ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
Santali
Austroasiatic (Munda)
Santali (ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ, Santali; ISO 639-3: sat) is a North Munda language of the Austroasiatic family, spoken mainly in eastern and central India and by communities in Bangladesh and Nepal. India added Santali to the Eighth Schedule of its Constitution in 2003, recognizing the language rather than prescribing a single script. Pandit Raghunath Murmu created the 30-letter Ol Chiki script in 1925 specifically for Santali, but Santali is also written in Bengali, Devanagari, Odia, and Latin scripts according to region and institution. Its grammar marks inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns, has extensive verbal inflection, and commonly follows subject–object–verb order. Ol Chiki has become an important symbol of Santal identity and is widely used in education and publishing, but its legal or administrative status varies by jurisdiction.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Santali
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austroasiatic (Munda)
| Meaning | Santali | Mundari | Ho | Sora | Odia | Bengali | Maithili |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ᱫᱟᱜ /daʔ/ | daʼ /daʔ/ | daʼ /daʔ/ | daʼa /daʔa/ | ପାଣି /paːɳi/ | জল /dʒɔl/ | पानि /paːni/ |
| Fire | ᱥᱮᱝᱜᱮᱞ /seŋɡel/ | sengel /seŋɡel/ | sengel /seŋɡel/ | toʼoge /toʔoɡe/ | ନିଆଁ /niãː/ | আগুন /aɡun/ | आगि /aːɡi/ |
| Sun | ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤ /siŋɡi/ | singi /siŋɡi/ | singi /siŋɡi/ | uyung /ujuŋ/ | ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ /suːɾjɔ/ | সূর্য /ʃuɾdʒo/ | सूरज /suːrədʒ/ |
| Moon | ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ /tʃãndo/ | chandu /tʃandu/ | chanduʼ /tʃanɖuʔ/ | angai /aŋai/ | ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର /tʃɔndɾɔ/ | চাঁদ /tʃãd/ | चान /tʃaːn/ |
| Star | ᱤᱯᱤᱞ /ipil/ | ipil /ipil/ | ipil /ipil/ | tujtuj /tudʒtudʒ/ | ତାରା /taːɾaː/ | তারা /taɾa/ | तारा /taːraː/ |
| Night | ᱱᱤᱫᱟ /nida/ | nida /nida/ | nida /nida/ | togal /toɡal/ | ରାତି /raːti/ | রাত /rat/ | राति /raːti/ |
| Rain | ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ /dʒəɽi/ | gama /ɡama/ | gama /ɡama/ | gənúr /ɡənur/ | ବର୍ଷା /bɔrɔʃaː/ | বৃষ্টি /ˈbriʃʈi/ | बरखा /bərkʰaː/ |
