मुण्डारी
Mundari
Austroasiatic (Munda)
Mundari is the second-largest Munda language after Santali (sat), native to the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Jharkhand and adjacent Odisha. It is the eponymous language of the Munda people, after whom the Munda branch of Austroasiatic is named. Mundari is agglutinative with rich verb morphology, has been written in the Devanagari, Latin, and the recent Mundari Bani script, and remains central to indigenous identity movements in eastern India.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Mundari
Sources
- Bhaduri, Manindra Bhusan (1931) A Mundari-English Dictionary, Calcutta University (archive.org dli.calcutta.10338) — the row's Latin spelling is Bhaduri's headwords with the diacritics dropped: Sengel 'fire', Singi 'the Sun', Ipil 'star', Hoyo 'air; wind', Hasa 'earth', Diri 'stone', Buru 'hill', Ayo 'mother', Apu 'father', Kuri hon 'girl', Horo 'man', Bo 'head', Med' 'eye', Lutur 'ear', Mu 'nose', Le-é 'tongue', Ti 'hand', Kata 'leg; foot', Jang 'bone', Dular 'to love', Daru 'tree', Hai 'fish', Ore 'bird', Jarom 'egg', Sadom 'a horse', Ora 'a house', Toa 'milk', Hurum suku 'honey', Bulung 'salt', Mered' 'iron', Jom 'to eat', Nu 'to drink', Durum 'to lie down and sleep', Baria 'two', Upun-ià 'four', Johar 'salutation', Bugin 'good', Pundi 'white', Hende 'black', Hariar 'green', Chini 'sugar'. Also en.wiktionary Mundari दाः (Hoffmann 1903, Osada et al.), सेत seta 'dog', एंगा 'mother'
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austroasiatic (Munda)
| Meaning | Mundari | Ho | Santali | Sora | Garo | Nagamese | Old Javanese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | daʼ /daʔ/ | daʼ /daʔ/ | ᱫᱟᱜ /daʔ/ | daʼa /daʔa/ | chi· /tʃiʔ/ | pani /pani/ | ꦮꦫꦶꦃ /warih/ |
| Fire | sengel /seŋɡel/ | sengel /seŋɡel/ | ᱥᱮᱝᱜᱮᱞ /seŋɡel/ | toʼoge /toʔoɡe/ | wa·al /waʔal/ | jui /dʒui/ | ꦄꦒ꧀ꦤꦶ /aɡni/ |
| Sun | singi /siŋɡi/ | singi /siŋɡi/ | ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤ /siŋɡi/ | uyung /ujuŋ/ | sal /sal/ | suruj /suɾudʒ/ | ꦱꦸꦂꦪ /surja/ |
| Moon | chandu /tʃandu/ | chanduʼ /tʃanɖuʔ/ | ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ /tʃãndo/ | angai /aŋai/ | jajong /dʒadʒoŋ/ | chand /tʃaːnd/ | ꦕꦤ꧀ꦢꦿ /tʃandra/ |
| Star | ipil /ipil/ | ipil /ipil/ | ᱤᱯᱤᱞ /ipil/ | tujtuj /tudʒtudʒ/ | a·ski /aʔski/ | tara /taɾa/ | ꦭꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦁ /lintaŋ/ |
| Night | nida /nida/ | nida /nida/ | ᱱᱤᱫᱟ /nida/ | togal /toɡal/ | wal /wal/ | rati /rati/ | ꦮꦼꦔꦶ /wəŋi/ |
| Rain | gama /ɡama/ | gama /ɡama/ | ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ /dʒəɽi/ | gənúr /ɡənur/ | mikka /mikka/ | borkhon /boɾkʰon/ | ꦈꦢꦤ꧀ /udan/ |
| Wind | hoyo /hojo/ | hoyo /hojo/ | ᱦᱚᱭ /hɔj/ | — | balwa /balwa/ | hawa /hawa/ | ꦲꦔꦶꦤ꧀ /haŋin/ |
