Gáedelg
Middle Irish
Indo-European (Celtic, Insular, Goidelic) · historical / hidden variety
Middle Irish is the Goidelic Celtic language of Ireland, the Hebrides, the Isle of Man and Galloway from approximately the 10th to 13th centuries CE — the bridge between Old Irish (sga, before c.900) and Early Modern Irish (~13th-17th c.) and ultimately the modern Goidelic languages: Irish (ga), Scottish Gaelic (gd) and Manx (gv). Lenition and nasalization mutations are fully developed; the Old Irish absolute/conjunct verb system simplifies; many features of the modern Goidelic languages crystallize. Major literary monuments include the great medieval Irish manuscripts (Lebor na hUidre c.1106, Book of Leinster c.1160), the Cycles of the Kings, and most of the surviving Cú Chulainn and Finn Cycle prose.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Middle Irish
Sources
- McCone (1997) The Early Irish Verb
- Stokes & Strachan (1901-03) Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus
- Glottolog: midd1357
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (Celtic, Insular, Goidelic)
| Meaning | Middle Irish | Old Irish | Manx | Irish | Scottish Gaelic | Breton | Slovenian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | usce /uske/ | uisce /ˈusʲkʲe/ | ushtey /ˈuʃtʲə/ | uisce /ɪʃcə/ | uisge /ɯʃkʲə/ | dour /duːɾ/ | voda /ˈʋɔːda/ |
| Fire | tene /tene/ | tene /ˈtʲene/ | aile /ailʲ/ | tine /tʲɪnʲə/ | teine /ˈtʲɛɲə/ | tan /tɑ̃ːn/ | ogenj /ˈɔːɡən/ |
| Sun | grían /ɡrian/ | grían /ɡrian/ | grian /ɡriən/ | grian /ɟɾʲiən̪ˠ/ | grian /kɾʲiən/ | heol /heːɔl/ | sonce /ˈsoːntsɛ/ |
| Moon | ésca /eːska/ | éscae /eːskai/ | eayst /eːst/ | gealach /ɟalˠax/ | gealach /kʲaɫəx/ | loar /lwaːɾ/ | luna /ˈluːna/ |
| Star | rétla /ˈreːtla/ | rétla /ˈrʲeːdla/ | rollage /ˈrolaːɡ/ | réalta /ˈɾˠeːl̪ˠt̪ˠə/ | reul /rˠeːl̪ˠ/ | steredenn /steˈreːdɛn/ | zvezda /ˈzʋeːzda/ |
| Night | adaig /aðəɣʲ/ | adaig /aðəɣʲ/ | oie /ei/ | oíche /ˈiːçə/ | oidhche /ˈɤçə/ | noz /noːs/ | noč /noːtʃ/ |
| Rain | báitsech /ˈbaːtʲʃəx/ | fras /fras/ | fliaghey /ˈfljaːə/ | báisteach /ˈbˠaːʃtʲəx/ | uisge /ɯʃkʲə/ | glav /ɡlɑːw/ | dež /dəʃ/ |
| Snow | snechta /sʲnʲextə/ | snechtae /sʲnʲexte/ | sniaghtey /ˈsnʲaxðə/ | sneachta /ʃnʲaxt̪ˠə/ | sneachda /ʃɲɛxkə/ | erc'h /ɛrx/ | sneg /sneːk/ |
| Wind | gáeth /ɡaːiθ/ | gáeth /ɡaːiθ/ | geay /ɡjeː/ | gaoth /ɡeː/ | gaoth /kɯː/ | avel /ˈavɛl/ | veter /ˈʋeːtər/ |