| Snow | ᱦᱤᱢ /him/ | — | aril /aril/ | — | ବରଫ /bɔrɔpʰɔ/ | তুষার /tuʃar/ | बरफ /bərəf/ |
| Wind | ᱦᱚᱭ /hɔj/ | hoyo /hojo/ | hoyo /hojo/ | — | ପବନ /pɔbɔnɔ/ | বাতাস /bataʃ/ | हवा /ɦəʋaː/ |
| Earth | ᱚᱛ /ɔt/ | hasa /hasa/ | hasa /hasa/ | ləbó /ləbo/ | ମାଟି /maːʈi/ | মাটি /maʈi/ | माटी /maːʈiː/ |
| Stone | ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ /dʱiri/ | diri /diri/ | diri /diri/ | areng /areŋ/ | ପଥର /ˈpɔtʰɔɾɔ/ | পাথর /ˈpatʰor/ | पाथर /ˈpaːtʰər/ |
| Mountain | ᱵᱩᱨᱩ /buru/ | buru /buru/ | buru /buru/ | baru /baru/ | ପର୍ବତ /pɔrbɔtɔ/ | পাহাড় /paˈhaɽ/ | पहाड़ /pəɦaːɽ/ |
| Sea | ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ /dɔrja/ | samundar /samundar/ | doreya /doreja/ | — | ସମୁଦ୍ର /sɔmudɾɔ/ | সমুদ্র /ˈʃomudro/ | समुन्द्र /səmundər/ |
| Mother | ᱟᱭᱳ /ajo/ | ayo /ajo/ | ayu /aju/ | — /—/ | ମା /maː/ | মা /ma/ | माय /maːj/ |
| Father | ᱟᱯᱟᱹ /apə/ | apu /apu/ | apu /apu/ | waʼan /waʔan/ | ବାପା /baːpaː/ | বাবা /baba/ | बाबू /baːbuː/ |
| Daughter | ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ /hɔpɔn era/ | kuri hon /kuɽi hon/ | kui hon /kui hon/ | — | ଝିଅ /dʒʱiɔ/ | মেয়ে /mee/ | बेटी /beʈiː/ |
| I | ᱤᱧ /iɲ/ | aiñ /aiɲ/ | añ /aɲ/ | ɲen /ɲɛn/ | ମୁଁ /mũ/ | আমি /ami/ | हम /ɦəm/ |
| You | ᱟᱢ /am/ | am /am/ | am /am/ | am /am/ | ତୁମେ /tume/ | তুমি /tumi/ | तों /tõː/ |
| We | ᱟᱵᱚ / ᱟᱞᱮ /abo / ale/ | abu / ale /abu / ale/ | abu / ale /abu / ale/ | anlen /anlen/ | ଆମେ /ame/ | আমরা /amra/ | हम सभ /ɦəm səbʱ/ |
| Name | ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ /ɲutum/ | nutum /nutum/ | nutum /nutum/ | ɲum /ɲum/ | ନାମ /namɔ/ | নাম /nam/ | नाम /naːm/ |
| Person | ᱦᱚᱲ /hɔɽ/ | horo /hoɽo/ | ho /ho/ | mandra /mandra/ | ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି /bjɔkti/ | মানুষ /ˈmanuʃ/ | मानुस /maːnus/ |
| Head | ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ /bohoʔ/ | boʼ /boʔ/ | boʼ /boʔ/ | bʼob /bʔob/ | ମୁଣ୍ଡ /muɳɖɔ/ | মাথা /matʰa/ | मूड़ी /muːɽiː/ |
| Eye | ᱢᱮᱫ /met/ | med /med/ | med /meɖ/ | mʼod /mʔod/ | ଆଖି /aːkʰi/ | চোখ /tʃokʰ/ | आँखि /ãːkʰi/ |
| Ear | ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ /lutur/ | lutur /lutur/ | lutur /lutur/ | lʼud /lʔud/ | କାନ /kaːnɔ/ | কান /kan/ | कान /kaːn/ |
| Nose | ᱢᱩ /mũ/ | mu /mũ/ | — | mʼu /mʔu/ | ନାକ /naːkɔ/ | নাক /nak/ | नाक /naːk/ |
| Mouth | ᱢᱚᱪᱟ /mɔtʃa/ | moca /motʃa/ | aa /aː/ | tʼod /tʔod/ | ମୁଖ /mukʰɔ/ | মুখ /mukʰ/ | मुँह /mũːɦ/ |
