Basa Toraya
Toraja-Sa'dan
Austronesian (South Sulawesi, Toraja-Sa'dan)
Toraja-Sa'dan is the principal language of the Toraja people of highland South Sulawesi (Indonesia), with ~750K speakers in the Tana Toraja and North Toraja regencies. Famous worldwide for elaborate Aluk-Todolo funeral ceremonies (Rambu Solo' lasting up to a week), boat-shaped Tongkonan houses on tall stilts, and cliff-face hanging-burial galleries with tau-tau effigies. Belongs to the South Sulawesi branch of Austronesian alongside Buginese and Makassarese. Latin orthography; Bible translation completed 1996. Indonesian regional language status.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Toraja-Sa'dan
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (South Sulawesi, Toraja-Sa'dan)
| Meaning | Toraja-Sa'dan | Mandar | Buginese | Tausug | Batak Angkola | Ngaju | Makassarese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | uai /uai/ | uai /uai/ | wae /wae/ | tubig /tubiɡ/ | aek /aek/ | danum /danum/ | jeʼneʼ /ˈdʒeʔneʔ/ |
| Fire | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | kāyu /kaːju/ | api /api/ | apui /apui/ | pepeʼ /ˈpepeʔ/ |
| Sun | mata allo /mataʔalːo/ | mata allo /mata alːo/ | mata esso /mata esːo/ | adlaw /adlaw/ | mata ni ari /mata ni ari/ | matanandau /matanandau/ | mata allo /mata ˈʔallo/ |
| Moon | bulan /bulan/ | bulang /bulaŋ/ | uleng /uleŋ/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulang /buˈlaŋ/ |
| Star | bintoen /bintoen/ | bittoeng /bittoeŋ/ | wittoing /wittoiŋ/ | bituun /bituʔun/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintoeng /bintoeŋ/ |
| Night | bongi /boŋi/ | bongi /boŋi/ | wenni /wənːi/ | dūm /duːm/ | borngin /borŋin/ | hamalem /hamaləm/ | bangngi /baŋːi/ |
| Rain | uran /uˈran/ | urang /uˈraŋ/ | bosi /ˈbosi/ | ulan /ˈulan/ | udan /uˈdan/ | ujan /udʒan/ | bosi /ˈbosi/ |
| Snow | ambun makko /ambun makːo/ | — | salejju /salədʒːu/ | — | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | — |
| Wind | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | anging /aŋiŋ/ | hangin /haŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | riwut /riwut/ | anging /aŋiŋ/ |
| Earth | litak /litak/ | litaq /litaʔ/ | tana /tana/ | lupaꞌ /lupaʔ/ | tano /tano/ | petak /petak/ | butta /butːa/ |
| Stone | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ |
| Mountain | buntu /buntu/ | buttu /butːu/ | bulu /bulu/ | būd /buːd/ | dolok /dolok/ | bukit /bukit/ | moncong /moɲtʃoŋ/ |
| Sea | tasik /tasik/ | sasiq /sasiʔ/ | tasiʼ /tasiʔ/ | dagat /daɡat/ | laut /laut/ | tasik /tasik/ | tamparang /tamˈparaŋ/ |
| Mother | indoʼ /indoʔ/ | indoq /indoʔ/ | indoʼ /indoʔ/ | inaꞌ /inaʔ/ | inang /inaŋ/ | indu /indu/ | ammaʼ /ˈʔammaʔ/ |