| Earth | talam /ˈtalav/ | talam /ˈtalav/ | thalloo /ˈtalu/ | cré /cɾʲeː/ | talamh /ˈtal̪ˠəv/ | douar /ˈduːar/ | zemlja /ˈzɛːmlja/ |
| Stone | cloch /klox/ | cloch /klox/ | clagh /klaːx/ | cloch /klˠɔx/ | clach /kʰl̪ˠax/ | maen /mɛːn/ | kamen /ˈkaːmən/ |
| Mountain | slíab /sʲlʲiaβ/ | slíab /sʲlʲiaβ/ | slieau /slʲuː/ | sliabh /ʃlʲiəvˠ/ | beinn /peiɲː/ | menez /ˈmeːnɛs/ | gora /ˈɡɔːra/ |
| Sea | muir /murʲ/ | muir /murʲ/ | faarkey /ˈfaːrkʲə/ | farraige /ˈfˠaɾˠɪɟə/ | muir /muɾʲ/ | mor /moːr/ | morje /ˈmoːrjɛ/ |
| Mother | máthair /maːθirʲ/ | máthair /maːθirʲ/ | moir /mɔːɾ/ | máthair /mˠɑːhəɾʲ/ | màthair /maːhəɾʲ/ | mamm /mɑ̃m/ | mati /ˈmaːti/ |
| Father | athair /aθirʲ/ | athair /aθirʲ/ | ayr /ɛːr/ | athair /ahəɾʲ/ | athair /ahəɾʲ/ | tad /taːd/ | oče /ˈɔːtʃɛ/ |
| Daughter | ingen /ˈinʲɣʲen/ | ingen /ˈinʲɣʲen/ | inneen /iˈneːn/ | iníon /ɪˈnʲiːn̪ˠ/ | nighean /ˈɲiːən/ | merc'h /mɛrx/ | hči /xtʃiː/ |
| I | mé /mʲeː/ | mé /mʲeː/ | mee /miː/ | mé /mʲeː/ | mi /mi/ | me /me/ | jaz /jas/ |
| You | tú /tuː/ | tú /tuː/ | oo /uː/ | tú /t̪ˠuː/ | thu /u/ | te /te/ | ti /tiː/ |
| We | sinn /sʲinʲ/ | sní /snʲiː/ | shin /ʃin/ | muid /mˠidʲ/ | sinn /ʃiɲ/ | ni /ni/ | mi /miː/ |
| Name | ainm /anʲmʲ/ | ainm /anʲmʲ/ | ennym /ˈenəm/ | ainm /anʲəmʲ/ | ainm /ˈɛnɛm/ | anv /ˈãːno/ | ime /iˈmeː/ |
| Person | duine /dunʲe/ | duine /ˈdunʲe/ | peiagh /pʲaːx/ | duine /ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/ | duine /ˈt̪ɯɲə/ | den /deːn/ | človek /ˈtʃlɔːʋɛk/ |
| Head | cenn /kʲen/ | cenn /kʲen/ | kione /kʲoːn/ | ceann /cɑːn̪ˠ/ | ceann /kʲaun̪ˠ/ | penn /pɛn/ | glava /ˈɡlaːʋa/ |
| Eye | súil /suːlʲ/ | súil /suːlʲ/ | sooill /suːlʲ/ | súil /sˠuːlʲ/ | sùil /suːl/ | lagad /laɡat/ | oko /ɔˈkoː/ |
| Ear | ó /oː/ | clúas /kluəs/ | cleaysh /klʲaːʒ/ | cluas /kl̪ˠuəsˠ/ | cluas /kl̪ˠuəs/ | skouarn /ˈskwarn/ | uho /uˈxoː/ |
| Nose | srón /sroːn/ | srón /sroːn/ | stroin /strɔinʲ/ | srón /sˠɾˠoːnˠ/ | sròn /s̪t̪ɾɔːn/ | fri /friː/ | nos /noːs/ |
| Mouth | bél /bʲeːl/ | gin /ɡʲin/ | beeal /biːl/ | béal /bʲeːl̪ˠ/ | beul /pial̪ˠ/ | genou /ˈɡeːnu/ | usta /ˈuːsta/ |
| Tooth | dét /deːd/ | dét /dʲeːd/ | feeackle /fiaxəl/ | fiacail /ˈfʲiəkəlʲ/ | fiacail /ˈfiəxkil/ | dant /dãnt/ | zob /zoːp/ |
| Tongue | tengae /ˈtʲeŋɡe/ | tengae /ˈtʲeŋɡe/ | çhengey /tʃeŋə/ | teanga /ˈtʲaŋɡə/ | teanga /ˈtʃʰɛŋɡə/ | teod /tɛwt/ | jezik /ˈjɛːzik/ |
| Hand | lám /laːv/ | lám /laːv/ | laue /lɛːu/ | lámh /l̪ˠɑːvˠ/ | làmh /ɫ̪aːv/ | dorn /dɔɾn/ | roka /ˈrɔːka/ |
