Ho
Austroasiatic (Munda)
Ho is a Munda language closely related to Mundari (unr) and Santali (sat), native to the Singhbhum region of Jharkhand and Odisha. It has its own indigenous script — Warang Citi, invented by Lako Bodra in the early 20th century as a vehicle of Ho cultural autonomy and now encoded in Unicode (U+118A0-U+118FF). Ho speakers retain rich oral traditions of seasonal song, agricultural ritual, and spirit-possession healing.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Ho
Sources
- Anderson, Gregory D. S., K. David Harrison & Anna Pucilowski (2010) Ho Talking Dictionary, Living Tongues Institute (ho.swarthmore.edu / ho.talkingdictionary.org) — the row is its IPA headwords in a Latin respelling (ʔ→ʼ, ɟ→j, c→ch, j→y, ː→doubled vowel, retroflex written plain), e.g. singi, sengel, ipil, nida, gama, hojo→hoyo, hasa, diri, buru, apu, nutum, lutur, leʔ, ti, ɟaŋ→jang, majom→mayom, seta, haku, oe, pampal, ɟarom→jarom, sadom, buluŋ, cauli→chauli, ɟom, nu, barija, apija, upunija, nama, punɖi, hende, cini→chini
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austroasiatic (Munda)
| Meaning | Ho | Mundari | Santali | Sora | Garo | Old Javanese | Bengali |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | daʼ /daʔ/ | daʼ /daʔ/ | ᱫᱟᱜ /daʔ/ | daʼa /daʔa/ | chi· /tʃiʔ/ | ꦮꦫꦶꦃ /warih/ | জল /dʒɔl/ |
| Fire | sengel /seŋɡel/ | sengel /seŋɡel/ | ᱥᱮᱝᱜᱮᱞ /seŋɡel/ | toʼoge /toʔoɡe/ | wa·al /waʔal/ | ꦄꦒ꧀ꦤꦶ /aɡni/ | আগুন /aɡun/ |
| Sun | singi /siŋɡi/ | singi /siŋɡi/ | ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤ /siŋɡi/ | uyung /ujuŋ/ | sal /sal/ | ꦱꦸꦂꦪ /surja/ | সূর্য /ʃuɾdʒo/ |
| Moon | chanduʼ /tʃanɖuʔ/ | chandu /tʃandu/ | ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ /tʃãndo/ | angai /aŋai/ | jajong /dʒadʒoŋ/ | ꦕꦤ꧀ꦢꦿ /tʃandra/ | চাঁদ /tʃãd/ |
| Star | ipil /ipil/ | ipil /ipil/ | ᱤᱯᱤᱞ /ipil/ | tujtuj /tudʒtudʒ/ | a·ski /aʔski/ | ꦭꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦁ /lintaŋ/ | তারা /taɾa/ |
| Night | nida /nida/ | nida /nida/ | ᱱᱤᱫᱟ /nida/ | togal /toɡal/ | wal /wal/ | ꦮꦼꦔꦶ /wəŋi/ | রাত /rat/ |
| Rain | gama /ɡama/ | gama /ɡama/ | ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ /dʒəɽi/ | gənúr /ɡənur/ | mikka /mikka/ | ꦈꦢꦤ꧀ /udan/ | বৃষ্টি /ˈbriʃʈi/ |
| Snow | aril /aril/ | — | ᱦᱤᱢ /him/ | — | borop /borop/ | — | তুষার /tuʃar/ |
| Wind | hoyo /hojo/ | hoyo /hojo/ | ᱦᱚᱭ /hɔj/ | — | balwa /balwa/ | ꦲꦔꦶꦤ꧀ /haŋin/ | বাতাস /bataʃ/ |
| Earth | hasa /hasa/ | hasa /hasa/ | ᱚᱛ /ɔt/ | ləbó /ləbo/ | ha·a /haʔa/ | ꦭꦼꦩꦃ /ləmah/ | মাটি /maʈi/ |
