Occitan
Romance
Occitan (occitan or lenga d’òc) is a Western Romance language continuum traditionally spoken across southern France, the Val d’Aran in Spain, several Alpine valleys in Italy, and Monaco. Major varieties include Languedocien, Provençal, Gascon, Limousin, Auvergnat, and Vivaro-Alpine; Aranese is a Gascon variety. Medieval Old Occitan was the language of an influential troubadour lyric tradition that spread forms of courtly poetry across Europe. In France, centuries of institutional dominance by French weakened intergenerational transmission, and many Occitan varieties are now endangered, although schools, media, literature, and cultural organizations support continued use. Occitan, called Aranese in Aran, is official in Catalonia under its autonomy framework and is used in education and administration in the Val d’Aran.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Occitan
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Romance
| Meaning | Occitan | Catalan | Valencian | Romansh | Piedmontese | Lombard | Old French |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | aiga /ajɡɔ/ | aigua /ajɣwə/ | aigua /ˈajɣwa/ | aua /awa/ | eva /ˈɛva/ | aqua /ˈaːkwa/ | eve /ˈɛːvə/ |
| Fire | fuòc /fwɔk/ | foc /fɔk/ | foc /fɔk/ | fieu /fjew/ | feu /føː/ | fœg /føːk/ | feu /fø/ |
| Sun | solelh /sulɛʎ/ | sol /sɔl/ | sol /sɔl/ | sulegl /suleʎ/ | sol /sul/ | sô /soː/ | soleil /soˈleʎ/ |
| Moon | luna /lynɔ/ | lluna /ʎunə/ | lluna /ˈʎuna/ | glina /ɡlina/ | lun-a /ˈlyŋa/ | lüna /ˈlyna/ | lune /ˈlynə/ |
| Star | estèla /esˈtɛlɔ/ | estrella /əsˈtɾeʎə/ | estrella /esˈtɾeʎa/ | staila /ˈʃtai̯la/ | stèila /ˈstɛjla/ | stella /ˈstɛla/ | estoile /esˈtoilə/ |
| Night | nuèch /nɥɛtʃ/ | nit /nit/ | nit /nit/ | notg /notʃ/ | neuit /nøjt/ | nocc /nɔtʃ/ | nuit /nɥit/ |
| Rain | pluèja /ˈplɥɛdʒɔ/ | pluja /ˈpluʒə/ | pluja /ˈpluʒa/ | plievgia /ˈpliəvdʒa/ | pieuva /ˈpjøva/ | pioeuva /ˈpjøːva/ | pluie /ˈplyjə/ |
| Snow | nèu /nɛw/ | neu /nɛw/ | neu /nɛw/ | naiv /naif/ | fiòca /ˈfjɔka/ | nev /nɛf/ | noif /nɔif/ |
| Wind | vent /ben/ | vent /ben/ | vent /vent/ | vent /vɛnt/ | vent /vɛnt/ | vent /vɛnt/ | vent /vent/ |
| Earth | tèrra /ˈtɛrɔ/ | terra /ˈtɛrə/ | terra /ˈtɛra/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ | tèra /ˈtɛra/ | tera /ˈteːra/ | terre /ˈtɛrə/ |
| Stone | pèira /ˈpɛjɾo/ | pedra /ˈpeðɾə/ | pedra /ˈpeðɾa/ | crap /krap/ | pera /ˈpera/ | sass /sas/ | pierre /ˈpjɛrə/ |
| Mountain | montanha /munˈtaɲɔ/ | muntanya /munˈtaɲə/ | muntanya /munˈtaɲa/ | muntogna /munˈtɔɲa/ | montagna /muŋˈtaɲa/ | mont /munt/ | montaigne /munˈtaɲə/ |
| Sea | mar /maɾ/ | mar /maɾ/ | mar /maɾ/ | mar /mar/ | mar /mar/ | mar /mar/ | mer /mɛr/ |