| Foot | cos /kos/ | cos /kos/ | cass /kaːs/ | cos /kɔsˠ/ | cas /kʰas/ | troad /troat/ | stopalo /stɔˈpaːlɔ/ |
| Heart | cride /krʲiðʲe/ | cride /krʲiðʲe/ | cree /kɾiː/ | croí /kɾˠiː/ | cridhe /kɾʲiə/ | kalon /kalɔ̃n/ | srce /sərˈtseː/ |
| Bone | cnáim /knaːmʲ/ | cnáim /knaːmʲ/ | craue /kreu/ | cnámh /kn̪ˠaːw/ | cnàimh /kʰɾãːiv/ | askorn /ˈaskorn/ | kost /koːst/ |
| Blood | fuil /fulʲ/ | fuil /fulʲ/ | fuill /fuːl/ | fuil /fˠɪlʲ/ | fuil /ful/ | gwad /ɡwaːt/ | kri /kriː/ |
| Poop | cac /kak/ | cac /kak/ | keck /kek/ | cac /kak/ | cac /kʰaxk/ | kac'h /kax/ | kakec /ˈkaːkəts/ |
| Love | serc /serk/ | serc /serk/ | graih /ɡraːx/ | grá /ɡɾˠɑː/ | gaol /kɯːl̪ˠ/ | karantez /kaɾɑ̃ntes/ | ljubezen /ljuˈbeːzən/ |
| Tree | crann /kran/ | crann /kran/ | billey /ˈbilʲə/ | crann /kɾˠɑːn̪ˠ/ | craobh /kɾɯːv/ | gwezenn /ˈɡweːzɛn/ | drevo /drɛˈʋoː/ |
| Dog | madra /madra/ | cú /kuː/ | moddey /ˈmɔðə/ | madra /mˠɑd̪ˠɾˠə/ | cù /kuː/ | ki /kiː/ | pes /pəs/ |
| Cat | cat /kat/ | cat /kat/ | kayt /kat/ | cat /kɑt̪ˠ/ | cat /kʰaht̪/ | kazh /kaːs/ | mačka /ˈmaːtʃka/ |
| Fish | íasc /iːask/ | íasc /iːask/ | eeast /iːst/ | iasc /iəsˠk/ | iasg /iəsk/ | pesk /pesk/ | riba /ˈriːba/ |
| Bird | én /eːn/ | én /eːn/ | ushag /ˈuʒaɡ/ | éan /eːnˠ/ | eun /ian/ | evn /ẽːvn/ | ptica /ˈptiːtsa/ |
| Egg | og /oɣ/ | og /oɣ/ | ooh /uː/ | ubh /ʊvˠ/ | ugh /u/ | vi /viː/ | jajce /ˈjaːjtsɛ/ |
| Bear | mathgamain /maθɣəvənʲ/ | art /art/ | maghouin /maˈɣuːnʲ/ | béar /bʲeːɾˠ/ | mathan /ˈmahan/ | arzh /ars/ | medved /ˈmɛːdʋɛt/ |
| Horse | ech /ex/ | ech /ex/ | cabbyl /ˈkaːbəl/ | capall /ˈkapˠəl̪ˠ/ | each /ɛx/ | marc'h /marx/ | konj /kɔn/ |
| House | tech /tex/ | tech /tʲex/ | thie /tai/ | teach /tʲax/ | taigh /tʰɤj/ | ti /tiː/ | hiša /ˈxiːʃa/ |
| Milk | as /as/ | as /as/ | bainney /ˈbanʲə/ | bainne /ˈbˠanʲə/ | bainne /ˈpaɲə/ | laezh /leːs/ | mleko /ˈmleːkɔ/ |
| Honey | mil /mʲilʲ/ | mil /mʲilʲ/ | mill /mil/ | mil /mʲɪlʲ/ | mil /mil/ | mel /meːl/ | med /meːt/ |
| Salt | salann /ˈsalan/ | salann /ˈsalan/ | sollan /ˈsolan/ | salann /ˈsˠalˠən̪ˠ/ | salann /ˈsaɫən/ | holen /ˈhoːlɛn/ | sol /soːʋ/ |
| Wine | fín /fiːn/ | fín /fʲiːn/ | feeyn /fiːn/ | fíon /ˈfʲiːn̪ˠ/ | fìon /fiən/ | gwin /ɡwiːn/ | vino /ˈʋiːnɔ/ |
| Iron | íarn /iːarn/ | íarn /iːarn/ | yiarn /jaːrn/ | iarann /ˈiəɾˠən/ | iarann /ˈiəɾən̪ˠ/ | houarn /ˈhuːaɾn/ | železo /ʒɛˈleːzɔ/ |
| Wheel | roth /roθ/ | roth /roθ/ | queeyl /kwiːl/ | roth /ɾˠɔh/ | roth /rˠɔh/ | rod /roːd/ | kolo /kɔˈloː/ |
| Silk | síta /ˈsʲiːdə/ | síta /ˈsʲiːda/ | sheeidey /ˈʃiːðə/ | síoda /ˈʃiːd̪ˠə/ | sìoda /ˈʃiət̪ə/ | seiz /sɛjs/ | svila /ˈsʋiːla/ |
