Terêna
Terena
Arawakan
Terena is an Arawakan language spoken by roughly 9,000–15,000 Terena people, chiefly in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, with smaller communities in São Paulo and Mato Grosso. Glottolog groups Terena with the closely related or historically named Kinikinao, Chané, and Guaná varieties, and assesses the language as threatened. Terena has active–stative alignment and flexible constituent order, with VOS commonly described as basic. It is written in a Latin-based orthography and is used in some community schools, publications, and religious materials. Most speakers are bilingual in Portuguese, and the strength of transmission varies between settlements, making locally led education and documentation important.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Terena
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Arawakan
| Meaning | Terena | Esperanto | Dante-era Italian | Corsican | Sicilian | Ido | Chavacano |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | úne /ˈune/ | akvo /ˈakvo/ | acqua /ˈakːwa/ | acqua /ˈakwa/ | acqua /ˈakkwa/ | aquo /ˈakwo/ | agua /ˈaɡwa/ |
| Fire | yúku /ˈjuku/ | fajro /ˈfajro/ | foco /ˈfɔko/ | focu /ˈfɔku/ | focu /ˈfɔku/ | fairo /faˈiro/ | fuego /ˈfweɡo/ |
| Sun | káxe /ˈkaʃe/ | suno /ˈsuno/ | sole /ˈsole/ | sole /ˈsɔle/ | suli /ˈsuli/ | suno /ˈsuno/ | sol /sol/ |
| Moon | kohê /koˈheː/ | luno /ˈluno/ | luna /ˈluna/ | luna /ˈluna/ | luna /ˈluna/ | luno /ˈluno/ | luna /ˈluna/ |
| Star | hékere /ˈhekeɾe/ | stelo /ˈstelo/ | stella /ˈstella/ | stella /ˈstella/ | stidda /ˈstɪɖːa/ | stelo /ˈstelo/ | estrellas /esˈtɾejas/ |
| Night | yóti /ˈjoti/ | nokto /ˈnokto/ | notte /ˈnotte/ | notte /ˈnɔtːe/ | notti /ˈnɔtti/ | nokto /ˈnokto/ | noche /ˈnotʃe/ |
| Rain | úko /ˈuko/ | pluvo /ˈpluvo/ | piova /ˈpjɔːva/ | pioggia /ˈpjɔdʒa/ | chiuvuta /kjuˈvuta/ | pluvo /ˈpluvo/ | ulan /uˈlan/ |
| Wind | ihunóvoti /ihuˈnowoti/ | vento /ˈvento/ | vento /ˈvɛnto/ | ventu /ˈventu/ | ventu /ˈvɛntu/ | vento /ˈvento/ | viento /ˈbjento/ |
| Earth | móte /ˈmote/ | tero /ˈtero/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ | tero /ˈtero/ | tierra /tjera/ |
| Stone | mopôi /moˈpoːi/ | ŝtono /ˈʃtono/ | pietra /ˈpjɛtra/ | petra /ˈpɛtra/ | petra /ˈpɛːtra/ | petro /ˈpetro/ | piedra /ˈpjedɾa/ |
| Mountain | mopôi /moˈpoːi/ | monto /ˈmonto/ | montagna /monˈtaɲɲa/ | muntagna /munˈtaɲɲa/ | muntagna /munˈtaɲɲa/ | monto /ˈmonto/ | monte /ˈmonte/ |
| Sea | mar /maɾ/ | maro /ˈmaro/ | mare /ˈmare/ | mare /ˈmare/ | mari /ˈmari/ | maro /ˈmaro/ | mar /maɾ/ |
| Mother | êno /ˈeːno/ | patrino /paˈtrino/ | madre /ˈmaːdre/ | mamma /ˈmamma/ | matri /ˈmatri/ | matro /ˈmatro/ | nana /ˈnana/ |
