Tangkhul
Tangkhul Naga
Sino-Tibetan
Tangkhul Naga is one of the largest Naga languages, spoken by ~140,000 Tangkhul people in the Ukhrul District of Manipur, India, and the Somra Hills of Sagaing Region, Myanmar. The Tangkhul are part of the broader Naga ethnopolitical complex (~3M Nagas across NE India and Myanmar) but linguistically distinct: Tangkhulic is one of the most divergent groups within Naga linguistics, separated from other Naga and Kuki-Chin languages by significant grammatical and lexical differences. Tangkhul has classical Tibeto-Burman features (tonal, SOV, polypersonal verb morphology) but unique Tangkhulic phonological features. The London Missionary Society introduced Latin literacy in the early 20th century, and the New Testament was translated into Tangkhul (Pettigrew 1925).
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Tangkhul Naga
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Sino-Tibetan
| Meaning | Tangkhul Naga | Hakha Chin | Mizo | Meitei | Zeme Naga | Tshangla | Western Cham |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ze /ze/ | ti /ti/ | tui /tui/ | ꯏꯁꯤꯡ /isiŋ/ | hedui /hedui/ | ri /ɾi/ | ايا /ja/ |
| Fire | mei /mei/ | mei /mei/ | mei /mei/ | ꯃꯩ /mə́i/ | hemi /hemi/ | mi /mi/ | افوي /apuei/ |
| Sun | nyithui /ɲitʰui/ | ni /ni/ | ni /ni/ | ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ /numit/ | naimik /naimik/ | ngam /ŋam/ | أديتياء /aditiak/ |
| Moon | lai /lai/ | thla /tʰla/ | thla /tʰla/ | ꯊꯥ /tʰaː/ | hekeu /hekeu/ | lanyingam /laɲiŋam/ | بيلن /bilan/ |
| Star | sira /siraː/ | arfi /ʔarfi/ | arsi /arsi/ | ꯊꯋꯥꯟꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ /tʰəwanmitʃak/ | hegi /heɡi/ | karma /kaɾma/ | فتاۛء /patɨʔ/ |
| Night | ngayashong /ŋajaʃoŋ/ | zan /zan/ | zan /zan/ | ꯑꯍꯤꯡ /əhiŋ/ | muizeu /muizeu/ | binang /binaŋ/ | مالم /malam/ |
| Rain | zingrot /ziŋrot/ | ruah /rua/ | ruah /ruaʔ/ | ꯅꯣꯡ /noŋ/ | tingrui /tiŋrui/ | ngamsu /ŋamsu/ | — |
| Snow | horam /horam/ | hawhra /hawhra/ | vur /vur/ | ꯎꯟ /un/ | kebun /kebun/ | phom /pʰom/ | — |
| Wind | masi /masi/ | thli /tʰli/ | thli /tʰli/ | ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠ /nuŋsit/ | tingkai /tiŋkai/ | ridi /ɾidi/ | أڠين /aŋin/ |
| Earth | ngalei /ŋalei/ | vawlei /vawlei/ | lei /ˈlei̯/ | ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ /ləibak/ | kedei /kedei/ | sa /sa/ | تانه /tanah/ |
| Stone | ngalung /ŋaluŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | ꯅꯨꯡ /nuŋ/ | tingchu /tiŋtʃu/ | lung /luŋ/ | فتاو /patau/ |