| Father | ambeʼ /ambeʔ/ | ama /ama/ | amboʼ /amboʔ/ | amaꞌ /amaʔ/ | amang /amaŋ/ | bapa /bapa/ | bapaʼ /ˈbapaʔ/ |
| Daughter | anak baine /anak baine/ | — | anaʼ makkunrai /anaʔ makːunrai/ | anak babai /anak babai/ | boru /boru/ | anak bawi /anak bawi/ | anaʼ baine /ʔanaʔ baine/ |
| I | aku /aku/ | iyau /ijau/ | iyyaʼ /ijːaʔ/ | aku /aku/ | au /au/ | aku /aku/ | nakke /naʔke/ |
| You | iko /iko/ | io /iʔo/ | iko /iko/ | ikaw /ikaw/ | ho /ho/ | ikau /ikau/ | ikau /ikau/ |
| We | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ikiq / ingkaiq /ikiʔ / iŋkaiʔ/ | idiʼ /idiʔ/ | kitaniyu / kami /kitaniju / kami/ | hita / hami /hita / hami/ | itah / ikei /itah / ikei/ | ikatte / ikambe /ikaʔte / ikambe/ |
| Name | sanga /saŋa/ | sanga /saŋa/ | aseng /asəŋ/ | ngan /ŋan/ | goar /ɡoar/ | aran /aran/ | areng /areŋ/ |
| Person | tau /tau/ | tau /tau/ | tau /tau/ | tau /taʔu/ | halak /halak/ | uluh /uluh/ | tau /tau/ |
| Head | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ū /ʔuː/ | ulu /ulu/ | takuluk /takuluk/ | ulu /ˈulu/ |
| Eye | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mate /mate/ | mata /maˈta/ |
| Ear | talinga /taliŋa/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | doccili /dotʃːili/ | taynga /tajŋa/ | pinggol /piŋɡol/ | pinding /pindiŋ/ | toli /ˈtoli/ |
| Nose | illong /ilːoŋ/ | pudzung /puðuŋ/ | ingeʼ /iŋəʔ/ | ilung /ˈʔiluŋ/ | igung /iɡuŋ/ | urung /uruŋ/ | kaʼmuru /kaʔˈmuru/ |
| Mouth | sadang /sadaŋ/ | nganga /ŋaŋa/ | timu /timu/ | simud /simud/ | baba /baba/ | nyama /ɲama/ | bawa /ˈbawa/ |
| Tooth | isi /isi/ | isi /isi/ | isi /isi/ | ipun /ipun/ | ipon /ipon/ | kasinga /kasiŋa/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Tongue | lila /lila/ | lila /lila/ | lila /lila/ | dilaꞌ /dilaʔ/ | dila /dila/ | jela /dʒelaʔ/ | lila /lila/ |
| Hand | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | lengen /ləŋən/ | lima /liˈma/ |
| Foot | lentek /lentek/ | — | ajé /adʒe/ | siki /siki/ | pat /pat/ | pai /pai/ | bangkeng /ˈbaŋkəŋ/ |
| Heart | penaa /penaː/ | ate /ate/ | ati /ati/ | jantung /dʒantuŋ/ | roha /roha/ | atei /atei/ | ati /ˈʔati/ |
| Bone | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | bukug /ˈbukuɡ/ | holi-holi /holiˈholi/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | buku /buku/ |
| Blood | rara /rara/ | ceraq /tʃɛraʔ/ | dara /dara/ | duguꞌ /duɡuʔ/ | mudar /mudar/ | daha /dahaʔ/ | ceraʼ /tʃeraʔ/ |
| Poop | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ | tayꞌ /tajʔ/ | — | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ |
| Love | maʼpaʼiya /maʔpaʔija/ | mappinawa /mapːinawa/ | poji /podʒi/ | lasa /lasa/ | holong /holoŋ/ | sinta /sinta/ | mangngai /maŋˈŋai/ |
| Tree | kayu /kaju/ | kaju /kaju/ | aju /adʒu/ | kahuy /kahuj/ | hayu /haju/ | kayu /kaju/ | pokoʼ kayu /pokoʔ kaˈju/ |