| Stone | diri /diri/ | diri /diri/ | ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ /dʱiri/ | areng /areŋ/ | ro·ong /roʔoŋ/ | ꦮꦠꦸ /watu/ | পাথর /ˈpatʰor/ |
| Mountain | buru /buru/ | buru /buru/ | ᱵᱩᱨᱩ /buru/ | baru /baru/ | ha·bri /haʔbri/ | ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁ /ɡunuŋ/ | পাহাড় /paˈhaɽ/ |
| Sea | doreya /doreja/ | samundar /samundar/ | ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ /dɔrja/ | — | sagal /saɡal/ | ꦭꦺꦴꦢ꧀ /lod/ | সমুদ্র /ˈʃomudro/ |
| Mother | ayu /aju/ | ayo /ajo/ | ᱟᱭᱳ /ajo/ | — /—/ | ama /ama/ | ꦆꦧꦸ /ibu/ | মা /ma/ |
| Father | apu /apu/ | apu /apu/ | ᱟᱯᱟᱹ /apə/ | waʼan /waʔan/ | apa /apa/ | ꦫꦩ /rama/ | বাবা /baba/ |
| Daughter | kui hon /kui hon/ | kuri hon /kuɽi hon/ | ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ /hɔpɔn era/ | — | demechik /demetʃik/ | — | মেয়ে /mee/ |
| I | añ /aɲ/ | aiñ /aiɲ/ | ᱤᱧ /iɲ/ | ɲen /ɲɛn/ | anga /aŋa/ | ꦄꦏꦸ /aku/ | আমি /ami/ |
| You | am /am/ | am /am/ | ᱟᱢ /am/ | am /am/ | na·a /naʔa/ | ꦏꦶꦠ /kita/ | তুমি /tumi/ |
| We | abu / ale /abu / ale/ | abu / ale /abu / ale/ | ᱟᱵᱚ / ᱟᱞᱮ /abo / ale/ | anlen /anlen/ | chinga / an·ching /tʃiŋa / anʔtʃiŋ/ | ꦏꦩꦶ /kami/ | আমরা /amra/ |
| Name | nutum /nutum/ | nutum /nutum/ | ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ /ɲutum/ | ɲum /ɲum/ | bimung /bimuŋ/ | ꦔꦫꦤ꧀ /ŋaran/ | নাম /nam/ |
| Person | ho /ho/ | horo /hoɽo/ | ᱦᱚᱲ /hɔɽ/ | mandra /mandra/ | mande /mande/ | ꦮ꧀ꦮꦁ /wwaŋ/ | মানুষ /ˈmanuʃ/ |
| Head | boʼ /boʔ/ | boʼ /boʔ/ | ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ /bohoʔ/ | bʼob /bʔob/ | sko /sko/ | ꦲꦸꦭꦸ /hulu/ | মাথা /matʰa/ |
| Eye | med /meɖ/ | med /med/ | ᱢᱮᱫ /met/ | mʼod /mʔod/ | mikron /mikron/ | ꦩꦠ /mata/ | চোখ /tʃokʰ/ |
| Ear | lutur /lutur/ | lutur /lutur/ | ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ /lutur/ | lʼud /lʔud/ | nachil /natʃil/ | ꦠꦭꦶꦔ /taliŋa/ | কান /kan/ |
| Mouth | aa /aː/ | moca /motʃa/ | ᱢᱚᱪᱟ /mɔtʃa/ | tʼod /tʔod/ | ku·sik /kuʔsik/ | ꦕꦁꦏꦼꦩ꧀ /tʃaŋkəm/ | মুখ /mukʰ/ |
| Tooth | data /daʈa/ | data /data/ | ᱫᱟᱴᱟ /daʈa/ | jiʼi /dʒiʔi/ | wagam /waɡam/ | ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦸ /huntu/ | দাঁত /dãt/ |
| Tongue | leʼ /leʔ/ | leʼ /leʔ/ | ᱟᱞᱟᱝ /alaŋ/ | alang /alaŋ/ | sre /sre/ | ꦆꦭꦠ꧀ /ilat/ | জিভ /dʒibʱ/ |
| Hand | ti /ti/ | ti /ti/ | ᱛᱤ /tiː/ | si /si/ | jak /dʒak/ | ꦠꦔꦤ꧀ /taŋan/ | হাত /hat/ |
| Foot | kata /kata/ | kata /kata/ | ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ /dʒaŋɡa/ | jeng /dʒeŋ/ | ja·pa /dʒapa/ | ꦱꦸꦏꦸ /suku/ | পা /pa/ |
| Heart | jii /dʒiː/ | jiu /dʒiu/ | ᱢᱳᱱ /mon/ | suʼun /suʔun/ | ka·tong /kaʔtoŋ/ | ꦲꦠꦶ /hati/ | হৃদয় /hɾidɔe̯/ |
