castellano

Old Spanish

Indo-European (Romance, Ibero-Romance, Castilian) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Romance, Ibero-Romance, Castilian) SpeakersExtinct as L1 ScriptLatin CountriesKingdom of Castile (modern central and northern Spain) Official inKingdom of Castile (10th-15th c.) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3osp

Old Spanish / Old Castilian is the Romance language of the Kingdom of Castile from the 10th to the 15th centuries CE, the direct ancestor of modern Spanish. It descends from Vulgar Latin in Cantabria-Castile, with significant Visigothic and Andalusi Arabic substrate/adstrate (Arabic loans for science, agriculture, administration: aceite, azúcar, álgebra, almohada). Major literary monuments include the anonymous epic Cantar de mio Cid (~1207 CE), the Glosas Emilianenses (10th c., the oldest surviving Romance text in Iberia), the Castilian translations under Alfonso X el Sabio (13th c.), and Juan Ruiz's Libro de buen amor (~1330). Old Spanish phonology (with /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ts/, /dz/ that later collapsed) was reformed by 1492 standardization (Nebrija's Gramática).

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Old Spanish

Water

agua

ˈaɣwa

Fire

fuego

ˈfweɣo

Sun

sol

sol

Moon

luna

ˈluna

Star

estrella

esˈtɾeʎa

Night

noche

ˈnotʃe

Rain

lluvia

ˈʎuβja

Snow

nieve

ˈnjeβe

Wind

viento

ˈβjento

Earth

tierra

ˈtjera

Stone

piedra

ˈpjeðra

Mountain

montanna

monˈtaɲa

Sea

mar

maɾ

Mother

madre

ˈmaðre

Father

padre

ˈpaðre

Daughter

fija

ˈfiʒa

I

yo

jo

You

tú

tu

We

nós

nos

Name

nombre

ˈnombɾe

Person

persona

peɾˈsona

Head

cabeça

kaˈbetsa

Eye

ojo

ˈoʒo

Ear

oreja

oˈɾeʒa

Nose

nariz

naˈɾits

Mouth

boca

ˈboka

Tooth

diente

ˈdjente

Tongue

lengua

ˈleŋɡwa

Hand

mano

ˈmano

Foot

pie

pje

Heart

coraçón

koɾaˈtson

Bone

huesso

ˈweso

Blood

sangre

ˈsaŋɡɾe

Poop

mierda

ˈmjeɾða

Love

amor

aˈmoɾ

Tree

árbor

ˈaɾβoɾ

Dog

can

kan

Cat

gato

ˈɡato

Fish

pece

ˈpetse

Bird

ave

ˈaβe

Egg

huevo

ˈweβo

Bear

osso

ˈoso

Horse

cavallo

kaˈβaʎo

House

casa

ˈkaza

Milk

leche

ˈletʃe

Honey

miel

mjel

Salt

sal

sal

Wine

vino

ˈβino

Rice

arroz

aˈrots

Iron

fierro

ˈfjero

Wheel

rueda

ˈrweða

Silk

seda

ˈseða

Book

libro

ˈliβɾo

Eat

comer

koˈmeɾ

Drink

bever

beˈβeɾ

Sleep

dormir

doɾˈmir

One

uno

ˈuno

Two

dos

dos

Three

tres

tɾes

Four

quatro

ˈkwatro

Five

cinco

ˈtsinko

Hundred

ciento

ˈtsjento

Hello

salud

saˈlud

Thank you

mercedes

meɾˈtseðes

Good

bueno

ˈbweno

New

nuevo

ˈnweβo

Red

roxo

ˈroʃo

White

blanco

ˈblaŋko

Black

negro

ˈneɣɾo

Green

verde

ˈβeɾde

Cuckoo

cuco

ˈkuko

Computer

ábaco

ˈabako

Sushi

cecial

tseˈtsjal

At sign

arroba

aˈroba

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (Romance, Ibero-Romance, Castilian)

Meaning Old SpanishGolden Age SpanishSpanishBolivian SpanishColombian SpanishPeruvian SpanishChilean Spanish
Water agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/
Fire fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/
Sun sol /sol/ sol /sol/ sol /sol/ sol /sol/ sol /sol/ sol /sol/ sol /sol/
Moon luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/
Star estrella /esˈtɾeʎa/ estrella /esˈtɾeʎa/ estrella /esˈtɾeʎa/ estrella /esˈtɾeʎa/ estrella /esˈtɾeʝa/ estrella /esˈtɾeʝa/ estrella /ehˈtɾeʝa/
Night noche /ˈnotʃe/ noche /ˈnotʃe/ noche /ˈnotʃe/ noche /ˈnotʃe/ noche /ˈnotʃe/ noche /ˈnotʃe/ noche /ˈnotʃe/
Rain lluvia /ˈʎuβja/ lluvia /ˈʎuvja/ lluvia /ˈʎuβja/ lluvia /ˈʎuβja/ lluvia /ˈʝuβja/ lluvia /ˈʝuβja/ lluvia /ˈʝuβja/
Snow nieve /ˈnjeβe/ nieve /ˈnjeve/ nieve /ˈnjeβe/ nieve /ˈnjeβe/ nieve /ˈnjeβe/ nieve /ˈnjeβe/ nieve /ˈnjeβe/
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