Sora
Austroasiatic (Munda)
Sora, also called Saora or Savara (𑃐𑃚𑃝; ISO 639-3: srb), is a South Munda language of the Austroasiatic family, spoken mainly by Sora communities in southern Odisha and northern Andhra Pradesh, India. It must not be confused with the Dravidian language Savara, coded svr. Sora is generally subject–object–verb and has rich agglutinative morphology, including complex verb forms and a notable class of “semantic relator” nouns that specify spatial and other relations. It is written in several scripts: Sora Sompeng, created by Mangei Gomango in 1936, as well as Odia, Telugu, and Latin, with usage varying by region and institution. Sora is not listed in India’s Eighth Schedule; transmission remains strong in some communities, but pressure from Odia and Telugu, limited schooling, and uneven literacy make its long-term vitality vulnerable.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Sora
Sources
- Peiros, I. (2004) Genetic classification of Austro-Asiatic languages, lexibank/peirosaustroasiatic, Sora. The row copies it with ʔ written ʼ: gənúr and ləbó (accents included), toʔoge, uyung, togal, areng, baru, mandra, bʼob, lʼud, mʼu, tʼod, jiʼi, minyam, ara, kinsod, ontid, arre, jum, ga-, bangsa, tamme, jʼe, palu, jaga, gən. Wiktionary Sora lemmas (ronko 'husked rice', tamme 'new', ajo 'fish', wa'an 'father'). Checked against Ramamurti, G. V. (1938) Sora-English Dictionary, Madras, archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98075 (kom-bud 'bear', bəsid 'salt', su:ŋ 'house', aŋga:j 'moon', tuj-tuj 'star')
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austroasiatic (Munda)
| Meaning | Sora | Santali | Ho | Mundari | Garo | Tao | Eastern Bru |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | daʼa /daʔa/ | ᱫᱟᱜ /daʔ/ | daʼ /daʔ/ | daʼ /daʔ/ | chi· /tʃiʔ/ | ranom /ranom/ | daak /daːk/ |
| Fire | toʼoge /toʔoɡe/ | ᱥᱮᱝᱜᱮᱞ /seŋɡel/ | sengel /seŋɡel/ | sengel /seŋɡel/ | wa·al /waʔal/ | apuy /apuj/ | oih /ʔoiʔ/ |
| Sun | uyung /ujuŋ/ | ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤ /siŋɡi/ | singi /siŋɡi/ | singi /siŋɡi/ | sal /sal/ | araw /araw/ | mat plei /mat plei/ |
| Moon | angai /aŋai/ | ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ /tʃãndo/ | chanduʼ /tʃanɖuʔ/ | chandu /tʃandu/ | jajong /dʒadʒoŋ/ | vehan /vehan/ | kasai /kasai/ |
| Star | tujtuj /tudʒtudʒ/ | ᱤᱯᱤᱞ /ipil/ | ipil /ipil/ | ipil /ipil/ | a·ski /aʔski/ | vituen /vituən/ | mansơ /mənsɤ/ |
| Night | togal /toɡal/ | ᱱᱤᱫᱟ /nida/ | nida /nida/ | nida /nida/ | wal /wal/ | mahep /mahəp/ | sadâu /sədaw/ |
| Rain | gənúr /ɡənur/ | ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ /dʒəɽi/ | gama /ɡama/ | gama /ɡama/ | mikka /mikka/ | cimoy /tsimoi/ | mia /mia/ |
| Earth | ləbó /ləbo/ | ᱚᱛ /ɔt/ | hasa /hasa/ | hasa /hasa/ | ha·a /haʔa/ | tana /tana/ | cutễq /kuteʔ/ |
| Stone | areng /areŋ/ | ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ /dʱiri/ | diri /diri/ | diri /diri/ | ro·ong /roʔoŋ/ | vato /vato/ | tamáu /təmaw/ |