| Mother | maire /majre/ | mare /maɾə/ | mare /ˈmaɾe/ | mamma /mama/ | mare /ˈmare/ | mader /ˈmaːder/ | mere /ˈmɛrə/ |
| Father | paire /ˈpajɾe/ | pare /paɾə/ | pare /ˈpaɾe/ | bab /bap/ | pare /ˈpare/ | pader /ˈpaːder/ | pere /ˈpɛrə/ |
| Daughter | filha /ˈfiʎo/ | filla /ˈfiʎə/ | filla /ˈfiʎa/ | figlia /ˈfiʎa/ | fija /ˈfija/ | fiœula /ˈfjøːla/ | fille /ˈfiʎə/ |
| I | ieu /jew/ | jo /ʒɔ/ | jo /jɔ/ | jau /jaw/ | mi /mi/ | mì /mi/ | je /dʒə/ |
| You | tu /ty/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | ti /ti/ | ti /ti/ | tì /ti/ | tu /ty/ |
| We | nosautres /nuˈzawtres/ | nosaltres /nuˈzaltrəs/ | nosaltres /noˈzaltɾes/ | nus /nus/ | noi /nuj/ | nun /nyn/ | nos /nɔs/ |
| Name | nom /num/ | nom /nɔm/ | nom /nɔm/ | num /num/ | nòm /nɔm/ | nòmm /nɔm/ | nom /nõ/ |
| Person | persona /perˈsunɔ/ | persona /pərˈsonə/ | persona /peɾˈsona/ | persuna /perˈsuna/ | përson-a /pərˈsuŋa/ | persona /perˈsoːna/ | persone /perˈsonə/ |
| Head | tèsta /ˈtɛsto/ | cap /kap/ | cap /kap/ | chau /tʃaw/ | testa /ˈtɛsta/ | coo /kuː/ | chief /tʃjɛf/ |
| Eye | uèlh /wɛʎ/ | ull /uʎ/ | ull /uʎ/ | egl /eʎ/ | euj /øj/ | öcc /øtʃ/ | oeil /œʎ/ |
| Ear | aurelha /awˈɾeʎɔ/ | orella /uˈɾeʎə/ | orella /oˈɾeʎa/ | ureglia /uˈreʎa/ | orija /uˈrija/ | oreggia /oˈredʒa/ | oreille /uˈrɛʎə/ |
| Nose | nas /nas/ | nas /nas/ | nas /nas/ | nas /nas/ | nas /nas/ | nas /nas/ | nes /nes/ |
| Mouth | boca /ˈbukɔ/ | boca /ˈbɔkə/ | boca /ˈboka/ | bucca /ˈbuka/ | boca /ˈbuka/ | boca /ˈbuka/ | bouche /ˈbutʃə/ |
| Tooth | dent /den/ | dent /den/ | dent /dent/ | dent /dɛnt/ | dent /dɛŋt/ | dent /dent/ | dent /dent/ |
| Tongue | lenga /ˈleŋɡo/ | llengua /ˈʎeŋɡwə/ | llengua /ˈʎeŋɡwa/ | lieunga /ˈljɛuŋɡa/ | lenga /ˈlɛŋɡa/ | lengua /ˈleŋɡwa/ | langue /ˈlaŋɡə/ |
| Hand | man /ma/ | mà /ma/ | mà /ma/ | maun /mawn/ | man /maŋ/ | man /maŋ/ | main /mɛ̃j/ |
| Foot | pè /pɛ/ | peu /pɛw/ | peu /pɛw/ | pe /pe/ | pé /pe/ | pè /pɛ/ | pié /ˈpiɛ/ |
| Heart | còr /kɔr/ | cor /kɔɾ/ | cor /kɔɾ/ | cor /kɔr/ | cheur /kør/ | cör /kør/ | cuer /kwɛr/ |
| Bone | òs /ɔs/ | os /ɔs/ | os /ɔs/ | oss /ɔs/ | òss /ɔs/ | oss /ɔs/ | os /ɔs/ |
| Blood | sang /saŋ/ | sang /saŋ/ | sang /saŋk/ | sang /saŋ/ | sangh /saŋ/ | sangu /ˈsaŋɡu/ | sanc /sãnk/ |
| Poop | cacà /kaˈka/ | caca /ˈkakə/ | caca /ˈkaka/ | cac /kak/ | caca /ˈkaka/ | cacca /ˈkaka/ | merde /ˈmɛrdə/ |
| Love | amor /amur/ | amor /əmoɾ/ | amor /aˈmoɾ/ | amur /amur/ | amor /aˈmur/ | amor /aˈmuːr/ | amor /aˈmor/ |
| Tree | arbre /arbre/ | arbre /aɾbɾə/ | arbre /ˈaɾbɾe/ | planta /planta/ | àrbol /ˈarbul/ | alber /ˈɑːrbɛr/ | arbre /ˈarbrə/ |
| Dog | can /ka/ | gos /ɡos/ | gos /ɡos/ | chaun /tʃawn/ | can /kaŋ/ | can /kan/ | chien /tʃjɛn/ |
| Cat | gat /ɡat/ | gat /ɡat/ | gat /ɡat/ | giat /dʒat/ | gat /ɡat/ | gat /ɡat/ | chat /tʃat/ |