| Tooth | ᱫᱟᱴᱟ /daʈa/ | data /data/ | data /daʈa/ | jiʼi /dʒiʔi/ | ଦାନ୍ତ /daːntɔ/ | দাঁত /dãt/ | दाँत /dãːt/ |
| Tongue | ᱟᱞᱟᱝ /alaŋ/ | leʼ /leʔ/ | leʼ /leʔ/ | alang /alaŋ/ | ଜିଭ /dʒibʱɔ/ | জিভ /dʒibʱ/ | जीह /dʒiːh/ |
| Hand | ᱛᱤ /tiː/ | ti /ti/ | ti /ti/ | si /si/ | ହାତ /haːtɔ/ | হাত /hat/ | हाथ /haːtʰ/ |
| Foot | ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ /dʒaŋɡa/ | kata /kata/ | kata /kata/ | jeng /dʒeŋ/ | ଗୋଡ଼ /ɡoɽɔ/ | পা /pa/ | गोड़ /ɡoːɽ/ |
| Heart | ᱢᱳᱱ /mon/ | jiu /dʒiu/ | jii /dʒiː/ | suʼun /suʔun/ | ହୃଦୟ /hɾudɔjɔ/ | হৃদয় /hɾidɔe̯/ | हृदय /hridəj/ |
| Bone | ᱡᱟᱝ /dʒaŋ/ | jang /dʒaŋ/ | jang /dʒaŋ/ | ayang /ajaŋ/ | ହାଡ଼ /haːɽɔ/ | হাড় /haɽ/ | हाड़ /haːɽ/ |
| Blood | ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ /majam/ | mayam /majam/ | mayom /majom/ | minyam /miɲam/ | ରକ୍ତ /rɔktɔ/ | রক্ত /rɔkto/ | खून /xuːn/ |
| Poop | ᱤᱡ /iʔ/ | iʼ /iʔ/ | iʼ /iʔ/ | — | ଗୁ /ɡu/ | হাগু /haɡu/ | टट्टी /ʈəʈːiː/ |
| Love | ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱲᱤ /dulaɽi/ | dularaa /dularaː/ | dulaiya /dulaija/ | adi /adi/ | ପ୍ରେମ /pɾemɔ/ | ভালোবাসা /bʱalobaʃa/ | प्रेम /preːm/ |
| Tree | ᱫᱟᱨᱮ /dare/ | daru /daru/ | daru /daru/ | ara /ara/ | ଗଛ /ɡɔtʃʰɔ/ | গাছ /ɡatʃʰ/ | गाछ /ɡaːtʃʰ/ |
| Dog | ᱥᱮᱛᱟ /seta/ | seta /seta/ | seta /seta/ | kinsod /kinsod/ | କୁକୁର /kukuɾɔ/ | কুকুর /kukuɾ/ | कुकुर /kukur/ |
| Cat | ᱯᱩᱥᱤ /pusi/ | pusi /pusi/ | bile /bile/ | biri /biri/ | ବିଲେଇ /bilei/ | বিড়াল /biɽal/ | बिलाइ /bilaːi/ |
| Fish | ᱦᱟᱠᱳ /hako/ | hai /hai/ | haku /haku/ | ayo /ajo/ | ମାଛ /maːtʃʰɔ/ | মাছ /matʃʰ/ | माछ /maːtʃʰ/ |
| Bird | ᱪᱮᱺᱬᱮᱹ /tʃẽɽeʔ/ | ore /oɽe/ | oe /oe/ | ontid /ontid/ | ପକ୍ଷୀ /pɔkːʰiː/ | পাখি /pakʰi/ | चिड़ै /tʃiɽɛː/ |
| Butterfly | ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ /pipiɽijɔŋ/ | — | pampal /pampal/ | — | ପ୍ରଜାପତି /pɾɔdʒaːpɔti/ | প্রজাপতি /prɔdʒapɔti/ | तितली /titliː/ |
| Egg | ᱵᱤᱞᱤ /bili/ | jarom /dʒarom/ | jarom /dʒarom/ | arre /arre/ | ଅଣ୍ଡା /ɔɳɖaː/ | ডিম /ɖim/ | अंडा /əɳɖa/ |
| Bear | ᱵᱟᱱᱟ /bana/ | bana /bana/ | balu /balu/ | kembud /kəmbud/ | ଭାଲୁ /bʱaːlu/ | ভালুক /bʱaluk/ | भालु /bʱaːlu/ |
| Horse | ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ /sadɔm/ | sadom /sadom/ | sadom /sadom/ | — | ଘୋଡ଼ା /ɡʱoɽaː/ | ঘোড়া /ɡʱoɽa/ | घोड़ा /ɡʱoɽaː/ |
| House | ᱳᱲᱟᱜ /oɽaːk/ | oraa /oraː/ | owaʼ /owaʔ/ | suʼuŋ /suʔuŋ/ | ଘର /ɡʱɔɾɔ/ | বাড়ি /baɽi/ | घर /ɡʱər/ |
