थुलुङ
Thulung
Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Kiranti, Western)
Thulung is a Western Kiranti Sino-Tibetan language of the Solu-Khumbu and adjoining districts of eastern Nepal. The Thulung Rai are one of the constituent ethnolinguistic groups of the Kiranti (Rai) macrocluster, which forms a major component of Nepal's indigenous (Adivasi-Janajati) population. Allen (1975) "Sketch of Thulung Grammar" was the first systematic linguistic study; Lahaussois (2002) is the modern reference. Distinguished by complex polypersonal verb agreement and rich grammatical evidentiality.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Thulung
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Kiranti, Western)
| Meaning | Thulung | Tshangla | Limbu | Mru | Sherpa | Newari | Garo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | कु /ku/ | ri /ɾi/ | ᤆᤫᤠ᤺ᤳ /tʃwaːt/ | o /ɔ/ | ཆུ /tɕʰu/ | लः /lʌ/ | chi· /tʃiʔ/ |
| Fire | मु /mu/ | mi /mi/ | ᤔᤡ /mi/ | mai /mɑɪ/ | མེ /me/ | मि /mi/ | wa·al /waʔal/ |
| Sun | नेप्सुङ /nepsuŋ/ | ngam /ŋam/ | ᤏᤠᤶ /nam/ | thum /tʰum/ | ཉི་མ /ɲima/ | सूर्य /surja/ | sal /sal/ |
| Moon | ख्लो़मु /kʰlɵmu/ | lanyingam /laɲiŋam/ | ᤗᤠᤒᤠ /laːba/ | la /lə/ | ཟླ་བ /dawa/ | तिमिला /timila/ | jajong /dʒadʒoŋ/ |
| Star | सोर्लुङ /sorluŋ/ | karma /kaɾma/ | ᤂᤣ᤺ᤶᤛᤡᤰᤐᤠ /kʰeːmsikpa/ | kɯr /kɯr/ | སྐར་མ /karma/ | नगु /nəɡu/ | a·ski /aʔski/ |
| Night | सिन्था /sintʰa/ | binang /binaŋ/ | ᤛᤧᤴᤍᤡᤰ /sɛndik/ | yak /jak/ | ནུབ /nup/ | चा /tsaː/ | wal /wal/ |
| Rain | व /wo/ | ngamsu /ŋamsu/ | ᤘᤠᤜᤡ᤺ᤳ /waːhiːt/ | — | ཆར་པ /tɕʰarwa/ | वा /waː/ | mikka /mikka/ |
| Snow | फोमु /pʰomu/ | phom /pʰom/ | ᤏᤠ᤺ᤱ /naːŋ/ | — | ཁ་བ /kʰawa/ | च्वापु /tswaːpu/ | borop /borop/ |
| Wind | ब्लोजु़ /blodzy/ | ridi /ɾidi/ | ᤛᤢᤖᤡᤳ /surit/ | — | རླུང /luŋ/ | फय् /pʰai/ | balwa /balwa/ |
| Earth | क्वा /kwa/ | sa /sa/ | ᤂᤠᤶ /kʰam/ | — | ས /sa/ | — | ha·a /haʔa/ |
| Stone | लुङ /luŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | ᤗᤢᤱ /luŋ/ | — | རྡོ /do/ | ल्वहं /lwahã/ | ro·ong /roʔoŋ/ |