| Earth | hasa /hasa/ | hasa /hasa/ | ᱚᱛ /ɔt/ | ləbó /ləbo/ | ha·a /haʔa/ | mati /mati/ | ꦭꦼꦩꦃ /ləmah/ |
| Stone | diri /diri/ | diri /diri/ | ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ /dʱiri/ | areng /areŋ/ | ro·ong /roʔoŋ/ | pathor /patʰor/ | ꦮꦠꦸ /watu/ |
| Mountain | buru /buru/ | buru /buru/ | ᱵᱩᱨᱩ /buru/ | baru /baru/ | ha·bri /haʔbri/ | pahar /pahaɾ/ | ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁ /ɡunuŋ/ |
| Sea | samundar /samundar/ | doreya /doreja/ | ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ /dɔrja/ | — | sagal /saɡal/ | samundar /samundaɾ/ | ꦭꦺꦴꦢ꧀ /lod/ |
| Mother | ayo /ajo/ | ayu /aju/ | ᱟᱭᱳ /ajo/ | — /—/ | ama /ama/ | ma /ma/ | ꦆꦧꦸ /ibu/ |
| Father | apu /apu/ | apu /apu/ | ᱟᱯᱟᱹ /apə/ | waʼan /waʔan/ | apa /apa/ | baba /baba/ | ꦫꦩ /rama/ |
| Daughter | kuri hon /kuɽi hon/ | kui hon /kui hon/ | ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ /hɔpɔn era/ | — | demechik /demetʃik/ | chukri /tʃukɾi/ | — |
| I | aiñ /aiɲ/ | añ /aɲ/ | ᱤᱧ /iɲ/ | ɲen /ɲɛn/ | anga /aŋa/ | moi /moi/ | ꦄꦏꦸ /aku/ |
| You | am /am/ | am /am/ | ᱟᱢ /am/ | am /am/ | na·a /naʔa/ | tumi /tumi/ | ꦏꦶꦠ /kita/ |
| We | abu / ale /abu / ale/ | abu / ale /abu / ale/ | ᱟᱵᱚ / ᱟᱞᱮ /abo / ale/ | anlen /anlen/ | chinga / an·ching /tʃiŋa / anʔtʃiŋ/ | amikhan /amikʰan/ | ꦏꦩꦶ /kami/ |
| Name | nutum /nutum/ | nutum /nutum/ | ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ /ɲutum/ | ɲum /ɲum/ | bimung /bimuŋ/ | naam /nam/ | ꦔꦫꦤ꧀ /ŋaran/ |
| Person | horo /hoɽo/ | ho /ho/ | ᱦᱚᱲ /hɔɽ/ | mandra /mandra/ | mande /mande/ | manu /manu/ | ꦮ꧀ꦮꦁ /wwaŋ/ |
| Head | boʼ /boʔ/ | boʼ /boʔ/ | ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ /bohoʔ/ | bʼob /bʔob/ | sko /sko/ | matha /matʰa/ | ꦲꦸꦭꦸ /hulu/ |
| Eye | med /med/ | med /meɖ/ | ᱢᱮᱫ /met/ | mʼod /mʔod/ | mikron /mikron/ | suku /suku/ | ꦩꦠ /mata/ |
| Ear | lutur /lutur/ | lutur /lutur/ | ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ /lutur/ | lʼud /lʔud/ | nachil /natʃil/ | kan /kan/ | ꦠꦭꦶꦔ /taliŋa/ |
| Nose | mu /mũ/ | — | ᱢᱩ /mũ/ | mʼu /mʔu/ | gingting /ɡiŋtiŋ/ | nak /nak/ | ꦲꦶꦫꦸꦁ /hiruŋ/ |
| Mouth | moca /motʃa/ | aa /aː/ | ᱢᱚᱪᱟ /mɔtʃa/ | tʼod /tʔod/ | ku·sik /kuʔsik/ | mukh /mukʰ/ | ꦕꦁꦏꦼꦩ꧀ /tʃaŋkəm/ |
| Tooth | data /data/ | data /daʈa/ | ᱫᱟᱴᱟ /daʈa/ | jiʼi /dʒiʔi/ | wagam /waɡam/ | dat /dat/ | ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦸ /huntu/ |
| Tongue | leʼ /leʔ/ | leʼ /leʔ/ | ᱟᱞᱟᱝ /alaŋ/ | alang /alaŋ/ | sre /sre/ | jib /dʒib/ | ꦆꦭꦠ꧀ /ilat/ |
| Hand | ti /ti/ | ti /ti/ | ᱛᱤ /tiː/ | si /si/ | jak /dʒak/ | hath /haːtʰ/ | ꦠꦔꦤ꧀ /taŋan/ |
| Foot | kata /kata/ | kata /kata/ | ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ /dʒaŋɡa/ | jeng /dʒeŋ/ | ja·pa /dʒapa/ | theng /tʰeŋ/ | ꦱꦸꦏꦸ /suku/ |
