Ómagyar

Old Hungarian

Uralic (Finno-Ugric, Hungarian — historical stage of modern Hungarian hu) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyUralic (Finno-Ugric, Hungarian — historical stage of modern Hungarian hu) SpeakersExtinct (~9th-15th c.; ancestor of modern Hungarian) ScriptLatin CountriesHistorical: Hungary Official inNo (extinct; modern Hungarian in original territory) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3ohu

Old Hungarian (Ómagyar) is the medieval stage of Hungarian, spanning ~9th-15th centuries from the Magyar conquest of the Pannonian Basin (895-907) through the Hungarian Renaissance. The Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés, 1192-1195) is the oldest surviving complete Hungarian text and the oldest surviving coherent text in the entire Finno-Ugric (Uralic) family. The Old Hungarian Mary Lament (Ómagyar Mária-siralom, ~1300) is the oldest surviving Hungarian poem. Old Hungarian preserves classical Finno-Ugric features: vowel harmony (front/back), agglutinative case suffixes (~14 cases), possessive suffixes, and lacks grammatical gender. Phonological changes from Old to Modern Hungarian include simplification of long vowels and palatalization of consonant clusters.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Old Hungarian

Water

vȳz

viːz

Fire

tȳz

tyːz

Sun

nȁp

nɒp

Moon

hȍld

hold

Star

csillag

ˈtʃilːɒɡ

Night

éj

eːj

Rain

eső

ɛʃøː

Snow

hó

hoː

Wind

szél

seːl

Earth

fëld

føld

Stone

kő

køː

Mountain

hegy

hɛɟ

Sea

tenger

tɛŋɡɛr

Mother

anya

ɒɲɒ

Father

āpá

aːpaː

Daughter

leány

leaːɲ

I

én

eːn

You

te

te

We

mi

mi

Name

név

neːv

Person

ember

ɛmbɛr

Head

fő

føː

Eye

szèm

sɛm

Ear

fül

fyl

Nose

orr

orː

Mouth

száj

saːj

Tooth

fog

foɡ

Tongue

nyelv

ɲɛlv

Hand

kéz

keːz

Foot

láb

laːb

Heart

szīw

siːw

Bone

csont

tʃont

Blood

vér

veːr

Poop

szar

sɒr

Love

szèrēlm

sɛreːlm

Tree

fȁ

fɒ

Dog

eb

ɛb

Cat

macska

mɒtʃkɒ

Fish

hal

hɒl

Bird

madár

mɒdaːr

Egg

mony

moɲ

Bear

medve

mɛdvɛ

Horse

ló

loː

House

hāz

haːz

Milk

tej

tɛj

Honey

mēz

meːz

Salt

só

ʃoː

Wine

bor

bor

Iron

vȁs

vɒʃ

Wheel

kerék

kɛreːk

Silk

selyem

ʃɛʎɛm

Book

könyv

køɲv

Eat

ènni

ɛnːi

Drink

ìnni

inːi

One

egy

ɛɟ

Two

kettő

ˈketːøː

Three

három

ˈhaːrom

Four

négy

neːɟ

Five

öt

øt

Hundred

száz

saːz

Hello

ìstèn hozott

iʃtɛn hozotː

Thank you

kȍszȍnèm

køsønɛm

Good

jȍw

joːw

New

új

uːj

Red

veres

ˈvereʃ

White

fejér

ˈfɛjeːr

Black

fekete

fɛkɛtɛ

Green

zöld

zøld

Cuckoo

kakuk

ˈkɒkuk

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Uralic (Finno-Ugric, Hungarian — historical stage of modern Hungarian hu)

Meaning Old HungarianHungarianIrulaKildin SámiSlovenianLivonianPashai
Water vȳz /viːz/ víz /viːz/ nīr /niːɾ/ ча̄дзь /tʃaːdz/ voda /ˈʋɔːda/ vež /vɛʒ/ واری /waːri/
Fire tȳz /tyːz/ tűz /tyːz/ tī /tiː/ то̄лл /toːlː/ ogenj /ˈɔːɡən/ tūl /tuːl/ انگاری /aŋɡaːri/
Sun nȁp /nɒp/ nap /nɒp/ čūriyen /tʃuːɾijen/ пе̄ййв /peːjjv/ sonce /ˈsoːntsɛ/ pǟva /pæːva/ سور /sur/
Moon hȍld /hold/ hold /hold/ niḷā /niɭaː/ ма̄нн /maːnn/ luna /ˈluːna/ kūʼ /kuː/ مس /mas/
Star csillag /ˈtʃilːɒɡ/ csillag /ˈtʃillɒɡ/ naṭčattiram /naʈtʃatːiɾam/ та̄ссьт /taːɕːt/ zvezda /ˈzʋeːzda/ tēḑ /teːdʲ/ تارا /taːraː/
Night éj /eːj/ éj /eːj/ ravu /ravu/ ыйй /ɨjː/ noč /noːtʃ/ īe /iːɛ/ رات /rat/
Rain eső /ɛʃøː/ eső /ˈɛʃøː/ — аббьр /abːr/ dež /dəʃ/ vīmõ /ˈviːmɤ/ واښ /waːʂ/
Snow hó /hoː/ hó /hoː/ — вэ̄дз /veːdz/ sneg /sneːk/ lum /lum/ ہیم /hiːm/
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