Makasae
trans-Nuova Guinea (timor-alor-pantar, Eastern Timor)
Il makasae è la lingua papuana (non austronesiana) più parlata a ovest della Nuova Guinea continentale, con circa 100.000 parlanti nei comuni di Baucau e Viqueque, nella parte orientale di Timor Est. Appartiene al ramo timor-orientale della famiglia timor-alor-pantar (trans-neoguineana), ed è la più vicina al makalero (con cui forma una catena dialettale), poi al fataluku e all'oirata. Il makasae è fortemente isolante, con ordine delle parole SOV, e contiene un consistente strato di prestiti austronesiani dal tetum e dalle lingue kawaimina.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in makasae
Fonti
- Huber, J. (2008) First Steps Towards a Reference Grammar of Makasae: A Language of East Timor. LINCOM Studies in Austronesian Linguistics 195.
- Brotherson, A. (2003) A Spatial Odyssey: Referring to Space in Makasae. MA thesis, Leiden Univ.
- Stokhof, W. A. L. (1975) Preliminary notes on the Oirata language. Pacific Linguistics B-43.
- Schapper, A. (ed.) (2017) The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar, Vol. 2. De Gruyter Mouton.
- Glottolog: Makasae
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: trans-Nuova Guinea (timor-alor-pantar, Eastern Timor)
| Significato | Makasae | Dyirbal | Malese antico | Kavalan | Wiradjuri | Malese papuano | Etrusco |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | ira /ˈira/ | bana /ˈbana/ | air /air/ | zanum /zaˈnum/ | galing /ˈɡaliŋ/ | air /aer/ | neri /ˈneri/ |
| Fuoco | ata /ˈata/ | buni /ˈbuni/ | api /api/ | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | wiiny /wiːɲ/ | api /ˈapi/ | verse /ˈwerse/ |
| Sole | watu /ˈwatu/ | garri /ˈɡari/ | matari /matari/ | siban /siˈban/ | yiray /ˈjiɻaj/ | matahari /mataˈhari/ | usil /ˈuzil/ |
| Luna | uru /ˈuru/ | gagara /ɡaˈɡara/ | bulan /bulan/ | buran /buˈran/ | giwang /ˈɡiwaŋ/ | bulan /ˈbulan/ | tiur /ˈtiur/ |
| Stella | lekiluru /lekiluru/ | gijiny /ɡiɟiɲ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bituqan /bituqan/ | giralang /ˈɡiɻalaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Notte | maagamu /maaɡamu/ | jagun /ɟaɡun/ | malam /malam/ | qabi /ʁabiʔ/ | ngurung /ˈŋuruŋ/ | malam /malam/ | — /—/ |
| Pioggia | ae /ae/ | gambal /ˈɡambal/ | — | uzan /uˈzan/ | — | ujan /udʒan/ | — |
| Vento | gawa /ˈɡawa/ | gulubu /ˈɡulubu/ | — | bari /baˈri/ | girrarr /ˈɡirar/ | angin /aŋin/ | — |
| Terra | maa /maa/ | jaju /ˈɟaɟu/ | — | melanay /məɾaˈnaj/ | dhaagun /ˈd̪aːɡun/ | tana /tana/ | cel /kel/ |
| Pietra | apa /ˈapa/ | diban /ɟiban/ | batu /batu/ | btu /btu/ | walang /ˈwalaŋ/ | batu /batu/ | tul /tul/ |
| Mare | meti /meti/ | — | — | lazing /laziŋ/ | — | laut /laut/ | — |
| Madre | ina /ˈina/ | yabu /ˈjabu/ | ibu /ibu/ | tina /ˈtina/ | gunhi /ˈɡun̪i/ | mama /ˈmama/ | ati /ˈati/ |