| Heart | jiu /dʒiu/ | jii /dʒiː/ | ᱢᱳᱱ /mon/ | suʼun /suʔun/ | ka·tong /kaʔtoŋ/ | mon /mon/ | ꦲꦠꦶ /hati/ |
| Bone | jang /dʒaŋ/ | jang /dʒaŋ/ | ᱡᱟᱝ /dʒaŋ/ | ayang /ajaŋ/ | greng /ɡreŋ/ | haddi /hadːi/ | ꦧꦭꦸꦁ /baluŋ/ |
| Blood | mayam /majam/ | mayom /majom/ | ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ /majam/ | minyam /miɲam/ | an·chi /anʔtʃi/ | khun /kʰun/ | ꦫꦃ /rah/ |
| Poop | iʼ /iʔ/ | iʼ /iʔ/ | ᱤᱡ /iʔ/ | — | ki·i /kiʔi/ | — | ꦠꦲꦶ /tahi/ |
| Love | dularaa /dularaː/ | dulaiya /dulaija/ | ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱲᱤ /dulaɽi/ | adi /adi/ | ka·sa /kaʔsa/ | morom /moɾom/ | ꦱꦶꦃ /sih/ |
| Tree | daru /daru/ | daru /daru/ | ᱫᱟᱨᱮ /dare/ | ara /ara/ | bol /bol/ | gus /ɡus/ | ꦏꦪꦸ /kaju/ |
| Dog | seta /seta/ | seta /seta/ | ᱥᱮᱛᱟ /seta/ | kinsod /kinsod/ | achak /atʃak/ | kukur /kukuɾ/ | ꦄꦱꦸ /asu/ |
| Cat | pusi /pusi/ | bile /bile/ | ᱯᱩᱥᱤ /pusi/ | biri /biri/ | menggo /meŋɡo/ | mekuri /mekuɾi/ | ꦩꦺꦴꦁ /moŋ/ |
| Fish | hai /hai/ | haku /haku/ | ᱦᱟᱠᱳ /hako/ | ayo /ajo/ | na·tok /naʔtok/ | maas /maːs/ | ꦆꦮꦏ꧀ /iwak/ |
| Bird | ore /oɽe/ | oe /oe/ | ᱪᱮᱺᱬᱮᱹ /tʃẽɽeʔ/ | ontid /ontid/ | do·o /doʔo/ | sorai /sɔrai/ | ꦩꦤꦸꦏ꧀ /manuk/ |
| Egg | jarom /dʒarom/ | jarom /dʒarom/ | ᱵᱤᱞᱤ /bili/ | arre /arre/ | do·chi /doʔtʃi/ | anda /anda/ | ꦲꦼꦟ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦒ꧀ /əɳɖoɡ/ |
| Bear | bana /bana/ | balu /balu/ | ᱵᱟᱱᱟ /bana/ | kembud /kəmbud/ | makbil /makbil/ | bhaluk /bʱaluk/ | ꦧꦂꦮꦁ /barwaŋ/ |
| Horse | sadom /sadom/ | sadom /sadom/ | ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ /sadɔm/ | — | gora /ɡora/ | ghora /ɡʱoɾa/ | ꦏꦸꦢ /kuda/ |
| House | oraa /oraː/ | owaʼ /owaʔ/ | ᱳᱲᱟᱜ /oɽaːk/ | suʼuŋ /suʔuŋ/ | nok /nok/ | ghor /ɡʱoɾ/ | ꦈꦩꦃ /umah/ |
| Milk | toa /toa/ | towa /towa/ | ᱛᱳᱚ /toa/ | — | sok /sok/ | dudh /dudʱ/ | ꦱꦸꦱꦸ /susu/ |
| Honey | hurum suku /hurum suku/ | lele rasi /lele rasi/ | ᱧᱮᱞᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ /ɲele rasa/ | — | bija bitchi /bidʒa bitʃi/ | mou pani /mou pani/ | ꦩꦣꦸ /madu/ |
| Salt | bulung /buluŋ/ | bulung /buluŋ/ | ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ /buluŋ/ | basid /basid/ | kasim /kasim/ | nimok /nimok/ | ꦈꦪꦃ /ujah/ |
| Wine | bino /bino/ | — | ᱫᱟᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ /darkʰa rasa/ | — | angur bitchi /aŋɡur bittʃi/ | angur ros /aŋur ros/ | — |
| Rice | chauli /tʃauli/ | chauli /tʃauli/ | ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ /tʃawle/ | ronko /roŋko/ | mi /mi/ | — | ꦧꦿꦱ꧀ /bras/ |
| Iron | mered /meɽeɖ/ | meed /meːɖ/ | ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ /meɳhet/ | — | sil /sil/ | luha /luha/ | ꦮꦼꦱꦶ /wəsi/ |
| Wheel | cakka /tʃakka/ | cakka /tʃakka/ | ᱪᱚᱠ /tʃɔk/ | sakkaɖin /sakkaɖin/ | chakka /tʃakka/ | — | ꦕꦏꦿ /tʃakra/ |