| Bone | jang /dʒaŋ/ | jang /dʒaŋ/ | ᱡᱟᱝ /dʒaŋ/ | ayang /ajaŋ/ | greng /ɡreŋ/ | ꦧꦭꦸꦁ /baluŋ/ | হাড় /haɽ/ |
| Blood | mayom /majom/ | mayam /majam/ | ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ /majam/ | minyam /miɲam/ | an·chi /anʔtʃi/ | ꦫꦃ /rah/ | রক্ত /rɔkto/ |
| Poop | iʼ /iʔ/ | iʼ /iʔ/ | ᱤᱡ /iʔ/ | — | ki·i /kiʔi/ | ꦠꦲꦶ /tahi/ | হাগু /haɡu/ |
| Love | dulaiya /dulaija/ | dularaa /dularaː/ | ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱲᱤ /dulaɽi/ | adi /adi/ | ka·sa /kaʔsa/ | ꦱꦶꦃ /sih/ | ভালোবাসা /bʱalobaʃa/ |
| Tree | daru /daru/ | daru /daru/ | ᱫᱟᱨᱮ /dare/ | ara /ara/ | bol /bol/ | ꦏꦪꦸ /kaju/ | গাছ /ɡatʃʰ/ |
| Dog | seta /seta/ | seta /seta/ | ᱥᱮᱛᱟ /seta/ | kinsod /kinsod/ | achak /atʃak/ | ꦄꦱꦸ /asu/ | কুকুর /kukuɾ/ |
| Cat | bile /bile/ | pusi /pusi/ | ᱯᱩᱥᱤ /pusi/ | biri /biri/ | menggo /meŋɡo/ | ꦩꦺꦴꦁ /moŋ/ | বিড়াল /biɽal/ |
| Fish | haku /haku/ | hai /hai/ | ᱦᱟᱠᱳ /hako/ | ayo /ajo/ | na·tok /naʔtok/ | ꦆꦮꦏ꧀ /iwak/ | মাছ /matʃʰ/ |
| Bird | oe /oe/ | ore /oɽe/ | ᱪᱮᱺᱬᱮᱹ /tʃẽɽeʔ/ | ontid /ontid/ | do·o /doʔo/ | ꦩꦤꦸꦏ꧀ /manuk/ | পাখি /pakʰi/ |
| Butterfly | pampal /pampal/ | — | ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ /pipiɽijɔŋ/ | — | me·pilip /meʔpilip/ | ꦏꦸꦥꦸꦏꦸꦥꦸ /kupukupu/ | প্রজাপতি /prɔdʒapɔti/ |
| Egg | jarom /dʒarom/ | jarom /dʒarom/ | ᱵᱤᱞᱤ /bili/ | arre /arre/ | do·chi /doʔtʃi/ | ꦲꦼꦟ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦒ꧀ /əɳɖoɡ/ | ডিম /ɖim/ |
| Bear | balu /balu/ | bana /bana/ | ᱵᱟᱱᱟ /bana/ | kembud /kəmbud/ | makbil /makbil/ | ꦧꦂꦮꦁ /barwaŋ/ | ভালুক /bʱaluk/ |
| Horse | sadom /sadom/ | sadom /sadom/ | ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ /sadɔm/ | — | gora /ɡora/ | ꦏꦸꦢ /kuda/ | ঘোড়া /ɡʱoɽa/ |
| House | owaʼ /owaʔ/ | oraa /oraː/ | ᱳᱲᱟᱜ /oɽaːk/ | suʼuŋ /suʔuŋ/ | nok /nok/ | ꦈꦩꦃ /umah/ | বাড়ি /baɽi/ |
| Milk | towa /towa/ | toa /toa/ | ᱛᱳᱚ /toa/ | — | sok /sok/ | ꦱꦸꦱꦸ /susu/ | দুধ /dudʱ/ |
| Honey | lele rasi /lele rasi/ | hurum suku /hurum suku/ | ᱧᱮᱞᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ /ɲele rasa/ | — | bija bitchi /bidʒa bitʃi/ | ꦩꦣꦸ /madu/ | মধু /modʱu/ |
| Salt | bulung /buluŋ/ | bulung /buluŋ/ | ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ /buluŋ/ | basid /basid/ | kasim /kasim/ | ꦈꦪꦃ /ujah/ | নুন /nun/ |
| Rice | chauli /tʃauli/ | chauli /tʃauli/ | ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ /tʃawle/ | ronko /roŋko/ | mi /mi/ | ꦧꦿꦱ꧀ /bras/ | চাল /tʃal/ |
| Iron | meed /meːɖ/ | mered /meɽeɖ/ | ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ /meɳhet/ | — | sil /sil/ | ꦮꦼꦱꦶ /wəsi/ | লোহা /loɦa/ |