| Mountain | kaphung /kapʰuŋ/ | tlang /tlaŋ/ | tlâng /tlaŋ/ | ꯆꯤꯡ /tʃíŋ/ | peloa /peloa/ | riwu /ɾiwu/ | — |
| Sea | ngayi /ŋaji/ | rili /rili/ | tuipui /tuipui/ | ꯏꯄꯥꯛ /ipak/ | sungkeling /suŋkeliŋ/ | jamtsho /dʑamtsʰo/ | — |
| Mother | ina /ina/ | nu /nu/ | nu /nu/ | ꯏꯃꯥ /ima/ | mipui /mipui/ | ama /ama/ | ماي /mai/ |
| Father | apa /apa/ | pa /pa/ | pa /pa/ | ꯏꯄꯥ /ipa/ | mipeu /mipeu/ | apa /apa/ | أمآ /amaː/ |
| Daughter | nawngalawu /nawŋalawu/ | fanu /fanu/ | fanu /fanu/ | ꯏꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ /itʃanupi/ | pena /pena/ | zamin /zamin/ | — |
| I | i /i/ | kei /kei/ | kei /kei/ | ꯑꯩ /əi/ | i /i/ | jang /dʑaŋ/ | كاو /kɔw/ |
| You | na /na/ | nang /naŋ/ | nang /naŋ/ | ꯅꯡ /nə́ŋ/ | nang /naŋ/ | nan /nan/ | هاۛ /hɨ/ |
| We | ithum /itʰum/ | kanmah /kanmaʔ/ | keini /keini/ | ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ /əikʰoi/ | anui /anui/ | ai /ai/ | دري /drej/ |
| Name | amin /amin/ | min /min/ | hming /hmiŋ/ | ꯃꯤꯡ /miŋ/ | heji /hedʒi/ | ming /miŋ/ | أڠن /aŋan/ |
| Head | kui /kui/ | lu /lu/ | lu /lu/ | ꯀꯣꯛ /kok/ | mipei /mipei/ | sharang /ɕaɾaŋ/ | — |
| Eye | mi /mi/ | mit /mit/ | mit /mit/ | ꯃꯤꯠ /mit/ | mik /mik/ | ming /miŋ/ | متا /mata/ |
| Ear | khana /kʰana/ | hna /hna/ | beng /beŋ/ | ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡ /nakoŋ/ | mikun /mikun/ | na /na/ | — |
| Nose | natang /nataŋ/ | hnar /hnar/ | hnar /hnar/ | ꯅꯥꯇꯣꯟ /naton/ | mineu /mineu/ | nawung /nawuŋ/ | — |
| Mouth | khamor /kʰamor/ | kaa /kaː/ | kâ /ka/ | ꯆꯤꯟ /tʃin/ | mimui /mimui/ | nowang /nowaŋ/ | — |
| Tooth | ha /ha/ | ha /ha/ | ha /ha/ | ꯌꯥ /ja/ | migeu /miɡeu/ | sha /ɕa/ | تڬي /taɡɛj/ |
| Tongue | male /male/ | lei /lei/ | lei /lei/ | ꯂꯩ /ləi/ | milei /milei/ | le /le/ | دله /dalah/ |
| Hand | pang /paŋ/ | kut /kut/ | kut /kut/ | ꯈꯨꯠ /kʰut/ | mipa /mipa/ | gadang /ɡadaŋ/ | تاڠين /taŋin/ |
| Foot | phei /pʰei/ | ke /ke/ | ke /ke/ | ꯈꯣꯡ /kʰoŋ/ | mipidei /mipidei/ | bi /bi/ | تاكاي /takai/ |
| Heart | mokyaba /mokjaba/ | lung /luŋ/ | thinlung /tʰinluŋ/ | ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯏ /tʰəmmoi/ | milung /miluŋ/ | thinglom /tʰiŋlom/ | هتاي /hatai/ |
| Bone | ara /ara/ | ruh /ruh/ | ruh /ruh/ | ꯁꯔꯨ /sə́ru/ | ra /ra/ | khang /kʰaŋ/ | تلڠ /talaŋ/ |
| Blood | ashi /aʃi/ | thi /tʰî/ | thisen /tʰiseːn/ | ꯏ /i/ | hejei /hedʒei/ | yi /ji/ | دره /darah/ |
| Poop | paai /paːi/ | ek /ʔek/ | êk /ek/ | ꯊꯤ /tʰi/ | — | khi /kʰi/ | — |