| Milk | ᱛᱳᱚ /toa/ | toa /toa/ | towa /towa/ | — | ଦୁଧ /dudʱɔ/ | দুধ /dudʱ/ | दूध /duːdʱ/ |
| Honey | ᱧᱮᱞᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ /ɲele rasa/ | hurum suku /hurum suku/ | lele rasi /lele rasi/ | — | ମହୁ /mɔɦu/ | মধু /modʱu/ | मधु /mədʱu/ |
| Salt | ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ /buluŋ/ | bulung /buluŋ/ | bulung /buluŋ/ | basid /basid/ | ଲୁଣ /luɳɔ/ | নুন /nun/ | नून /nuːn/ |
| Wine | ᱫᱟᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ /darkʰa rasa/ | bino /bino/ | — | — | ମଦ /mɔdɔ/ | ওয়াইন /o̯ai̯n/ | शराब /ʃəraːb/ |
| Rice | ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ /tʃawle/ | chauli /tʃauli/ | chauli /tʃauli/ | ronko /roŋko/ | ଚାଉଳ /tʃauɭɔ/ | চাল /tʃal/ | चाउर /tʃaːur/ |
| Chocolate | ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ /tʃɔkleʈ/ | — | — | — | ଚକୋଲେଟ /tʃɔkoleʈɔ/ | চকোলেট /tʃokolɛʈ/ | चकलेट /tʃəkleʈ/ |
| Iron | ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ /meɳhet/ | mered /meɽeɖ/ | meed /meːɖ/ | — | ଲୁହା /luɦa/ | লোহা /loɦa/ | लोहा /loːɦaː/ |
| Wheel | ᱪᱚᱠ /tʃɔk/ | cakka /tʃakka/ | cakka /tʃakka/ | sakkaɖin /sakkaɖin/ | ଚକ /tʃɔkɔ/ | চাকা /tʃaka/ | पहिया /pəɦijaː/ |
| Silk | ᱨᱮᱥᱚᱢ /resɔm/ | lumang /lumaŋ/ | — | — | ପାଟ /paʈɔ/ | রেশম /ˈreʃom/ | रेशम /reːʃəm/ |
| Book | ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ /putʰi/ | kitab /kitab/ | puti /puti/ | — | ବହି /bɔhi/ | বই /boi/ | पोथी /potʰiː/ |
| Eat | ᱡᱳᱢ /dʒom/ | jom /dʒom/ | jom /dʒom/ | jum /dʒum/ | ଖାଇବା /kʰaːɪbaː/ | খাওয়া /kʰaoa/ | खाएब /kʰaːeb/ |
| Drink | ᱧᱩ /ɲu/ | nu /nu/ | nu /nu/ | ga- /ɡa/ | ପିଇବା /piːɪbaː/ | পান করা /pan kɔɾa/ | पीयब /piːjəb/ |
| Sleep | ᱡᱟᱯᱤᱫ /dʒapid/ | durum /durum/ | duum /duːm/ | dib-mʼad-da /dibmʔadda/ | ଶୋଇବା /ʃoibaː/ | ঘুমানো /ɡʱumano/ | सुतब /sutəb/ |
| One | ᱢᱤᱫ /mit/ | mid /mid/ | miyad /mijad/ | aboy /aboj/ | ଏକ /ekɔ/ | এক /ɛk/ | एक /eːk/ |
| Two | ᱵᱟᱨ /bar/ | baria /barija/ | bariya /barija/ | baguu /baɡuː/ | ଦୁଇ /dui/ | দুই /dui/ | दू /duː/ |
| Three | ᱯᱮ /pɛ/ | apia /apija/ | apiya /apija/ | yagi /jaɡi/ | ତିନି /tini/ | তিন /tin/ | तीन /tiːn/ |
| Four | ᱯᱩᱱ /pun/ | upunia /upunija/ | upunia /upunija/ | unji /undʒi/ | ଚାରି /tʃari/ | চার /tʃar/ | चारि /tʃaːri/ |
| Five | ᱢᱚᱬᱮ /mɔɽɛ/ | morea /moɽea/ | mooya /moːja/ | monloy /monloj/ | ପାଞ୍ଚ /pãːtʃɔ/ | পাঁচ /pãtʃ/ | पाँच /pãːtʃ/ |