| Wheel | cakka /tʃakka/ | cakka /tʃakka/ | ᱪᱚᱠ /tʃɔk/ | sakkaɖin /sakkaɖin/ | chakka /tʃakka/ | ꦕꦏꦿ /tʃakra/ | চাকা /tʃaka/ |
| Book | puti /puti/ | kitab /kitab/ | ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ /putʰi/ | — | ki·tap /kiʔtap/ | ꦥꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦏ /pustaka/ | বই /boi/ |
| Eat | jom /dʒom/ | jom /dʒom/ | ᱡᱳᱢ /dʒom/ | jum /dʒum/ | cha·a /tʃaʔa/ | ꦄꦩꦔꦤ꧀ /amaŋan/ | খাওয়া /kʰaoa/ |
| Drink | nu /nu/ | nu /nu/ | ᱧᱩ /ɲu/ | ga- /ɡa/ | ringa /riŋa/ | ꦄꦩꦶꦤꦸꦩ꧀ /aminum/ | পান করা /pan kɔɾa/ |
| Sleep | duum /duːm/ | durum /durum/ | ᱡᱟᱯᱤᱫ /dʒapid/ | dib-mʼad-da /dibmʔadda/ | tua /tua/ | ꦠꦸꦫꦸ /turu/ | ঘুমানো /ɡʱumano/ |
| One | miyad /mijad/ | mid /mid/ | ᱢᱤᱫ /mit/ | aboy /aboj/ | sa /sa/ | ꦌꦏ /eka/ | এক /ɛk/ |
| Two | bariya /barija/ | baria /barija/ | ᱵᱟᱨ /bar/ | baguu /baɡuː/ | gni /ɡni/ | ꦫ꧀ꦮ /rwa/ | দুই /dui/ |
| Three | apiya /apija/ | apia /apija/ | ᱯᱮ /pɛ/ | yagi /jaɡi/ | gittam /ɡittam/ | ꦠꦼꦭꦸ /təlu/ | তিন /tin/ |
| Four | upunia /upunija/ | upunia /upunija/ | ᱯᱩᱱ /pun/ | unji /undʒi/ | bri /bri/ | ꦥꦠ꧀ /pat/ | চার /tʃar/ |
| Five | mooya /moːja/ | morea /moɽea/ | ᱢᱚᱬᱮ /mɔɽɛ/ | monloy /monloj/ | bonga /boŋa/ | ꦭꦶꦩ /lima/ | পাঁচ /pãtʃ/ |
| Hundred | sao /sao/ | sae /sae/ | ᱥᱟᱭ /sae/ | — | ritcha /ritʃa/ | ꦱꦠꦸꦱ꧀ /satus/ | একশো /ɛkʃo/ |
| Hello | johar /dʒohar/ | johar /dʒohar/ | ᱡᱳᱦᱟᱨ /dʒohar/ | limtam /limtam/ | namaste /namaste/ | ꦫꦲꦪꦸ /rahaju/ | নমস্কার /nɔmɔʃkaɾ/ |
| Thank you | dhanybad /dʱaɲbad/ | dhonyobad /dʱoɲobad/ | ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱭᱚᱵᱟᱫ /dʱonjobad/ | surai /surai/ | mittela /mitːela/ | ꦤꦸꦮꦸꦤ꧀ /nuwun/ | ধন্যবাদ /dʱonnobad/ |
| Good | bugin /buɡin/ | bugin /buɡin/ | ᱵᱮᱥ /bes/ | bangsa /baŋsa/ | nama /nama/ | ꦲꦪꦸ /haju/ | ভালো /bʱalo/ |
| New | nama /nama/ | nawa /nawa/ | ᱱᱟᱣᱟ /nawa/ | tamme /tamme/ | gital /ɡital/ | ꦲꦚꦂ /haɲar/ | নতুন /nɔtun/ |
| Red | jenga /dʒeŋɡa/ | arag /araʔ/ | ᱟᱨᱟᱜ /araɡ/ | jʼe /dʒʔe/ | gitchak /ɡittʃak/ | ꦄꦧꦁ /abaŋ/ | লাল /lal/ |
| White | pundi /puɳɖi/ | pundi /puɳɖi/ | ᱯᱳᱱᱰ /ponɖ/ | palu /palu/ | gipbok /ɡipbok/ | ꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃ /putih/ | সাদা /ʃada/ |
| Black | hende /hende/ | hende /hende/ | ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ /hɛnde/ | jaga /dʒaɡa/ | gisim /ɡisim/ | ꦲꦶꦉꦁ /hirəŋ/ | কালো /kalo/ |
| Tea | chaa /tʃaː/ | cha /tʃa/ | ᱪᱟ /tʃa/ | — | cha /tʃa/ | — | চা /tʃa/ |
| Sugar | chini /tʃini/ | chini /tʃini/ | ᱪᱤᱱᱤ /tʃini/ | — | chini /tʃini/ | — | চিনি /tʃini/ |
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