| Book | lebor /ˈlʲeβər/ | lebor /ˈlʲeβor/ | lioar /lʲoːr/ | leabhar /ˈlʲauəɾˠ/ | leabhar /ˈʎɔəɾ/ | levr /lɛvr/ | knjiga /ˈknjiːɡa/ |
| Eat | ithid /iθʲiðʲ/ | ithid /iθʲiðʲ/ | gee /ɡʲiː/ | ith /ɪ/ | ith /iç/ | debriñ /debɾĩː/ | jesti /ˈjeːsti/ |
| Drink | ól /oːl/ | ibid /iβʲiðʲ/ | iu /juː/ | ól /oːlˠ/ | òl /ɔːl/ | evañ /eːvɑ̃/ | piti /ˈpiːti/ |
| Sleep | cotlaid /ˈkodləðʲ/ | con·tuili /konˈtulʲi/ | cadley /ˈkaðlə/ | codail /ˈkɔd̪ˠəlʲ/ | caidil /ˈkʰatʲɪl/ | kousket /ˈkuskət/ | spati /ˈspaːti/ |
| One | óen /oin/ | oín /oːin/ | nane /nɛːn/ | aon /eːn̪ˠ/ | aon /ɯːn/ | unan /yːnɑ̃n/ | eden /ˈɛːdən/ |
| Two | dá /daː/ | dá /daː/ | jees /dʒiːs/ | dó /d̪ˠoː/ | dà /t̪aː/ | daou /dɔw/ | dva /dʋaː/ |
| Three | trí /tʲrʲiː/ | trí /tʲrʲiː/ | tree /triː/ | trí /tʲɾʲiː/ | trì /tʰɾiː/ | tri /triː/ | tri /triː/ |
| Four | cethair /ˈkʲeθərʲ/ | cethair /ˈkʲeθərʲ/ | kiare /kʲeːr/ | ceathair /ˈcahəɾʲ/ | ceithir /ˈkʲehɪɾʲ/ | pevar /ˈpɛːvar/ | štiri /ˈʃtiːri/ |
| Five | cóic /koːɡʲ/ | cóic /koːɡʲ/ | queig /kweɡ/ | cúig /kuːɟ/ | còig /kʰoːkʲ/ | pemp /pɛmp/ | pet /peːt/ |
| Hundred | cét /kʲeːd/ | cét /kʲeːd/ | keead /kʲiːd/ | céad /ceːd̪ˠ/ | ceud /kʰʲiət/ | kant /kãnt/ | sto /stoː/ |
| Hello | fochen /foxʲen/ | fochen /foxʲen/ | moghrey mie /ˈmɔɣrə maɪ/ | dia duit /dʲiə d̪ˠɪtʲ/ | halò /haloː/ | demat /deːmat/ | živjo /ʒiʋjɔ/ |
| Thank you | atlochur /atloxur/ | atlochur /atloxur/ | gura mie ayd /ˈɡura miː eːd/ | go raibh maith agat /ɡɔ ɾˠɛv mˠah aɡət̪ˠ/ | tapadh leat /tʰapə lɛt/ | trugarez /tɾyɡaɾes/ | hvala /ˈxʋaːla/ |
| Good | maith /maθʲ/ | maith /maθʲ/ | mie /maɪ/ | maith /mˠah/ | math /ma/ | mat /maːt/ | dober /ˈdoːbər/ |
| New | núa /ˈnuːa/ | núae /ˈnuːe/ | noa /noː/ | nua /n̪ˠuə/ | ùr /uːɾ/ | nevez /ˈneːves/ | nov /nɔʋ/ |
| Red | derg /dʲerɡ/ | derg /dʲerɡ/ | jiarg /dʒarɡ/ | dearg /ˈdʲaɾˠəɡ/ | dearg /ˈtʲɛɾɛk/ | ruz /ryːs/ | rdeč /ərˈdɛtʃ/ |
| White | bán /baːn/ | bán /baːn/ | bane /beːn/ | bán /bˠaːnˠ/ | geal /kʲaɫ/ | gwenn /ɡwɛn/ | bel /beːʋ/ |
| Black | dub /duβ/ | dub /duβ/ | doo /duː/ | dubh /d̪ˠʊvˠ/ | dubh /t̪uh/ | du /dyː/ | črn /tʃərn/ |
| Green | úaine /ˈuːənʲe/ | glas /ɡlas/ | glass /ɡlaːs/ | glas /ɡlˠasˠ/ | uaine /ˈuəɲə/ | gwer /ɡwɛr/ | zelen /zɛˈlɛn/ |
| Cuckoo | cúach /ˈkuːax/ | caí /kaːi/ | cooag /ˈkuːaɡ/ | cuach /kuəx/ | cuthag /ˈkʰuhak/ | koukoug /ˈkukuk/ | kukavica /ˈkuːkaʋitsa/ |
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