| Sea | दिरिदिन /diridin/ | jamtsho /dʑamtsʰo/ | ᤘᤖ᤺ᤱ /waraːŋ/ | — | རྒྱ་མཚུ /ɡjamtsu/ | समुद्र /sʌmudrʌ/ | sagal /saɡal/ |
| Mother | माम /maːm/ | ama /ama/ | ᤀᤠᤶᤔᤠ /amma/ | au /əʔu/ | ཨ་མ /ama/ | मां /maː/ | ama /ama/ |
| Father | पाप /paːp/ | apa /apa/ | ᤀᤠᤶᤒᤠ /amba/ | pa /pə/ | ཨ་པ /apa/ | बौ /bau/ | apa /apa/ |
| Daughter | जौमो /dzaumo/ | zamin /zamin/ | — | — | བུ་མོ /bumo/ | म्ह्याय् /mʱjæː/ | demechik /demetʃik/ |
| I | गो /ɡo/ | jang /dʑaŋ/ | ᤀᤡᤱᤃᤠ᤹ /iŋɡaʔ/ | nga /ŋa/ | ང /ŋa/ | जि /dʑi/ | anga /aŋa/ |
| You | गन /ɡana/ | nan /nan/ | ᤂᤧᤏᤧ᤹ /kʰɛnɛʔ/ | nang /naŋ/ | ཁྱེད་རང /kʰeraŋ/ | छ /tʃʰa/ | na·a /naʔa/ |
| We | गुइ / गुकु /ɡui / ɡuku/ | ai /ai/ | ᤀᤠᤏᤡ᤹ / ᤀᤠᤏᤡᤃᤧ /aniʔ / aniɡɛ/ | — /—/ | བདག་པུ / ངིད་རང /dakpu / ɲiraŋ/ | झी / जिपिं /dʑʱiː / dʑipĩ/ | chinga / an·ching /tʃiŋa / anʔtʃiŋ/ |
| Name | नङ /nʌŋ/ | ming /miŋ/ | ᤔᤡᤱ /miŋ/ | ming /miŋ/ | མིང /miŋ/ | नां /nãː/ | bimung /bimuŋ/ |
| Person | मु़चु़ /mytsy/ | songo /soŋo/ | ᤔᤏᤠ /manaː/ | — | མི /mi/ | मनू /mʌnuː/ | mande /mande/ |
| Head | बुइ /bwi/ | sharang /ɕaɾaŋ/ | ᤌᤧᤃᤣ᤺ᤰ /tʰɛɡeːk/ | — | མགོའ /ɡoː/ | छ्यं /tʃʰjã/ | sko /sko/ |
| Eye | मिक्सी /miksi/ | ming /miŋ/ | ᤔᤡᤰ /mik/ | mik /mɪk/ | མིག /mik/ | मिखा /mikʰa/ | mikron /mikron/ |
| Ear | नोफ्ला /nopʰla/ | na /na/ | ᤏᤧᤰᤂᤥ᤹ /nɛkkʰoʔ/ | na /na/ | ཨ་མཆོག /amtɕʰok/ | न्हाय्पं /nʱæːpã/ | nachil /natʃil/ |
| Mouth | सि /si/ | nowang /nowaŋ/ | ᤔᤢᤖᤠ /muraː/ | — | ཁ /kʰa/ | म्हुतु /mʱutu/ | ku·sik /kuʔsik/ |
| Tooth | ली /li/ | sha /ɕa/ | ᤜᤠᤒᤥ᤹ /haboʔ/ | ha /ha/ | ས /sa/ | वा /wa/ | wagam /waɡam/ |
| Tongue | लेम /lem/ | le /le/ | ᤗᤧᤛᤥ᤺ᤵᤐᤠ /lɛsoːppa/ | lei /lei/ | ལྕེ་ལ /tɕelak/ | मे /me/ | sre /sre/ |
| Hand | ल्वा /lwa/ | gadang /ɡadaŋ/ | ᤜᤢᤰ /huk/ | bong /boŋ/ | ལག་པ /lakpa/ | ल्हाः /lʱaː/ | jak /dʒak/ |
| Foot | खेल /kʰel/ | bi /bi/ | ᤗᤠᤱ /laŋ/ | klong /kləŋ/ | རྐང་པ /kaŋba/ | तुति /tuti/ | ja·pa /dʒapa/ |
| Heart | सीक /siːk/ | thinglom /tʰiŋlom/ | ᤛᤡᤰᤗᤢᤱ /sikluŋ/ | tsak /tsʰɑk/ | སྙིང /ɲiŋ/ | नुगः /nuɡʌ/ | ka·tong /kaʔtoŋ/ |
| Bone | सेर /ser/ | khang /kʰaŋ/ | ᤕᤧ᤺ᤵᤐᤠ /jɛːppa/ | hut /hut/ | རུས་པ /rupa/ | क्वें /kwẽ/ | greng /ɡreŋ/ |
