeʃu/ | pesse /ˈpese/ |
| Bird | usèll /yzɛl/ | osel /uˈzɛl/ | usèl /uˈzɛl/ | ucel /uˈtʃel/ | ușël /uˈzel/ | — | oxeło /oˈzeo/ |
| Butterfly | parpaj /parˈpaj/ | parpajon /parpaˈjuŋ/ | parpàja /parˈpaja/ | pavee /paˈvee/ | parpàia /parˈpaja/ | — | pavegia /paˈvedʒa/ |
| Egg | öv /øf/ | euv /øw/ | ôv /oːv/ | ûf /uːf/ | öv /ɔːv/ | — | vovo /ˈvɔvo/ |
| Bear | ors /ors/ | ors /urs/ | aurs /aurs/ | ors /ors/ | órs /ors/ | — | orso /ˈorso/ |
| Horse | cavall /kaˈval/ | caval /kaˈval/ | cavàl /kaˈval/ | cjaval /caˈval/ | cavàl /kaˈval/ | — | caval /kaˈval/ |
| House | cà /kaː/ | ca /ka/ | cà /ka/ | cjase /ˈcaːse/ | ca /ka/ | cà /ka/ | caxa /ˈkaza/ |
| Milk | latt /lat/ | làit /lɑɪ̯t/ | làt /lat/ | lat /lat/ | lat /lat/ | — | late /ˈlate/ |
| Honey | mel /mɛl/ | amel /aˈmɛl/ | mêl /meːl/ | mîl /miːl/ | mél /meːl/ | — | miel /mjɛl/ |
| Salt | sal /sal/ | sal /sal/ | sèl /sɛl/ | sâl /saːl/ | sêl /seːl/ | sâ /saː/ | sal /sal/ |
| Wine | vin /viŋ/ | vin /viŋ/ | vén /veŋ/ | vin /viŋ/ | vẽn /vẽː/ | vin /viŋ/ | vin /viŋ/ |
| Rice | ris /ris/ | ris /ris/ | rîs /riːs/ | ris /ris/ | — | — | rixo /ˈrizo/ |
| Chocolate | cicolat /tʃikuˈlat/ | cicolata /tʃikuˈlata/ | cecolèta /tʃeˈkolɛːta/ | cjocolate /cokoˈlate/ | — | — | ciocolata /tʃokoˈlata/ |
| Iron | fèr /fɛr/ | fer /fɛr/ | fèr /fɛr/ | fiêr /fjeːr/ | fër /fɛːɾ/ | færo /ˈfɛru/ | fero /ˈfɛro/ |
| Wheel | roeuda /ˈrøːda/ | roa /ˈrua/ | róda /ˈroda/ | ruede /ˈrwede/ | rôda /ˈroːda/ | röa /ˈrøa/ | roda /ˈrɔda/ |
| Silk | seda /ˈseːda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | séda /ˈseda/ | sede /ˈsede/ | — | — | seda /ˈseda/ |
| Book | liber /ˈliber/ | lìber /ˈliber/ | lîber /ˈliːber/ | libri /ˈlibri/ | lìvar /ˈlivaɾ/ | — | libro /ˈlibro/ |
| Eat | mangià /maɲˈdʒaː/ | mangé /maɲˈdʒe/ | magnèr /maˈɲɛɾ/ | mangjâ /manˈɲaː/ | magnê /maˈɲeː/ | mangiò /manˈdʒo/ | magnàr /maˈɲar/ |
| Drink | bev /bev/ | bèive /ˈbɛive/ | bevvre /ˈbevːɾe/ | bevi /ˈbeːvi/ | bé /be/ | bàive /ˈbajve/ | bévar /ˈbevar/ |
| Sleep | dormì /durˈmi/ | durmì /dyrˈmi/ | durmìr /durˈmir/ | durmî /durˈmiː/ | durmì /durˈmi/ | dormî /durˈmiː/ | dormir /dorˈmir/ |
| One | vün /vyŋ/ | un /yŋ/ | un /un/ | un /uŋ/ | ón /on/ | un /uŋ/ | un /un/ |
| Two | duu /dy/ | doi /dui/ | dû /duː/ | doi /doj/ | du /duː/ | dui /ˈdui/ | do /do/ |
| Three | trii /triː/ | tre /trɛ/ | trî /triː/ | trê /treː/ | tri /tri/ | tréi /trej/ | tre /tre/ |