| Padre | baba /ˈbaba/ | nguma /ˈŋuma/ | bapa /bapa/ | tama /ˈtama/ | babiin /ˈbabiːn/ | bapa /ˈbapa/ | apa /ˈapa/ |
| Io | ani /ani/ | ngaja /ŋaɟa/ | aku /aku/ | aiku /aiku/ | ngadhu /ˈŋad̪u/ | sa /sa/ | mi /mi/ |
| Tu | ai /ai/ | nginda /ŋinda/ | kamu /kamu/ | aisu /aisu/ | ngindhu /ˈŋind̪u/ | ko /ko/ | — /—/ |
| Noi | fi / ini /fi / ini/ | ngana /ŋana/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | aita / aimi /aita / aimi/ | ngiyani /ŋiˈjani/ | kitorang /kitoraŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Nome | nai /nai/ | yidyi /jiɟi/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | nangan /naŋan/ | yuwin /ˈjuwin/ | nama /nama/ | — /—/ |
| Persona | anu /anu/ | — | — | lazat /lazat/ | gibirr /ˈɡibir/ | orang /oraŋ/ | — |
| Testa | dae /dae/ | — | — | uru /uʁu/ | balang /ˈbalaŋ/ | kepala /kepala/ | — |
| Occhio | nana /ˈnana/ | gayga /ˈɡajɡa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /maˈta/ | mil /mil/ | mata /ˈmata/ | — /—/ |
| Orecchio | walaku /waˈlaku/ | manga /ˈmaŋa/ | — | kayal /kajal/ | wuudha /ˈwuːd̪a/ | tlinga /tliŋa/ | — |
| Naso | murikai /murikai/ | guwu /ˈɡuwu/ | — | unung /unuŋ/ | muurruu /ˈmuːruː/ | idong /idoŋ/ | — |
| Bocca | turukai /turuˈkai/ | — | — | ngibiR /ŋibiʁ/ | ngayn /ŋajn/ | mulut /mulut/ | — |
| Dente | wasi /wasi/ | dirra /dira/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | bangraw /baŋʁau/ | yirrang /ˈjiraŋ/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | — /—/ |
| Lingua | ipi /ipi/ | jalnggulay /ɟalŋɡulaj/ | lidah /lidah/ | rilam /ʁilam/ | dhalayn /ˈd̪alajn/ | lida /lida/ | — /—/ |
| Mano | tana /ˈtana/ | mala /ˈmala/ | tangan /taŋan/ | rima /riˈma/ | marra /ˈmara/ | tangan /ˈtaŋan/ | — /—/ |
| Piede | iti /ˈiti/ | jina /ˈɟina/ | — | zapan /zaˈpan/ | dhinang /ˈd̪inaŋ/ | kaki /ˈkaki/ | — |
| Cuore | — /—/ | rulgu /ˈɻulɡu/ | hati /hati/ | anem /aˈnəm/ | giiny /ɡiːɲ/ | hati /ˈhati/ | — /—/ |
| Osso | sapa /ˈsapa/ | wurmbur /ˈwurmbur/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tiran /tiʁan/ | dhabal /ˈd̪abal/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Sangue | wai /wai/ | waguli /waɡuli/ | darah /darah/ | rinang /ʁinaŋ/ | guuwayn /ˈɡuːwajn/ | dara /dara/ | — /—/ |
| Amore | — /—/ | — /—/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | sayang /ˈsajaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Albero | ate /ˈate/ | yugu /ˈjuɡu/ | kayu /kaju/ | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | madhan /ˈmad̪an/ | pohon /ˈpohon/ | — /—/ |