| Mountain | baru /baru/ | ᱵᱩᱨᱩ /buru/ | buru /buru/ | buru /buru/ | ha·bri /haʔbri/ | tokon /tokon/ | cóh /kɔh/ |
| Mother | — /—/ | ᱟᱭᱳ /ajo/ | ayu /aju/ | ayo /ajo/ | ama /ama/ | ina /ina/ | amey /amej/ |
| Father | waʼan /waʔan/ | ᱟᱯᱟᱹ /apə/ | apu /apu/ | apu /apu/ | apa /apa/ | ama /ama/ | amung /amuŋ/ |
| I | ɲen /ɲɛn/ | ᱤᱧ /iɲ/ | añ /aɲ/ | aiñ /aiɲ/ | anga /aŋa/ | yaken /jakən/ | cứq /kɯʔ/ |
| You | am /am/ | ᱟᱢ /am/ | am /am/ | am /am/ | na·a /naʔa/ | imo /ʔimo/ | mới /mɤːj/ |
| We | anlen /anlen/ | ᱟᱵᱚ / ᱟᱞᱮ /abo / ale/ | abu / ale /abu / ale/ | abu / ale /abu / ale/ | chinga / an·ching /tʃiŋa / anʔtʃiŋ/ | yaten / yamen /jatən / jamən/ | hái / hếq /haj / heʔ/ |
| Name | ɲum /ɲum/ | ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ /ɲutum/ | nutum /nutum/ | nutum /nutum/ | bimung /bimuŋ/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ramoh /rəmɔːh/ |
| Person | mandra /mandra/ | ᱦᱚᱲ /hɔɽ/ | ho /ho/ | horo /hoɽo/ | mande /mande/ | tao /tao/ | cũai /kuaj/ |
| Head | bʼob /bʔob/ | ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ /bohoʔ/ | boʼ /boʔ/ | boʼ /boʔ/ | sko /sko/ | oo /oo/ | plỡ /plɤ/ |
| Eye | mʼod /mʔod/ | ᱢᱮᱫ /met/ | med /meɖ/ | med /med/ | mikron /mikron/ | mata /mata/ | mat /mat/ |
| Ear | lʼud /lʔud/ | ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ /lutur/ | lutur /lutur/ | lutur /lutur/ | nachil /natʃil/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | cutũr /kutur/ |
| Nose | mʼu /mʔu/ | ᱢᱩ /mũ/ | — | mu /mũ/ | gingting /ɡiŋtiŋ/ | momodan /momodan/ | muh /muh/ |
| Mouth | tʼod /tʔod/ | ᱢᱚᱪᱟ /mɔtʃa/ | aa /aː/ | moca /motʃa/ | ku·sik /kuʔsik/ | ngongoy /ŋoŋoj/ | bỗq /ɓoʔ/ |
| Tooth | jiʼi /dʒiʔi/ | ᱫᱟᱴᱟ /daʈa/ | data /daʈa/ | data /data/ | wagam /waɡam/ | nepen /nəpən/ | kanêng /kəneŋ/ |
| Tongue | alang /alaŋ/ | ᱟᱞᱟᱝ /alaŋ/ | leʼ /leʔ/ | leʼ /leʔ/ | sre /sre/ | lila /lilaʔ/ | liayh /liajh/ |
| Hand | si /si/ | ᱛᱤ /tiː/ | ti /ti/ | ti /ti/ | jak /dʒak/ | kamay /kamaj/ | ati /ati/ |
| Foot | jeng /dʒeŋ/ | ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ /dʒaŋɡa/ | kata /kata/ | kata /kata/ | ja·pa /dʒapa/ | ai /ai/ | ayững /ajɨːŋ/ |
| Heart | suʼun /suʔun/ | ᱢᱳᱱ /mon/ | jii /dʒiː/ | jiu /dʒiu/ | ka·tong /kaʔtoŋ/ | paso /paso/ | plong /ploŋ/ |
| Bone | ayang /ajaŋ/ | ᱡᱟᱝ /dʒaŋ/ | jang /dʒaŋ/ | jang /dʒaŋ/ | greng /ɡreŋ/ | toang /toaŋ/ | nghang /ŋhaŋ/ |
| Blood | minyam /miɲam/ | ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ /majam/ | mayom /majom/ | mayam /majam/ | an·chi /anʔtʃi/ | rala /ralaʔ/ | aham /ʔaham/ |
| Love | adi /adi/ | ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱲᱤ /dulaɽi/ | dulaiya /dulaija/ | dularaa /dularaː/ | ka·sa /kaʔsa/ | makakdeng /makakdəŋ/ | hong /hoŋ/ |
| Tree | ara /ara/ | ᱫᱟᱨᱮ /dare/ | daru /daru/ | daru /daru/ | bol /bol/ | kayo /kajo/ | aleng /aleŋ/ |
| Dog | kinsod /kinsod/ | ᱥᱮᱛᱟ /seta/ | seta /seta/ | seta /seta/ | achak /atʃak/ | ino /ino/ | acho /atʃo/ |
| Cat | biri /biri/ | ᱯᱩᱥᱤ /pusi/ | bile /bile/ | pusi /pusi/ | menggo /meŋɡo/ | koving /koviŋ/ | miew /mieu/ |
| Fish | ayo /ajo/ | ᱦᱟᱠᱳ /hako/ | haku /haku/ | hai /hai/ | na·tok /naʔtok/ | among /amoŋ/ | aka /ʔəka/ |