| Love | cha /tʃa/ | daw /daw/ | hmangaih /hmaŋai/ | ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯕ /nuŋsiba/ | hung /huŋ/ | phangpe /pʰaŋpe/ | ڬاوه /ɡauh/ |
| Tree | leiyik /leijik/ | thingkung /tʰiŋkuŋ/ | thingkung /tʰiŋkuŋ/ | ꯎ /u/ | hingbang /hiŋbaŋ/ | shing /ɕiŋ/ | كايو /kajuv/ |
| Dog | ui /ui/ | ui /ui/ | ui /ui/ | ꯍꯨꯏ /hui/ | hetei /hetei/ | khu /kʰu/ | أتحو /atʰuv/ |
| Cat | mibu /mibu/ | minu /minu/ | zawhte /zɔʔte/ | ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯡ /hə́udoŋ/ | ngngiaune /ŋːiaune/ | danyi /daɲi/ | ميٛو /meuv/ |
| Fish | khai /kʰai/ | nga /ŋà/ | sangha /saŋha/ | ꯉꯥ /ŋa/ | heka /heka/ | nga /ŋa/ | كان /kan/ |
| Bird | vanao /vanao/ | vate /vaʔteʔ/ | sava /sava/ | ꯎꯆꯦꯛ /utʃek/ | nruine /nruine/ | kha /kʰa/ | — |
| Butterfly | konghang /koŋhaŋ/ | pelep /pelep/ | phengphehlep /pʰeŋpʰehlep/ | ꯀꯨꯔꯥꯛ /kurak/ | timpiangbe /timpiaŋbe/ | phenphenma /pʰenpʰenma/ | — |
| Egg | harra /harra/ | arti /ʔarti/ | artui /artui/ | ꯌꯦꯔꯨꯝ /jerum/ | nruibum /nruibum/ | gotham /ɡotʰam/ | بوه /boh/ |
| Bear | singom /siŋom/ | vom /vom/ | savawm /savɔm/ | ꯁꯑꯣꯝ /səom/ | hegum /heɡum/ | omsha /omɕa/ | — |
| Horse | sigui /siɡui/ | rang /raŋ/ | sakawr /sakɔr/ | ꯁꯒꯣꯜ /səɡol/ | hekun /hekun/ | kurta /kuɾta/ | — |
| House | shim /ʃim/ | inn /in/ | in /in/ | ꯌꯨꯝ /jum/ | heki /heki/ | phai /pʰai/ | تحاڠ /tʰaŋ/ |
| Milk | seina /seinə/ | hnuk /hnuk/ | hnute tui /hnute tui/ | ꯁꯡꯒꯣꯝ /səŋɡom/ | tungdui /tuŋdui/ | nu /nu/ | — |
| Honey | khuira /kʰuira/ | khuaihliti /kʰuaihliti/ | khuaizu /kʰuaizu/ | ꯈꯣꯏꯍꯤ /kʰoihi/ | ngkuidi /ŋkuidi/ | — | — |
| Salt | machi /matʃi/ | ci /tsi/ | chi /tʃi/ | ꯊꯨꯝ /tʰum/ | nehai /nehai/ | incha /intɕʰa/ | — |
| Wine | drakhara /drakʰaːra/ | misur hang /misur haŋ/ | uain /uain/ | — | wain /wain/ | — | — |
| Rice | mawon /mawon/ | facang /fatsaŋ/ | buh /buh/ | ꯆꯦꯡ /tʃeŋ/ | hebi /hebi/ | — | — |
| Iron | mari /mari/ | thir /tʰir/ | thîr /tʰiːr/ | ꯌꯣꯠ /jot/ | hegei /heɡei/ | per /peɾ/ | — |
| Wheel | kangphei /kaŋpʰei/ | kekual /kekual/ | tawlailîr ke /tɔlailiːr ke/ | ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ /kaŋkʰoŋ/ | pigua /piɡua/ | — | — |
| Silk | kaprangku /kapraŋku/ | pu /pu/ | maimaw /maimɔ/ | ꯀꯕ꯭ꯔꯡ /kəbrəŋ/ | — | — | — |
| Book | lairik /lairik/ | cauk /tsauk/ | lehkhabu /leʔkʰabu/ | ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ /lairik/ | leisi /leisi/ | pecha /petɕʰa/ | — |
| Eat | ngui /ŋui/ | ei /ei/ | ei /ei/ | ꯆꯥꯕ /tʃaːba/ | teu /teu/ | zale /zale/ | هواء /huak/ |
| Drink | rai /rai/ | din /din/ | in /in/ | ꯊꯛꯄ /tʰəkpə/ | sak /sak/ | jame /dʑame/ | ماوم /maum/ |