| Blood | सिसि /siːsi/ | yi /ji/ | ᤔᤠᤰᤂᤡ᤹ /makkʰiʔ/ | thi /tʰi/ | ཁྲག /ʈʂʰaʔ/ | हि /hi/ | an·chi /anʔtʃi/ |
| Poop | ख्लि /kʰli/ | khi /kʰi/ | — | — | སྐྱག་པ /kjakpa/ | खि /kʰi/ | ki·i /kiʔi/ |
| Love | रिखाम बे- /rikʰam be/ | phangpe /pʰaŋpe/ | ᤗᤢᤱᤔᤠ᤹ ᤋᤢᤰᤔᤠ /luŋmaʔ tukmaː/ | akiet /əkiɛt/ | བློ་ཆོ /lotɕʰo/ | मतिना /matinaː/ | ka·sa /kaʔsa/ |
| Tree | धक्सा /dʌksa/ | shing /ɕiŋ/ | ᤛᤡᤱᤒᤢᤱ /siŋbuŋ/ | tshing /tsʰɪŋ/ | སྡོང་པོ /dompo/ | सिमा /sima/ | bol /bol/ |
| Dog | ख्लेअ /kʰlea/ | khu /kʰu/ | ᤁᤥ᤺ᤳᤆᤥ /koːttʃo/ | takui /təkuɪ/ | ཁྱི /kʰi/ | खिचा /kʰitʃa/ | achak /atʃak/ |
| Cat | पुसी /pusi/ | danyi /daɲi/ | ᤐᤡᤛᤡ /pisi/ | tamin /təmɪn/ | བྱི་ལ /bila/ | भौंचा /bʱaũtʃa/ | menggo /meŋɡo/ |
| Fish | ङो /ŋoː/ | nga /ŋa/ | ᤅᤠ /ŋaː/ | nga /ŋa/ | ཉ /ɲa/ | ङा /ŋaː/ | na·tok /naʔtok/ |
| Bird | चक्पु /tsʌkpu/ | kha /kʰa/ | ᤐᤢᤛᤠ /pusaː/ | — | བྱ /tɕʰa/ | झंगः /dʑʱãɡʌ/ | do·o /doʔo/ |
| Egg | डि /ɖi/ | gotham /ɡotʰam/ | ᤘᤠᤎᤡ᤺ /waːdiː/ | — | བྱའི་མེན་ཏོག /tɕʰe mentok/ | खें /kʰẽː/ | do·chi /doʔtʃi/ |
| Bear | होमु /homu/ | omsha /omɕa/ | ᤔᤠ᤹᤺ᤕᤢᤒᤠ /maːʔjuba/ | — | དོམ /tʰom/ | माकःधुँ /maːkaːdʱũ/ | makbil /makbil/ |
| Horse | घोरा /ɡʱora/ | kurta /kuɾta/ | ᤀᤴ /an/ | — | རྟ /ta/ | सल /sələ/ | gora /ɡora/ |
| House | नेम /nem/ | phai /pʰai/ | ᤜᤡᤶ /him/ | khim /kʲɪm/ | ནང /naŋ/ | छें /tʃʰẽ/ | nok /nok/ |
| Milk | दु़दु़ /dydy/ | nu /nu/ | ᤏᤢ /nu/ | — | འོ་མ /oma/ | दुरु /duru/ | sok /sok/ |
| Honey | खुदो /kʰudo/ | — | ᤛᤰᤘᤠᤄᤢ /sakwaːɡu/ | — | སྦྲང /raŋ/ | कस्ति /kʌsti/ | bija bitchi /bidʒa bitʃi/ |
| Salt | यो /jo/ | incha /intɕʰa/ | ᤕᤢᤶ /jum/ | — | ཚྭ /tsʰa/ | चि /tʃi/ | kasim /kasim/ |
| Wine | अङ्गूरकु बिलाम /aŋɡurku bilam/ | — | ᤆᤧᤸᤗᤧᤰᤛᤣ᤹ ᤌᤡ᤺ /tʃɛllɛkseʔ tʰiː/ | — | — | दाखमद्य /daːkʰmʌdjʌ/ | angur bitchi /aŋɡur bittʃi/ |
| Rice | सोर /sor/ | — | — | — | འབྲའ /ɖʐaː/ | जाकि /dʒaːki/ | mi /mi/ |
| Iron | सेल /sel/ | per /peɾ/ | ᤑᤧᤴᤈᤣ᤹ /pʰɛndʒɛʔ/ | — | ལྕའ /tɕaː/ | नँ /nʌ̃/ | sil /sil/ |
| Silk | रेशम /resəm/ | — | — | — | — | रेसम /resʌm/ | resom /resom/ |
| Book | खाजेम /kʰadzem/ | pecha /petɕʰa/ | ᤛᤠᤵᤐᤴ /sappan/ | — | ཀི་ཏབ /kitap/ | सफू /sapʰuː/ | ki·tap /kiʔtap/ |