| Dog | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | iruꞌ /iruʔ/ | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | kongkong /koŋˈkoŋ/ |
| Cat | serre /serːe/ | mio /mio/ | meong /meoŋ/ | kuting /kutiŋ/ | huting /hutiŋ/ | posa /posa/ | ngeong /ŋeˈʔoŋ/ |
| Fish | bale /ˈbale/ | bau /ˈbau/ | bale /ˈbale/ | istaꞌ /ʔisˈtaʔ/ | ihan /ˈihan/ | lauk /ˈlauk/ | juku /dʒukuʔ/ |
| Bird | manuk-manuk /manuʔmanuʔ/ | manu-manuq /manu manuʔ/ | manuʼ-manuʼ /manuʔmanuʔ/ | manuk-manuk /manukmanuk/ | unggas /uŋɡas/ | burung /buruŋ/ | jangang-jangang /dʒaŋaŋdʒaŋaŋ/ |
| Butterfly | kalubambang /kalubambaŋ/ | — | kalubampa /kalubampa/ | kabaꞌ-kabaꞌ /kabaʔkabaʔ/ | — | kakupu /kakupuʔ/ | — |
| Egg | talloʼ /talːoʔ/ | talloq /talːoʔ/ | tello /təlːo/ | iklug /ʔikluɡ/ | pira /pira/ | tanteluh /tantəluh/ | bayao /bajao/ |
| Bear | beruang /beruaŋ/ | — | baruang /baruaŋ/ | baluwang /baluwaŋ/ | gompul /ɡompul/ | bahuang /bahuaŋ/ | beruang /bəruaŋ/ |
| Horse | darang /daraŋ/ | — | anyarang /aɲaraŋ/ | kuraꞌ /kuraʔ/ | kudo /kudo/ | kuda /kuda/ | jarang /ɟaraŋ/ |
| House | banua /banua/ | boyang /bojaŋ/ | bola /bola/ | bāy /baːj/ | bagas /baɡas/ | huma /huma/ | ballaʼ /ˈballaʔ/ |
| Milk | bumbungan /bumbuŋan/ | — | susu /susu/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | dadiʼ /ˈdadiʔ/ |
| Honey | taniʼ enoan /taniʔ enoan/ | — | cani /tʃani/ | tunub /tunub/ | aer ni loba /aer ni loba/ | madu /madu/ | jeʼneʼ bani /dʒeʔneʔ bani/ |
| Salt | sia /sia/ | sia /sia/ | pejje /pədʒːe/ | asin /asin/ | sira /sira/ | uyah /ujah/ | ceʼla /ˈtʃeʔla/ |
| Wine | uai anggoroʼ /uai aŋɡoroʔ/ | — | anggoroʼ /aŋɡoroʔ/ | tubig anggul /tubiɡ aŋɡul/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggor /aŋɡor/ | anggoroʼ /aŋˈɡoroʔ/ |
| Rice | barraʼ /barːaʔ/ | baras /baras/ | werreʼ /wərːeʔ/ | bugas /buɡas/ | — | behas /behas/ | berasaʼ /ˈberasaʔ/ |
| Iron | bassi /basːi/ | bassi /basːi/ | bessi /bəsːi/ | basiꞌ /basiʔ/ | bosi /bosi/ | wasi /wasi/ | bassi /ˈbasːi/ |
| Wheel | lentenan /lentenan/ | — | roda /roda/ | silikan /silikan/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | roda /ˈɾoda/ |
| Silk | saʼbe /saʔbe/ | — | sabbe /sabːe/ | sutlaꞌ /sutlaʔ/ | surto /surto/ | sutra /sutra/ | saʼbe /ˈsaʔbe/ |
| Book | suraʼ /suraʔ/ | suraq /suraʔ/ | boʼ /boʔ/ | būk /buːk/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | boʼboʼ /ˈboʔboʔ/ |
| Eat | kumande /kumande/ | maʼande /maʔande/ | manré /manˈre/ | kaun /kaʔun/ | mangan /maŋan/ | kuman /kuman/ | angnganre /ʔaŋˈŋanɾe/ |
| Drink | maʼiru /maʔiru/ | minung /minuŋ/ | minung /minuŋ/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | mihop /mihop/ | angnginung /ʔaŋˈŋinuŋ/ |
| Sleep | mammaʼ /mamːaʔ/ | matindro /matindro/ | matinro /matinro/ | matūg /maˈtuːɡ/ | modom /modom/ | batiruh /batiruh/ | attinro /attinro/ |