| Sleep | pi /pi/ | it /ʔit/ | mut /mut/ | ꯇꯨꯝꯕ /túmbə/ | zei /zei/ | yip /jip/ | — |
| One | kha /kʰa/ | pakhat /pakʰat/ | pakhat /pakʰat/ | ꯑꯃ /əmə/ | kat /kat/ | thur /tʰuɾ/ | تحا /tʰa/ |
| Two | khani /kʰani/ | pahnih /pahniʔ/ | pahnih /pahniʔ/ | ꯑꯅꯤ /əni/ | kena /kena/ | nyiktsing /ɲiktsiŋ/ | ڎوا /ɗuə/ |
| Three | kathum /katʰum/ | pathum /patʰum/ | pathum /patʰum/ | ꯑꯍꯨꯝ /əhum/ | kechum /ketʃum/ | sam /sam/ | كلاو /klaw/ |
| Four | mati /məti/ | pali /pali/ | pali /pali/ | ꯃꯔꯤ /məri/ | medai /mədai/ | pshi /pɕi/ | — |
| Five | phanga /pʰəŋa/ | panga /paŋa/ | panga /paŋa/ | ꯃꯉꯥ /məŋaː/ | mengeu /meŋeu/ | nga /ŋa/ | لاماۛ /lamɨː/ |
| Hundred | shakha /ʃakʰə/ | za /za/ | za /za/ | ꯆꯥꯃ /tʃamə/ | heiket /heiket/ | gya /ɡʲa/ | — |
| Hello | hayau /hajau/ | na dam maw /na dam maw/ | chibai /tʃibai/ | ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯝꯖꯔꯤ /kʰurumdʒari/ | hangba /haŋba/ | kuzuzangpo /kuzuzaŋpo/ | سلام /salam/ |
| Thank you | ase /ase/ | ka lawm /ka lawm/ | ka lawm e /ka lɔːm e/ | ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯆꯔꯤ /tʰaːɡattʃari/ | kazi /kazi/ | kadrinche /kaɖintɕʰe/ | تريما كاسيه /tarima kasiʔ/ |
| Good | kahei /kahei/ | ṭha /ʈʰa/ | ṭha /tɾʰa/ | ꯑꯐꯕ /əpʰəbə/ | keibe /keibe/ | lekpu /lekpu/ | سيام /siam/ |
| New | kathar /katʰar/ | thar /tʰar/ | thar /tʰar/ | ꯑꯅꯧꯕ /ənəubə/ | karchibe /kartʃibe/ | singma /siŋma/ | باهاو /bahau/ |
| Red | kahunga /kahuŋa/ | sen /sen/ | sen /sen/ | ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ /əŋáŋbə/ | kegebe /keɡebe/ | tsalo /tsalo/ | ماۛرياه /mɨriah/ |
| White | kachar /katʃar/ | raang /raːŋ/ | vâr /var/ | ꯑꯉꯧꯕ /əŋəubə/ | kehabe /kehabe/ | balingmu /baliŋmu/ | — |
| Black | kachik /katʃik/ | dum /dum/ | dum /dum/ | ꯑꯃꯨꯕ /əmubə/ | ketikbe /ketikbe/ | changlu /tɕʰaŋlu/ | — |
| Green | khamateka /kʰamateka/ | hring /hriŋ/ | hring /hriŋ/ | ꯑꯁꯡꯕ /əsəŋbə/ | kanzaibe /kanzaibe/ | jangkhu /dʑaŋkʰu/ | — |
| Blue | khamaying /kʰamajiŋ/ | — | dumpâwl /dumpɔl/ | ꯍꯤꯒꯣꯛ /híɡok/ | kanzaibe /kanzaibe/ | jenglo /jeŋlo/ | — |
| Sugar | chini /tʃini/ | cini /tsini/ | chithlum /tʃitʰlum/ | ꯆꯤꯅꯤ /tʃini/ | — | — | — |
| Orange | komola /komola/ | theithu /tʰeitʰu/ | serthlum /sertʰlum/ | ꯀꯣꯝꯂꯥ /komla/ | — | — | — |
| Ninety-nine | hangchikoda chiko /haŋtʃikoda tʃiko/ | sawmkua le pakua /sɔmkua le pakua/ | sawmkua leh pakua /sɔmkua leʔ pakua/ | ꯃꯔꯤꯐꯨꯇꯔꯥꯃꯥꯄꯟ /məripʰutəraːmaːpən/ | riaksekui ze sekui /riaksekui ze sekui/ | — | — |
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