| Silk | lumang /lumaŋ/ | — | ᱨᱮᱥᱚᱢ /resɔm/ | — | resom /resom/ | resham /reʃam/ | ꦱꦸꦠꦿ /sutra/ |
| Book | kitab /kitab/ | puti /puti/ | ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ /putʰi/ | — | ki·tap /kiʔtap/ | kitab /kitab/ | ꦥꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦏ /pustaka/ |
| Eat | jom /dʒom/ | jom /dʒom/ | ᱡᱳᱢ /dʒom/ | jum /dʒum/ | cha·a /tʃaʔa/ | kha /kʰa/ | ꦄꦩꦔꦤ꧀ /amaŋan/ |
| Drink | nu /nu/ | nu /nu/ | ᱧᱩ /ɲu/ | ga- /ɡa/ | ringa /riŋa/ | pi /pi/ | ꦄꦩꦶꦤꦸꦩ꧀ /aminum/ |
| Sleep | durum /durum/ | duum /duːm/ | ᱡᱟᱯᱤᱫ /dʒapid/ | dib-mʼad-da /dibmʔadda/ | tua /tua/ | ghum /ɡʱum/ | ꦠꦸꦫꦸ /turu/ |
| One | mid /mid/ | miyad /mijad/ | ᱢᱤᱫ /mit/ | aboy /aboj/ | sa /sa/ | ek /ek/ | ꦌꦏ /eka/ |
| Two | baria /barija/ | bariya /barija/ | ᱵᱟᱨ /bar/ | baguu /baɡuː/ | gni /ɡni/ | dui /dui/ | ꦫ꧀ꦮ /rwa/ |
| Three | apia /apija/ | apiya /apija/ | ᱯᱮ /pɛ/ | yagi /jaɡi/ | gittam /ɡittam/ | tin /tin/ | ꦠꦼꦭꦸ /təlu/ |
| Four | upunia /upunija/ | upunia /upunija/ | ᱯᱩᱱ /pun/ | unji /undʒi/ | bri /bri/ | char /tʃar/ | ꦥꦠ꧀ /pat/ |
| Five | morea /moɽea/ | mooya /moːja/ | ᱢᱚᱬᱮ /mɔɽɛ/ | monloy /monloj/ | bonga /boŋa/ | pans /pans/ | ꦭꦶꦩ /lima/ |
| Hundred | sae /sae/ | sao /sao/ | ᱥᱟᱭ /sae/ | — | ritcha /ritʃa/ | eksoh /eksoh/ | ꦱꦠꦸꦱ꧀ /satus/ |
| Hello | johar /dʒohar/ | johar /dʒohar/ | ᱡᱳᱦᱟᱨ /dʒohar/ | limtam /limtam/ | namaste /namaste/ | namaskar /namaskaɾ/ | ꦫꦲꦪꦸ /rahaju/ |
| Thank you | dhonyobad /dʱoɲobad/ | dhanybad /dʱaɲbad/ | ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱭᱚᱵᱟᱫ /dʱonjobad/ | surai /surai/ | mittela /mitːela/ | dhonyobad /dʱoɲobad/ | ꦤꦸꦮꦸꦤ꧀ /nuwun/ |
| Good | bugin /buɡin/ | bugin /buɡin/ | ᱵᱮᱥ /bes/ | bangsa /baŋsa/ | nama /nama/ | bhal /bʱal/ | ꦲꦪꦸ /haju/ |
| New | nawa /nawa/ | nama /nama/ | ᱱᱟᱣᱟ /nawa/ | tamme /tamme/ | gital /ɡital/ | notun /notun/ | ꦲꦚꦂ /haɲar/ |
| Red | arag /araʔ/ | jenga /dʒeŋɡa/ | ᱟᱨᱟᱜ /araɡ/ | jʼe /dʒʔe/ | gitchak /ɡittʃak/ | lal /lal/ | ꦄꦧꦁ /abaŋ/ |
| White | pundi /puɳɖi/ | pundi /puɳɖi/ | ᱯᱳᱱᱰ /ponɖ/ | palu /palu/ | gipbok /ɡipbok/ | boga /boɡa/ | ꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃ /putih/ |
| Black | hende /hende/ | hende /hende/ | ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ /hɛnde/ | jaga /dʒaɡa/ | gisim /ɡisim/ | kala /kala/ | ꦲꦶꦉꦁ /hirəŋ/ |
| Green | hariar /harijar/ | — | ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ /hərijəɽ/ | gən /ɡən/ | tangsek /taŋsek/ | hara /haɾa/ | ꦲꦶꦗꦺꦴ /hidʒo/ |
| Blue | lil /lil/ | — | ᱞᱤᱞ /lil/ | — | — | nila /nila/ | — |
| Tea | cha /tʃa/ | chaa /tʃaː/ | ᱪᱟ /tʃa/ | — | cha /tʃa/ | — | — |
| Sugar | chini /tʃini/ | chini /tʃini/ | ᱪᱤᱱᱤ /tʃini/ | — | chini /tʃini/ | chini /tʃini/ | — |
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