| Fish | peis /pejs/ | peix /peʃ/ | peix /pejʃ/ | pesch /peʃ/ | pess /pes/ | pess /pes/ | poisson /pwɛˈsõn/ |
| Bird | aucèl /auˈsɛl/ | ocell /uˈseʎ/ | ocell /oˈseʎ/ | utschè /uˈtʃɛ/ | osel /uˈzɛl/ | usèll /yzɛl/ | oisel /ɔiˈzɛl/ |
| Butterfly | parpalhòl /paɾpaˈʎɔl/ | papallona /pəpəˈʎonə/ | papallona /papaˈʎona/ | spler /ʃpler/ | parpajon /parpaˈjuŋ/ | parpaj /parˈpaj/ | papeillon /papeˈʎõn/ |
| Egg | uòu /jɔw/ | ou /ɔw/ | ou /ɔw/ | ov /ɔf/ | euv /øw/ | öv /øf/ | uef /œf/ |
| Bear | ors /uɾs/ | ós /os/ | ós /os/ | urs /urs/ | ors /urs/ | ors /ors/ | ors /ors/ |
| Horse | caval /kaˈβal/ | cavall /kəˈβaʎ/ | cavall /kaˈvaʎ/ | chaval /tʃaˈval/ | caval /kaˈval/ | cavall /kaˈval/ | cheval /tʃəˈval/ |
| House | ostal /ustal/ | casa /kazə/ | casa /ˈkaza/ | chasa /tʃaza/ | ca /ka/ | cà /kaː/ | maison /maiˈzõn/ |
| Milk | lach /lats/ | llet /ʎet/ | llet /ʎet/ | latg /latɕ/ | làit /lɑɪ̯t/ | latt /lat/ | lait /lajt/ |
| Honey | mèl /mɛl/ | mel /mɛl/ | mel /mɛl/ | mel /mɛl/ | amel /aˈmɛl/ | mel /mɛl/ | miel /mjɛl/ |
| Salt | sau /saw/ | sal /sal/ | sal /sal/ | sal /sal/ | sal /sal/ | sal /sal/ | sel /sɛl/ |
| Wine | vin /vi/ | vi /bi/ | vi /vi/ | vin /vin/ | vin /viŋ/ | vin /viŋ/ | vin /vin/ |
| Rice | ris /ris/ | arròs /əˈros/ | arròs /aˈrɔs/ | ris /ris/ | ris /ris/ | ris /ris/ | ris /ris/ |
| Chocolate | chocolat /tʃukuˈla/ | xocolata /ʃukuˈlatə/ | xocolate /tʃokoˈlate/ | tschigulatta /tʃiɡuˈlata/ | cicolata /tʃikuˈlata/ | cicolat /tʃikuˈlat/ | — |
| Iron | fèrre /ˈfɛre/ | ferro /ˈfɛru/ | ferro /ˈfɛro/ | fier /fjɛr/ | fer /fɛr/ | fèr /fɛr/ | fer /fɛr/ |
| Wheel | ròda /ˈrɔdo/ | roda /ˈrɔðə/ | roda /ˈrɔða/ | roda /ˈroda/ | roa /ˈrua/ | roeuda /ˈrøːda/ | roe /ˈrɔə/ |
| Silk | seda /ˈsedɔ/ | seda /ˈsɛðə/ | seda /ˈseða/ | saida /ˈsai̯da/ | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseːda/ | soie /ˈsojə/ |
| Book | libre /ˈliβɾe/ | llibre /ˈʎiβɾə/ | llibre /ˈʎibɾe/ | cudesch /ˈkudɛʃ/ | lìber /ˈliber/ | liber /ˈliber/ | livre /ˈlivrə/ |
| Eat | manjar /mandʒa/ | menjar /mənʒa/ | menjar /meɲˈdʒaɾ/ | mangiar /mandʒar/ | mangé /maɲˈdʒe/ | mangià /maɲˈdʒaː/ | mangier /manˈdʒjer/ |
| Drink | béure /bewre/ | beure /bewɾə/ | beure /ˈbewɾe/ | baiver /bajver/ | bèive /ˈbɛive/ | bev /bev/ | boivre /ˈbojvrə/ |
| Sleep | dormir /durˈmi/ | dormir /durˈmi/ | dormir /doɾˈmiɾ/ | durmir /durˈmir/ | durmì /dyrˈmi/ | dormì /durˈmi/ | dormir /dorˈmir/ |
| One | un /yn/ | un /un/ | un /un/ | in /in/ | un /yŋ/ | vün /vyŋ/ | un /yn/ |
| Two | dos /dus/ | dos /dos/ | dos /dos/ | dus /dus/ | doi /dui/ | duu /dy/ | deus /døs/ |
| Three | tres /tɾes/ | tres /tɾes/ | tres /tɾes/ | trais /trais/ | tre /trɛ/ | trii /triː/ | treis /trejs/ |