| Eat | पो- /po/ | zale /zale/ | ᤆᤠᤔᤠ /tʃaːmaː/ | tsa /tsɑ/ | ཟ /za/ | नये /naje/ | cha·a /tʃaʔa/ |
| Drink | डु- /ɖu/ | jame /dʑame/ | ᤌᤢᤱᤔᤠ /tʰuŋmaː/ | kham /kʰɑm/ | འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ | तये /taje/ | ringa /riŋa/ |
| Sleep | अम्स- /ʌms/ | yip /jip/ | ᤀᤡᤵᤔᤠ /ipmaː/ | — | ཉལ /ɲal/ | द्यने /djane/ | tua /tua/ |
| One | कोले /kole/ | thur /tʰuɾ/ | ᤌᤡᤰ /tʰik/ | lok /lɔk/ | ཅིག /tɕik/ | छ /tʃʰa/ | sa /sa/ |
| Two | नले /nʌle/ | nyiktsing /ɲiktsiŋ/ | ᤏᤧᤳᤇᤡ /nɛtɕːi/ | pəni /pəni/ | གཉིས /ɲi/ | निगु /niɡu/ | gni /ɡni/ |
| Three | सुले /sule/ | sam /sam/ | ᤛᤢᤶᤛᤡ /sumsi/ | sum /sum/ | གསུམ /sum/ | स्वं /swə̃/ | gittam /ɡittam/ |
| Four | ब्लले /blʌle/ | pshi /pɕi/ | ᤗᤡᤛᤡ /lisi/ | — | བཞི /ʑi/ | प्ये /pje/ | bri /bri/ |
| Five | ङोले /ŋole/ | nga /ŋa/ | ᤅᤠᤛᤡ /ŋaːsi/ | — | ལྔ /ŋa/ | ङा /ŋaː/ | bonga /boŋa/ |
| Hundred | को सङ /ko sʌŋ/ | gya /ɡʲa/ | ᤁᤡᤵ /kip/ | — | — | सछि /sʌtʃʰi/ | ritcha /ritʃa/ |
| Hello | नमस्ते /nəməste/ | kuzuzangpo /kuzuzaŋpo/ | ᤐᤣᤜᤢᤙᤣ /peːhuːje/ | namaskaro /nɑməskɑro/ | ཏ་ཤེས་ཏེ་ལེ /ʈʰaɕi tɕʰele/ | ज्वजलपा /dʒwadʒalpa/ | namaste /namaste/ |
| Thank you | धन्यवाद /dʱənjəbaːd/ | kadrinche /kaɖintɕʰe/ | ᤐᤡᤍᤠᤱ /pidaːŋ/ | dhanyabad /dʰənəbɑd/ | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ /tʰuktɕetɕʰe/ | सुभाय /subʱaj/ | mittela /mitːela/ |
| Good | जो़पा /dzɵpa/ | lekpu /lekpu/ | ᤏᤢᤒᤠ /nuba/ | — /—/ | ཡག་པོ /jakpo/ | बःलाः /bʌlaː/ | nama /nama/ |
| New | लाले /lale/ | singma /siŋma/ | ᤁᤢᤛᤱ /kusaŋ/ | — | གསམ་པ /samba/ | न्हू /nʱuː/ | gital /ɡital/ |
| Red | लालाम /lalam/ | tsalo /tsalo/ | ᤜᤧ᤺ᤳᤋᤠᤱᤒᤠ /hɛːttaŋba/ | ni /ni/ | མར་རུ /maru/ | ह्याउँ /hjãũ/ | gitchak /ɡittʃak/ |
| White | बुबुम /bubum/ | balingmu /baliŋmu/ | ᤑᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ /pʰadaŋba/ | — /—/ | དཀར་རུ /karu/ | तुयु /tuju/ | gipbok /ɡipbok/ |
| Black | केकेम /kekem/ | changlu /tɕʰaŋlu/ | ᤔᤠᤰᤋᤠᤱᤒᤠ /maktaŋba/ | — | ནག་པུ /nakpu/ | हाकु /haku/ | gisim /ɡisim/ |
| Green | गिगिम /ɡiɡim/ | jangkhu /dʑaŋkʰu/ | — | — | ལྗང་སྨུ /dʑaŋmu/ | वाउँ /wãũ/ | tangsek /taŋsek/ |
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