𒅴𒂠

Sumerian

Language isolate · historical / hidden variety

FamilyLanguage isolate SpeakersExtinct ScriptCuneiform CountriesAncient Sumer (southern Iraq) Official inSumerian city-states Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3sux

Sumerian (𒅴𒂠 eme-gir, "native tongue") is the oldest known written language (cuneiform attestations from c. 3100 BCE in Uruk), recorded for over three millennia in southern Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq). A language isolate with no proven genetic relationship to any other language. Sumerian gave humanity writing (cuneiform), the earliest known literature (Epic of Gilgamesh, c. 2100 BCE), the first law codes (Ur-Nammu c. 2050 BCE), school exercises, mathematics (sexagesimal system, basis of our 60-second/60-minute time and 360° circle), and astronomy. Even after dying as a spoken language by c. 2000 BCE (replaced by Akkadian), Sumerian remained the prestige scholarly and liturgical language of Mesopotamia until the 1st c. CE.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Sumerian

Water

𒀀

a

Fire

𒉈

izi

Sun

𒌓

utu

Moon

𒌗

itud

Star

𒀯

mul

Night

𒈪

ŋi

Rain

𒀀𒀭

ʃeɡ

Wind

𒆤

liːl

Earth

𒆠

ki

Stone

𒎎

na

Mountain

𒆳

kur

Sea

𒀀𒀊𒁀

aabba

Mother

𒂼

ama

Father

𒀊𒁀

abːa

Daughter

𒌉𒊩

dumu munus

I

𒂷

ŋe

You

𒍝𒂊

zae

We

𒈨𒂗𒉈𒂗

menden

Name

𒈬

mu

Person

𒇽

lu

Head

𒊕

saŋ

Eye

𒅆

iɡi

Ear

𒄑𒌆

ŋeʃtuɡ

Nose

𒅗

kiri

Tooth

𒍪

zu

Tongue

𒅴

eme

Hand

𒋗

ʃu

Foot

𒄊

ŋiri

Heart

𒊮

ʃa

Bone

𒄊𒉻𒁺

ŋiripadra

Blood

𒁁

uʃ

Poop

𒈝

lum

Love

𒆠𒀀𒄀

kiaŋ

Tree

𒄑

ŋeʃ

Dog

𒌨

ur

Cat

𒌓𒊬

ʃatur

Fish

𒄩

kuʔa

Bird

𒄷

muʃen

Egg

𒉭

nunuz

Horse

𒀲𒆳𒊏

sisi

House

𒂍

e

Milk

𒂵

ɡa

Honey

𒋭

lal

Salt

𒁵

mun

Wine

𒃾

ŋeʃtin

Iron

𒀭𒁇

anbar

Wheel

𒄑𒌢

ŋeʃumbin

Eat

𒅥

ɡu

Drink

𒅘

naŋ

Sleep

𒅇𒆪

uku

One

𒀸

diʃ

Two

𒈫

min

Three

𒐈

eʃ

Four

𒐉

limmu

Five

𒐊

ja

Hello

𒁲

silim

Thank you

—

—

Good

𒊩𒌆

siɡ

New

𒉋

ɡibil

Red

𒋛𒀀

siɡa

White

𒌓

babbar

Ninety-nine

𒐕𒌍𒑆

ŋeʃ uʃu ilimːu

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Language isolate

Meaning SumerianHurrianElamiteMonguorBodoTangkhul NagaMandaic
Water 𒀀 /a/ 𒅆𒂊 /ʃie/ 𒄭 /hi/ szu /stsu/ दै /dɯi/ ze /ze/ ࡌࡉࡀ /mia/
Fire 𒉈 /izi/ 𒋫𒌅 /tatu/ 𒉺𒅈 /par/ ghal /ʁal/ वाथार /watʰar/ mei /mei/ ࡍࡅࡓࡀ /nura/
Sun 𒌓 /utu/ 𒅆𒈨𒄀 /ʃimeɡi/ 𒀭𒈾𒄴𒄭𒌅 /nahhunte/ nara /ˈnɑrɑ/ सान /san/ nyithui /ɲitʰui/ ࡔࡀࡌࡔࡀ /ʃamʃa/
Moon 𒌗 /itud/ 𒆪𒋢𒄴 /kuʃuh/ — /—/ sara /sara/ अखाफोर /ɔkʰapʰɯr/ lai /lai/ ࡎࡉࡓࡀ /sira/
Star 𒀯 /mul/ 𒀯𒄭 /mulhi/ 𒀯 /mul/ — /—/ हाथोरखि /hatʰɯrkʰi/ sira /siraː/ ࡊࡅࡊࡁࡀ /ˈkukba/
Night 𒈪 /ŋi/ — /—/ 𒅆𒌓𒈠𒈾 /ʃiutmana/ suani /swani/ हरसि /harsi/ ngayashong /ŋajaʃoŋ/ ࡋࡉࡋࡉࡀ /lilja/
Rain 𒀀𒀭 /ʃeɡ/ — — huraa /xuraː/ अखा /ɔkʰa/ zingrot /ziŋrot/ —
Wind 𒆤 /liːl/ — — kii /kiː/ बार /bar/ masi /masi/ —
Page 1/8

Word order compared

Compare with major world languages

Sumerian
𒈠|ma 𒂍𒉡𒌦|e₂-nu-un 𒆠𒁀|ki-ba 𒂍𒌓|e₂-ud 𒆠|ki 𒁀𒊏|ba-ra 𒆠𒁀|ki-ba 𒊏|ra 𒁉|bi
I want to try on a suit I saw ‌in a shop across from the hotel
Ich möchte einen Anzug anprobieren den ich in einem Geschäft gegenüber vom Hotel gesehen habe
मैं होटल के सामने एक दुकान में देखा सूट को पहनकर देखना चाहता हूँ
私は ホテルの 向かいの お店 で 見た スーツを 試着 したいです
我 想 试穿 酒店 对面的 商店 里 看到的 那套西装
أنا أريد أن أجرب بدلة رأيتها في محل مقابل الفندق
Я хочу примерить костюм который я увидел в магазине напротив отеля

Compare with languages in the same classification

クアニ トイタ ノ ペカ ウェン パ タ ヌカラ アミプ キ ルスイ
Nik hotelaren aurreko dendan ikusi nuen trajea probatu nahi dut
Sumerian
𒈠|ma 𒂍𒉡𒌦|e₂-nu-un 𒆠𒁀|ki-ba 𒂍𒌓|e₂-ud 𒆠|ki 𒁀𒊏|ba-ra 𒆠𒁀|ki-ba 𒊏|ra 𒁉|bi

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