| Cane | defa /ˈdɛfa/ | guda /ˈɡuda/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | wasu /waˈsu/ | mirri /ˈmiri/ | anjing /ˈandʒiŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Gatto | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | — /—/ | kucing /ˈkutʃiŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Pesce | seumeti /seumeti/ | jabu /ˈɟabu/ | ikan /ikan/ | baut /baut/ | guuya /ˈɡuːja/ | ikan /ˈikaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Uccello | asa /ˈasa/ | dundu /ˈdundu/ | burung /buruŋ/ | alam /aˈɬam/ | buujaan /ˈbuːɟaːn/ | burung /buruŋ/ | — |
| Uovo | waa /waa/ | bambu /bambu/ | — | tirur /tiʁuʁ/ | gabuuga /ˈɡabuːɡa/ | telor /telor/ | — |
| Casa | oma /ˈoma/ | mija /ˈmiɟa/ | rumah /rumah/ | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | ngurang /ˈŋuɻaŋ/ | ruma /ˈruma/ | — /—/ |
| Latte | amirae /amiˈrae/ | — | susu /susu/ | — | — | susu /susu/ | — |
| Sale | asi /ˈasi/ | — | garam /ɡaram/ | zemiyan /zəmijan/ | — | garam /ɡaram/ | — |
| Mangiare | nawa /ˈnawa/ | janggay /ˈɟaŋɡaj/ | makan /makan/ | quman /quˈman/ | dharra /ˈd̪ara/ | makan /ˈmakan/ | — /—/ |
| Bere | gehe /ˈɡɛhɛ/ | gunyjal /ˈɡuɲɟal/ | minum /minum/ | mimum /miˈmum/ | widyarra /ˈwiɟara/ | minum /ˈminum/ | — /—/ |
| Dormire | tae /tae/ | bungil /ˈbuŋil/ | tidur /tidur/ | mainep /maiˈnəp/ | — | tidor /tidor/ | — |
| Uno | u /ʔu/ | yunggul /ˈjuŋɡul/ | sa /sa/ | issa /ˈissa/ | ngumbaay /ˈŋumbaːj/ | satu /ˈsatu/ | thu /θu/ |
| Due | lolae /loˈlae/ | bulay /ˈbulaj/ | dua /dua/ | zusa /zusa/ | bula /ˈbula/ | dua /dua/ | zal /tsal/ |
| Tre | lolitu /lolitu/ | garbu /ɡaɻbu/ | tlu /tlu/ | turu /tuɾu/ | bula-ngumbaay /ˈbulaŋumbaːj/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | ci /ki/ |
| Quattro | loloha /loloha/ | — | mpat /əmpat/ | spat /spat/ | — | empat /empat/ | huth /huθ/ |
| Cinque | lima /lima/ | — | lima /lima/ | rima /riˈma/ | — | lima /lima/ | mach /max/ |
| Cento | rasa /rasa/ | — | ratus /ratus/ | Rasibu /ʁasibu/ | — | seratus /seratus/ | — |
| Ciao | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | yaama /ˈjaːma/ | halo /ˈhalo/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mandaang guwu /ˈmandaːŋ ˈɡuwu/ | trima kasi /ˈtrima ˈkasi/ | — /—/ |
| Buono | rau /rau/ | jigil /ˈɟiɡil/ | baik /baik/ | nngi /nŋi/ | marang /ˈmaɻaŋ/ | bae /ˈbae/ | — /—/ |
| Nuovo | supa /ˈsupa/ | gunyu /ˈɡuɲu/ | — | tasu /tasu/ | — | baru /baru/ | — |
| Rosso | imiri /imiri/ | gunggu /ɡuŋɡu/ | merah /merah/ | tebari /təbaʀi/ | girri-girri /ˈɡiriɡiri/ | mera /ˈmeɾa/ | — /—/ |
| Bianco | butiri /buˈtiri/ | — | putih /putih/ | busar /busaʀ/ | barrabarra /ˈbarabara/ | puti /puti/ | — |
| Nero | metana /metana/ | — | hitam /hitam/ | tengen /təŋən/ | buudhang /ˈbuːd̪aŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ | — |
| Verde | lumuru /lumuru/ | — | — | puli /puli/ | — | hijou /hidʒou/ | — |
| Blu | azul /azul/ | — | — | puli /puli/ | ngurrumirgang /ˈŋurumiɻɡaŋ/ | biru /ˈbiɾu/ | — |
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