| Four | quatre /ˈkwatɾe/ | quatre /ˈkwatɾə/ | quatre /ˈkwatɾe/ | quatter /ˈkwatər/ | quatr /kwatr/ | quater /ˈkwater/ | quatre /ˈkwatrə/ |
| Five | cinc /siŋ/ | cinc /siŋ/ | cinc /siŋk/ | tschintg /tʃiŋk/ | sinch /siŋk/ | cinch /tʃiŋk/ | cinc /tsink/ |
| Hundred | cent /sen/ | cent /sen/ | cent /sent/ | tschient /tʃient/ | sent /sɛŋt/ | cent /tʃent/ | cent /tsent/ |
| Hello | adieu /adjew/ | hola /ɔlə/ | hola /ˈola/ | allegra /aleɡra/ | ciao /tʃao/ | ciao /ˈtʃaːo/ | salut /saˈlyt/ |
| Thank you | mercés /merses/ | gràcies /ɡɾasiəs/ | gràcies /ˈɡɾasies/ | grazia /ɡratsia/ | gràssie /ˈɡrasie/ | gràzie /ˈɡrasje/ | merci /mɛrˈsi/ |
| Good | bon /bu/ | bo /bɔ/ | bo /bɔ/ | bun /bun/ | bon /buŋ/ | bun /buŋ/ | bon /bõn/ |
| New | nòu /nɔw/ | nou /nɔw/ | nou /nɔw/ | nov /nɔf/ | neuv /nøw/ | nœuv /nøf/ | novel /noˈvɛl/ |
| Red | roge /ˈrudʒe/ | vermell /bərˈmeʎ/ | roig /rɔtʃ/ | cotschen /ˈkotʃən/ | ross /rus/ | ross /rɔs/ | roge /ˈrodʒə/ |
| White | blanc /blaŋ/ | blanc /blaŋ/ | blanc /blaŋk/ | alv /alf/ | bianch /bjaŋk/ | bianch /bjaŋk/ | blanc /blank/ |
| Black | negre /ˈneɣɾe/ | negre /ˈneɣɾə/ | negre /ˈneɣɾe/ | nair /nair/ | nèir /nɛjr/ | negher /ˈneɡer/ | noir /ˈnojr/ |
| Green | verd /bet/ | verd /bɛrt/ | verd /vɛɾt/ | verd /vɛrt/ | verd /vɛrt/ | verd /vert/ | vert /vɛrt/ |
| Blue | blau /blaw/ | blau /blaw/ | blau /blaw/ | blau /blaw/ | bleu /blø/ | blö /blø/ | — |
| Cuckoo | cocut /kuˈkyt/ | cucut /kuˈkut/ | cucut /kuˈkut/ | cucu /ˈkuku/ | coco /ˈkuku/ | cùcch /kuk/ | cucu /kuˈky/ |
| Computer | ordinator /urdinaˈtu/ | ordinador /uɾðinəˈðo/ | ordinador /oɾðinaˈðoɾ/ | computer /kɔmˈpjuːtər/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | — |
| Sushi | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | harenc sor /aˈrɛŋk ˈsɔr/ |
| Tea | tè /tɛ/ | te /tɛ/ | te /te/ | té /te/ | tè /tɛ/ | tè /tɛ/ | — |
| Coffee | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | cafè /kəˈfɛ/ | café /kaˈfe/ | café /kaˈfe/ | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | — |
| Sugar | sucre /ˈsykɾe/ | sucre /ˈsukɾə/ | sucre /ˈsukɾe/ | zutger /ˈtsutɕer/ | sùcher /ˈsykɛr/ | zuccher /syˈkeːr/ | — |
| Orange | irange /iˈɾandʒe/ | taronja /təˈɾɔɲʒə/ | taronja /taˈɾɔɲdʒa/ | aranscha /aˈraŋʃa/ | aransa /aˈraŋsa/ | naranz /naˈrans/ | — |
| Ninety-nine | nonanta-nòu /nuˈnantɔ ˈnɔw/ | noranta-nou /nuˈɾantə ˈnɔw/ | noranta-nou /noˈɾanta ˈnɔw/ | — | novanteneuv /nuvanteˈnøw/ | novanta-neuv /nuˈvanta ˈnøf/ | nonante et nuef /noˈnantə e ˈnwɛf/ |
| Dopamine | dopamina /dupaˈminɔ/ | dopamina /dupəˈminə/ | dopamina /dopaˈmina/ | dopamin /dopaˈmiːn/ | dopamin-a /dupaˈmiŋa/ | — | — |
| At sign | arròba /aˈrɔβɔ/ | arrova /əˈrɔβə/ | arrova /aˈrɔva/ | — | — | — | — |
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