| Four | quater /ˈkwater/ | quatr /kwatr/ | quàter /ˈkwatər/ | cuatri /ˈkwatri/ | quàtar /ˈkwatar/ | quattro /ˈkwatru/ | quatro /ˈkwatro/ |
| Five | cinch /tʃiŋk/ | sinch /siŋk/ | sînch /siːŋk/ | cinc /tʃiŋk/ | — | çìnque /ˈsiŋkwe/ | sìnque /ˈsiŋkwe/ |
| Hundred | cent /tʃent/ | sent /sɛŋt/ | sènt /sɛnt/ | cent /tʃent/ | — | — | sento /ˈsento/ |
| Hello | ciao /ˈtʃaːo/ | ciao /tʃao/ | cciô /tʃoː/ | mandi /ˈmandi/ | ciô /tʃoː/ | ciau /tʃaw/ | ciao /tʃao/ |
| Thank you | gràzie /ˈɡrasje/ | gràssie /ˈɡrasie/ | gràzie /ˈɡɾaːtsje/ | graziis /ˈɡraːtsjis/ | gras /ɡɾas/ | graçie /ˈɡrasje/ | grassie /ɡrasje/ |
| Good | bun /buŋ/ | bon /buŋ/ | bón /bon/ | bon /boŋ/ | bôn /bõː/ | bon /buŋ/ | bon /bon/ |
| New | nœuv /nøf/ | neuv /nøw/ | nôv /noːv/ | gnûf /ɲuːf/ | növ /nɔːv/ | neûvu /ˈnøvu/ | novo /ˈnovo/ |
| Red | ross /rɔs/ | ross /rus/ | ròss /rɔs/ | ros /ros/ | ròss /rɔs/ | rossu /ˈrusu/ | róso /ˈroso/ |
| White | bianch /bjaŋk/ | bianch /bjaŋk/ | biânc /bjaŋk/ | blanc /blaŋk/ | biânc /bjaŋk/ | gianco /ˈdʒaŋku/ | bianco /ˈbjaŋko/ |
| Black | negher /ˈneɡer/ | nèir /nɛjr/ | négher /ˈneɡer/ | neri /ˈneri/ | nìgar /ˈniɡar/ | — | negro /ˈneɡro/ |
| Green | verd /vert/ | verd /vɛrt/ | vérd /verd/ | vert /vɛrt/ | vérd /veːɾd/ | verde /ˈverde/ | verde /ˈverde/ |
| Blue | blö /blø/ | bleu /blø/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cuckoo | cùcch /kuk/ | coco /ˈkuku/ | còc /kɔk/ | cuc /kuk/ | còc /kɔk/ | — | cucù /kuˈku/ |
| Computer | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ |
| Sushi | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ |
| Tea | tè /tɛ/ | tè /tɛ/ | tä /tæ/ | tè /tɛ/ | — | — | tè /tɛ/ |
| Coffee | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | cafà /kaˈfa/ | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | — | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ |
| Sugar | zuccher /syˈkeːr/ | sùcher /ˈsykɛr/ | zóccher /ˈθoker/ | zucar /ˈtsukar/ | — | — | sùcaro /ˈsukaro/ |
| Orange | naranz /naˈrans/ | aransa /aˈraŋsa/ | naranza /naˈraŋza/ | naranç /naˈraŋts/ | naranza /naˈraŋza/ | naranza /naˈraŋza/ | naranza /naˈraŋsa/ |
| Ninety-nine | novanta-neuv /nuˈvanta ˈnøf/ | novanteneuv /nuvanteˈnøw/ | — | — | — | — | novantanove /novantaˈnove/ |
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