| Father | háʼa /ˈhaʔa/ | patro /ˈpatro/ | padre /ˈpaːdre/ | babbu /ˈbabːu/ | patri /ˈpatri/ | patro /ˈpatro/ | tata /ˈtata/ |
| Daughter | ihíne /iˈhine/ | filino /fiˈlino/ | figlia /ˈfiʎʎa/ | figliola /fiʎˈʎola/ | figghia /ˈfiɟɟa/ | filiino /filiˈino/ | hija /ˈixa/ |
| I | ûndi /ˈũːndi/ | mi /mi/ | io /ˈio/ | eiu /ˈɛju/ | iu /ju/ | me /me/ | yo /jo/ |
| You | îti /ˈiːti/ | vi /vi/ | tu /tu/ | tù /tu/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ |
| We | ûti /ˈuːti/ | ni /ni/ | noi /ˈnoi/ | noi /ˈnoi/ | nuàutri /nuˈawtri/ | ni /ni/ | kita / kame /kiˈta / kaˈme/ |
| Name | îha /ˈiːha/ | nomo /ˈnomo/ | nome /ˈnoːme/ | nome /ˈnome/ | nomu /ˈnɔmu/ | nomo /ˈnomo/ | nombre /ˈnombɾe/ |
| Person | xâne /ˈʃaːne/ | homo /ˈhomo/ | persona /perˈsona/ | persona /perˈsona/ | pirsuna /pirˈsuna/ | persono /perˈsono/ | gente /ˈhente/ |
| Head | tûti /ˈtuːti/ | kapo /ˈkapo/ | testa /ˈtɛsta/ | capu /ˈkapu/ | testa /ˈtɛsta/ | kapo /ˈkapo/ | cabeza /kaˈbesa/ |
| Eye | ûke /ˈuːke/ | okulo /oˈkulo/ | occhio /ˈɔkːjo/ | ochju /ˈɔcu/ | occhiu /ˈɔkkju/ | okulo /oˈkulo/ | ojos /ˈohos/ |
| Ear | kenôti /keˈnoːti/ | orelo /oˈrelo/ | orecchio /oˈrɛkkjo/ | arechja /aˈrɛca/ | aricchia /aˈrikkja/ | orelo /oˈrelo/ | orejas /oˈɾexas/ |
| Nose | kiri /kiɾi/ | nazo /ˈnazo/ | naso /ˈnaso/ | nasu /ˈnazu/ | nasu /ˈnaːsu/ | nazo /ˈnazo/ | nariz /naˈɾis/ |
| Mouth | pâho /ˈpaːho/ | buŝo /ˈbuʃo/ | bocca /ˈbokka/ | bocca /ˈbɔkka/ | vucca /ˈvukka/ | boko /ˈboko/ | boca /ˈboka/ |
| Tooth | ôe /ˈoːe/ | dento /ˈdento/ | dente /ˈdente/ | dente /ˈdɛnte/ | denti /ˈdɛnti/ | dento /ˈdento/ | diente /ˈdjente/ |
| Tongue | nêne /ˈneːne/ | lango /ˈlanɡo/ | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ | lingua /ˈlinɡwa/ | lango /ˈlaŋɡo/ | lengua /ˈleŋɡwa/ |
| Hand | vôʼu /ˈwoːʔu/ | mano /ˈmano/ | mano /ˈmano/ | manu /ˈmanu/ | manu /ˈmanu/ | manuo /ˈmanuo/ | mano /ˈmano/ |
| Foot | hêve /ˈheːve/ | piedo /piˈedo/ | piede /ˈpjɛde/ | pede /ˈpɛde/ | pedi /ˈpɛdi/ | pedo /ˈpedo/ | pies /pjes/ |
| Heart | omíxone /oˈmiʃone/ | koro /ˈkoro/ | core /ˈkɔre/ | core /ˈkɔre/ | cori /ˈkɔri/ | kordio /ˈkordio/ | corazon /koraˈson/ |
| Bone | ôpe /ˈoːpe/ | osto /ˈosto/ | osso /ˈɔsːo/ | ossu /ˈɔssu/ | ossu /ˈɔssu/ | osto /ˈosto/ | hueso /ˈweso/ |
| Blood | íti /ˈiti/ | sango /ˈsanɡo/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ | sangu /ˈsaŋɡu/ | sango /ˈsaŋɡo/ | sangre /ˈsaŋɡre/ |
| Love | ako omótova okóvo /ako oˈmotowa oˈkowo/ | amo /ˈamo/ | amore /aˈmore/ | amore /aˈmɔre/ | amuri /aˈmuri/ | amoro /aˈmoro/ | ama /ˈama/ |