| Bird | ontid /ontid/ | ᱪᱮᱺᱬᱮᱹ /tʃẽɽeʔ/ | oe /oe/ | ore /oɽe/ | do·o /doʔo/ | laciw /latsiw/ | chớm /tʃɤm/ |
| Egg | arre /arre/ | ᱵᱤᱞᱤ /bili/ | jarom /dʒarom/ | jarom /dʒarom/ | do·chi /doʔtʃi/ | icioy /itsioj/ | tarễl /tərel/ |
| Bear | kembud /kəmbud/ | ᱵᱟᱱᱟ /bana/ | balu /balu/ | bana /bana/ | makbil /makbil/ | — | sacâu /sakəw/ |
| House | suʼuŋ /suʔuŋ/ | ᱳᱲᱟᱜ /oɽaːk/ | owaʼ /owaʔ/ | oraa /oraː/ | nok /nok/ | vahay /vahaj/ | dung /duŋ/ |
| Salt | basid /basid/ | ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ /buluŋ/ | bulung /buluŋ/ | bulung /buluŋ/ | kasim /kasim/ | asin /asin/ | boi /ɓɔːj/ |
| Rice | ronko /roŋko/ | ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ /tʃawle/ | chauli /tʃauli/ | chauli /tʃauli/ | mi /mi/ | mogis /moɡis/ | — |
| Wheel | sakkaɖin /sakkaɖin/ | ᱪᱚᱠ /tʃɔk/ | cakka /tʃakka/ | cakka /tʃakka/ | chakka /tʃakka/ | — | carvang /karvaŋ/ |
| Eat | jum /dʒum/ | ᱡᱳᱢ /dʒom/ | jom /dʒom/ | jom /dʒom/ | cha·a /tʃaʔa/ | kuman /kuman/ | cha /tʃa/ |
| Drink | ga- /ɡa/ | ᱧᱩ /ɲu/ | nu /nu/ | nu /nu/ | ringa /riŋa/ | minum /minum/ | ngoot /ŋoːt/ |
| Sleep | dib-mʼad-da /dibmʔadda/ | ᱡᱟᱯᱤᱫ /dʒapid/ | duum /duːm/ | durum /durum/ | tua /tua/ | mitkeh /mitkəh/ | bếq /ɓeʔ/ |
| One | aboy /aboj/ | ᱢᱤᱫ /mit/ | miyad /mijad/ | mid /mid/ | sa /sa/ | asa /asa/ | muoi /muoi/ |
| Two | baguu /baɡuː/ | ᱵᱟᱨ /bar/ | bariya /barija/ | baria /barija/ | gni /ɡni/ | doa /doa/ | bar /ɓaːr/ |
| Three | yagi /jaɡi/ | ᱯᱮ /pɛ/ | apiya /apija/ | apia /apija/ | gittam /ɡittam/ | tilo /tilo/ | pái /paːi/ |
| Four | unji /undʒi/ | ᱯᱩᱱ /pun/ | upunia /upunija/ | upunia /upunija/ | bri /bri/ | apat /apat/ | pôn /põːn/ |
| Five | monloy /monloj/ | ᱢᱚᱬᱮ /mɔɽɛ/ | mooya /moːja/ | morea /moɽea/ | bonga /boŋa/ | lima /lima/ | sỡng /sɤŋ/ |
| Hello | limtam /limtam/ | ᱡᱳᱦᱟᱨ /dʒohar/ | johar /dʒohar/ | johar /dʒohar/ | namaste /namaste/ | akokay /akokaj/ | te /te/ |
| Thank you | surai /surai/ | ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱭᱚᱵᱟᱫ /dʱonjobad/ | dhanybad /dʱaɲbad/ | dhonyobad /dʱoɲobad/ | mittela /mitːela/ | ayoy /ajoj/ | kuhng /kuhŋ/ |
| Good | bangsa /baŋsa/ | ᱵᱮᱥ /bes/ | bugin /buɡin/ | bugin /buɡin/ | nama /nama/ | mapia /mapia/ | huom /huom/ |
| New | tamme /tamme/ | ᱱᱟᱣᱟ /nawa/ | nama /nama/ | nawa /nawa/ | gital /ɡital/ | vayo /vajo/ | tamái /təmaj/ |
| Red | jʼe /dʒʔe/ | ᱟᱨᱟᱜ /araɡ/ | jenga /dʒeŋɡa/ | arag /araʔ/ | gitchak /ɡittʃak/ | mivalah /mivalah/ | kusaw /kəsaw/ |
| White | palu /palu/ | ᱯᱳᱱᱰ /ponɖ/ | pundi /puɳɖi/ | pundi /puɳɖi/ | gipbok /ɡipbok/ | malavang /malavaŋ/ | cloc /klɔːk/ |
| Black | jaga /dʒaɡa/ | ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ /hɛnde/ | hende /hende/ | hende /hende/ | gisim /ɡisim/ | mavaheng /mavahəŋ/ | cũm /kum/ |
| Green | gən /ɡən/ | ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ /hərijəɽ/ | — | hariar /harijar/ | tangsek /taŋsek/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ | ramoong /rəmɔːŋ/ |
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