| Hundred | ᱥᱟᱭ /sae/ | sae /sae/ | sao /sao/ | — | ଶହେ /ʃɔɦe/ | একশো /ɛkʃo/ | सै /sɛ/ |
| Hello | ᱡᱳᱦᱟᱨ /dʒohar/ | johar /dʒohar/ | johar /dʒohar/ | limtam /limtam/ | ନମସ୍କାର /nɔmɔskaːɾɔ/ | নমস্কার /nɔmɔʃkaɾ/ | प्रणाम /prəɳaːm/ |
| Thank you | ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱭᱚᱵᱟᱫ /dʱonjobad/ | dhonyobad /dʱoɲobad/ | dhanybad /dʱaɲbad/ | surai /surai/ | ଧନ୍ୟବାଦ /dʱɔnjɔbaːdɔ/ | ধন্যবাদ /dʱonnobad/ | धन्यवाद /dʱənjəbaːd/ |
| Good | ᱵᱮᱥ /bes/ | bugin /buɡin/ | bugin /buɡin/ | bangsa /baŋsa/ | ଭଲ /bʱɔlɔ/ | ভালো /bʱalo/ | नीक /niːk/ |
| New | ᱱᱟᱣᱟ /nawa/ | nawa /nawa/ | nama /nama/ | tamme /tamme/ | ନୂଆ /nuːaː/ | নতুন /nɔtun/ | नव /nəʋ/ |
| Red | ᱟᱨᱟᱜ /araɡ/ | arag /araʔ/ | jenga /dʒeŋɡa/ | jʼe /dʒʔe/ | ନାଲି /naːli/ | লাল /lal/ | लाल /laːl/ |
| White | ᱯᱳᱱᱰ /ponɖ/ | pundi /puɳɖi/ | pundi /puɳɖi/ | palu /palu/ | ଧଳା /dʱɔɭa/ | সাদা /ʃada/ | उज्जर /udʒdʒər/ |
| Black | ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ /hɛnde/ | hende /hende/ | hende /hende/ | jaga /dʒaɡa/ | କଳା /kɔɭaː/ | কালো /kalo/ | करिया /kərijaː/ |
| Green | ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ /hərijəɽ/ | hariar /harijar/ | — | gən /ɡən/ | ସବୁଜ /sɔbudʒɔ/ | সবুজ /ʃobudʒ/ | हरियर /ɦərijər/ |
| Blue | ᱞᱤᱞ /lil/ | lil /lil/ | — | — | ନେଳି /neɭi/ | নীল /nil/ | नील /niːl/ |
| Cuckoo | ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱞ /kojel/ | — | — | — | କୋଇଲି /koili/ | কোকিল /kokil/ | कोइल /koil/ |
| Computer | ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ /kɔmpuʈɔr/ | — | — | — | କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର /kɔmpjuʈɔɾɔ/ | কম্পিউটার /kɔmpiu̯ʈaɾ/ | कम्प्युटर /kəmpjuʈər/ |
| Wi-Fi | ᱣᱟᱭᱯᱷᱟᱭ /wajpʰaj/ | — | — | — | ୱାଇ-ଫାଇ /waːipʰaːi/ | ওয়াই-ফাই /waːifaːi/ | — |
| Tea | ᱪᱟ /tʃa/ | cha /tʃa/ | chaa /tʃaː/ | — | ଚା /tʃaː/ | চা /tʃa/ | चाय /tʃaːj/ |
| Coffee | ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ /kɔpʰi/ | — | — | — | କଫି /kɔpʰi/ | কফি /kofi/ | कफी /kəpʰiː/ |
| Sugar | ᱪᱤᱱᱤ /tʃini/ | chini /tʃini/ | chini /tʃini/ | — | ଚିନି /tʃini/ | চিনি /tʃini/ | चिनी /tʃiniː/ |
| Ninety-nine | ᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱮ /are ɡel are/ | — | — | — | ଅନେଶତ /ɔneʃɔtɔ/ | নিরানব্বই /niranobːoi/ | निनान्नबे /ninaːnːəbe/ |
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