| Tree | tikóti /tiˈkoti/ | arbo /ˈarbo/ | albero /ˈalbero/ | arburu /ˈarburu/ | àrbulu /ˈarbulu/ | arboro /arˈboro/ | palo /ˈpalo/ |
| Dog | tamúku /taˈmuku/ | hundo /ˈhundo/ | cane /ˈkane/ | cane /ˈkane/ | cani /ˈkani/ | hundo /ˈhundo/ | perro /ˈpeɾo/ |
| Cat | marakáya /maɾaˈkaja/ | kato /ˈkato/ | gatto /ˈɡatːo/ | ghjattu /ˈɟattu/ | jattu /ˈjattu/ | kato /ˈkato/ | gato /ˈɡato/ |
| Fish | hôe /ˈhoːe/ | fiŝo /ˈfiʃo/ | pesce /ˈpeʃʃe/ | pesciu /ˈpeʃu/ | pisci /ˈpiʃi/ | fisho /ˈfiʃo/ | pescao /pesˈkaw/ |
| Bird | hóʼopeno /ˈhoʔopeno/ | birdo /ˈbirdo/ | uccello /utˈtʃɛlːo/ | uccellu /utˈtʃɛllu/ | aceddu /aˈtʃɛɖːu/ | ucelo /uˈtselo/ | pajaro /paxaɾo/ |
| Butterfly | vaka vaka /waka waka/ | papilio /papiˈlio/ | farfalla /farˈfalla/ | farfalla /farˈfalla/ | parpagghiuni /parpaɟˈɟuni/ | papiliono /papiliˈono/ | mariposa /maɾiˈposa/ |
| Egg | kopútoe /koˈputoe/ | ovo /ˈovo/ | uovo /ˈwɔːvo/ | ovu /ˈɔvu/ | ovu /ˈɔvu/ | ovo /ˈovo/ | huevo /ˈweβo/ |
| Bear | úrsu /ˈuɾsu/ | urso /ˈurso/ | orso /ˈorso/ | orsu /ˈorsu/ | ursu /ˈursu/ | urso /ˈurso/ | oso /ˈoso/ |
| Horse | kámo /ˈkamo/ | ĉevalo /tʃeˈvalo/ | cavallo /kaˈvallo/ | cavallu /kaˈvallu/ | cavaddu /kaˈvaɖːu/ | kavalo /kaˈvalo/ | caballo /kaˈbajo/ |
| House | óvongu /ˈõwõŋɡu/ | domo /ˈdomo/ | casa /ˈkasa/ | casa /ˈkaza/ | casa /ˈkasa/ | domo /ˈdomo/ | casa /ˈkasa/ |
| Milk | leite /ˈlejte/ | lakto /ˈlakto/ | latte /ˈlatte/ | latte /ˈlatte/ | latti /ˈlatti/ | lakto /ˈlakto/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ |
| Honey | mópo /ˈmopo/ | mielo /miˈelo/ | miele /ˈmjɛːle/ | mele /ˈmɛle/ | meli /ˈmɛli/ | mielo /ˈmi̯elo/ | miel /mjel/ |
| Salt | yúki /ˈjuki/ | salo /ˈsalo/ | sale /ˈsale/ | sale /ˈsale/ | sali /ˈsali/ | salo /ˈsalo/ | sal /sal/ |
| Wine | víyum /ˈvĩjũ/ | vino /ˈvino/ | vino /ˈvino/ | vinu /ˈvinu/ | vinu /ˈvinu/ | vino /ˈvino/ | vino /ˈbino/ |
| Rice | nakaku /nakaku/ | rizo /ˈrizo/ | — | risu /ˈrizu/ | risu /ˈrizu/ | rizo /ˈrizo/ | arroz /aˈɾos/ |
| Iron | havâva /haˈwaːwa/ | fero /ˈfero/ | ferro /ˈfɛrro/ | ferru /ˈfɛrru/ | ferru /ˈfɛrru/ | fero /ˈfero/ | hierro /ˈjero/ |
| Silk | sêta /ˈseːta/ | silko /ˈsilko/ | — | seta /ˈseta/ | sita /ˈsita/ | silko /ˈsilko/ | seda /ˈseda/ |
| Book | koyuhópeti /kojuˈhopeti/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | libru /ˈlibru/ | libbru /ˈlibbru/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | libro /ˈlibro/ |
| Eat | níkoti /ˈnikoti/ | manĝi /ˈmandʒi/ | mangiare /manˈdʒare/ | manghjà /manˈɟa/ | manciari /manˈtʃari/ | manjar /manˈʒar/ | come /koˈme/ |
| Drink | énovoti /ˈenowoti/ | trinki /ˈtrinki/ | bevere /ˈbevere/ | beie /ˈbeje/ | vìviri /ˈviviri/ | drinkar /drinˈkar/ | toma /toˈma/ |