| One | misaʼ /misaʔ/ | mesa /mesa/ | séddi /sedːi/ | isa /isa/ | sada /sada/ | ije /ije/ | seʼre /ˈseʔɾe/ |
| Two | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /duwa/ | duwa /duwa/ | dua /dua/ | due /ˈdue/ | rua /ruwa/ |
| Three | tallu /talːu/ | tallu /talːu/ | tellu /təlːu/ | tū /tuː/ | tolu /tolu/ | telo /təlo/ | tallu /talːu/ |
| Four | aʼpaʼ /ʔapːaʔ/ | appe /apːe/ | eppa /əpːa/ | upat /upat/ | opat /opat/ | epat /əpat/ | appaʼ /apːaʔ/ |
| Five | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lime /lime/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | saratu /saratu/ | sangatus /saŋatus/ | sératu /seratu/ | hanggatus /haŋɡaˈtus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | sibilangngang /sibilaŋːaŋ/ |
| Hello | tabe /tabe/ | salamaʼ maʼondong /salamaʔ maʔondoŋ/ | tabeʼ /tabeʔ/ | kumusta /kumusta/ | horas /horas/ | salamat /salamat/ | salamaʼ /saˈlamaʔ/ |
| Thank you | kurre sumangaʼ /kurːe sumaŋaʔ/ | kuruʼ sumangaʼ /kuruʔ sumaŋaʔ/ | kurru sumange /kurːu sumaŋe/ | magsukul /maɡsukul/ | mauliate /mauliate/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | tarima kasi /taɾima ˈkasi/ |
| Good | melo /melo/ | macoa /matʃoa/ | makanja /makandʒa/ | marayaw /marajaw/ | denggan /deŋɡan/ | bahalap /bahalap/ | bajiʼ /ˈbadʒiʔ/ |
| New | baʼru /baʔru/ | baru /baru/ | baru /baru/ | baꞌgu /baʔɡu/ | imbaru /imbaru/ | taheta /taheta/ | beru /ˈberu/ |
| Red | mararang /mararaŋ/ | mamea /mamea/ | cella /tʃəlːa/ | pula /puˈla/ | rara /rara/ | bahandang /bahandaŋ/ | eja /eja/ |
| White | mabusa /mabusa/ | mapute /mapute/ | puté /pute/ | maputiꞌ /mapuˈtiʔ/ | bontar /bontar/ | baputi /baputi/ | keboʼ /keboʔ/ |
| Black | malotong /malotoŋ/ | malotong /malotoŋ/ | lotong /lotoŋ/ | itum /ʔiˈtum/ | lomlom /lomlom/ | babilem /babiləm/ | leʼleng /leʔleŋ/ |
| Green | maido /maido/ | mekurarraq /mekurarːaʔ/ | kudara /kudara/ | gaddung /ɡadduŋ/ | rata /rata/ | bahijau /bahidʒau/ | moncong bulo /moɲtʃoŋ bulo/ |
| Blue | lango-lango /laŋolaŋo/ | magavu /maɡavu/ | gawu /ɡawu/ | bilu /biˈlu/ | rata langit /rata laŋit/ | biru /biru/ | gauʼ /ɡauʔ/ |
| Computer | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | kompyuter /komˈpjutɛr/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ |
| Sushi | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsusi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /suˈsi/ |
| Ninety-nine | kasera pulona ngkasera /kasera pulona ŋkasera/ | — | aséra pulona aséra /asera pulona asera/ | kasiyaman tagsiyam /kasijaman taɡsijam/ | sambilan pulu sambilan /sambilan pulu sambilan/ | jalatien puluh jalatien /dʒalatien puluh dʒalatien/ | salapampulo assalapang /salapampulo asːalapaŋ/ |
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