| Sleep | imókoti /iˈmokoti/ | dormi /ˈdormi/ | dormire /dorˈmire/ | durmì /durˈmi/ | dòrmiri /ˈdɔrmɪrɪ/ | dormar /dorˈmar/ | durmi /duɾmi/ |
| One | poéha /poˈeha/ | unu /ˈunu/ | uno /ˈuno/ | unu /ˈunu/ | unu /ˈunu/ | un /un/ | uno /ˈuno/ |
| Two | píʼa /ˈpiʔa/ | du /du/ | due /ˈduːe/ | dui /ˈdui/ | dui /ˈduɪ/ | du /du/ | dos /dos/ |
| Three | mopóʼa /moˈpoʔa/ | tri /tri/ | tre /tre/ | trè /trɛ/ | tri /tri/ | tri /tri/ | tres /tɾes/ |
| Four | koáturu /koˈatuɾu/ | kvar /kvar/ | quattro /ˈkwatːro/ | quattru /ˈkwatːru/ | quattru /ˈkwattru/ | quar /kwar/ | cuatro /ˈkwatɾo/ |
| Five | singu /siŋɡu/ | kvin /kvin/ | cinque /ˈtʃiŋkwe/ | cinque /ˈtʃiŋkwe/ | cincu /ˈtʃiŋku/ | kin /kin/ | cinco /ˈsiŋko/ |
| Hundred | póhuti séndu /ˈpohuti ˈsendu/ | cent /tsent/ | cento /ˈtʃɛnto/ | centu /ˈtʃɛntu/ | centu /ˈtʃɛntu/ | cent /tsent/ | cien /sjen/ |
| Hello | únati /ˈunati/ | saluton /saˈluton/ | salute /saˈlute/ | salute /saˈlute/ | salutamu /salutamu/ | saluto /saˈluto/ | buenas /ˈbwenas/ |
| Thank you | aínapo yákoe /aˈinapo ˈjakoe/ | dankon /ˈdankon/ | mercede /merˈtʃede/ | grazie /ˈɡratsje/ | grazii /ˈɡrattsii/ | danko /ˈdanko/ | gracias /ˈɡɾasjas/ |
| Good | únati /ˈunati/ | bona /ˈbona/ | buono /ˈbwɔno/ | bonu /ˈbɔnu/ | bonu /ˈbɔnu/ | bona /ˈbona/ | bueno /ˈbweno/ |
| New | inámati /iˈnamati/ | nova /ˈnova/ | novo /ˈnɔvo/ | novu /ˈnɔvu/ | novu /ˈnɔvu/ | nova /ˈnova/ | nuevo /ˈnwebo/ |
| Red | hararáʼiti /haɾaˈɾaʔiti/ | ruĝa /ˈrudʒa/ | rosso /ˈrosso/ | rossu /ˈrossu/ | russu /ˈrussu/ | reda /ˈreda/ | colorao /koloˈɾaw/ |
| White | hopúʼiti /hoˈpuʔiti/ | blanka /ˈblanka/ | bianco /ˈbjaŋko/ | biancu /ˈbjaŋku/ | biancu /ˈbjaŋku/ | blanka /ˈblanka/ | blanco /ˈblaŋko/ |
| Black | haháʼiti /haˈhaʔiti/ | nigra /ˈniɡra/ | nero /ˈnero/ | neru /ˈneru/ | nìuru /ˈniuru/ | nigra /ˈniɡra/ | negro /ˈneɡro/ |
| Green | hononoʼiti /hononoʔiti/ | verda /ˈverda/ | verde /ˈverde/ | verde /ˈverde/ | virdi /ˈvɪrdɪ/ | verda /ˈverda/ | verde /ˈberde/ |
| Blue | hononoʼiti /hononoʔiti/ | blua /ˈblua/ | — | turchinu /turˈkinu/ | azzolu /adˈdzɔlu/ | blua /ˈblua/ | azul /aˈsul/ |
| Tea | xa /ʃa/ | teo /ˈteo/ | — | tè /tɛ/ | tè /tɛ/ | teo /ˈteo/ | cha /tʃa/ |
| Coffee | káfe /ˈkafe/ | kafo /ˈkafo/ | — | caffè /kafˈfɛ/ | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | kafeo /kaˈfeo/ | cafe /kaˈfe/ |
| Sugar | axúka /aˈʃuka/ | sukero /suˈkero/ | — | zuccheru /ˈdzukkeru/ | zuccuru /ˈtsukkuru/ | sukro /ˈsukro/ | azucar /aˈsukar/ |
| Orange | naranga /naɾaŋɡa/ | oranĝo /oˈrandʒo/ | arancia /aˈrantʃa/ | aranciu /aˈrantʃu/ | aranciu /aˈrantʃu/ | oranjo /oˈranʒo/ | — |
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