Xitsonga
총가어
대서양-콩고(반투, 츠와-롱가)
총가어(Xitsonga)는 반투어 츠와-롱가 하위 어군의 언어로, 남아프리카 공화국 11개 공용어 중 하나이며 남부 모잠비크, 에스와티니, 짐바브웨에서도 널리 사용된다. 약 1,000만 명의 화자(남아공 Xitsonga와 모잠비크 Tsonga 변종 합산)가 있다. 휘파람 마찰음 /ʃʷ/ /ʒʷ/(언어 간 드문 특징)와 반투어에 보이는 드문 순치 탄음 /ⱱ/ 중 하나로 유명하다. 18개의 명사 부류와 광범위한 일치를 가진다. 20세기에 B. K. M. 음톰베니 등 시인의 활동으로 총가 문학이 번성했고, 성경 번역은 1907년에 완성되었다.
사용 지역
총가어의 핵심 단어 87개
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같은 분류의 언어와 비교: 대서양-콩고(반투, 츠와-롱가)
| 뜻 | 총가어 | 로지어 | 남부 은데벨레어 | 벤다어 | 스와지어 | 북부 응데벨레어 | 마니카어 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 물 | mati /mati/ | mezi /mezi/ | amanzi /amanzi/ | maḓi /mad̪i/ | emanti /emanti/ | amanzi /amanzi/ | mvura /mvuɾa/ |
| 불 | ndzilo /ndzilo/ | mulilo /mulilo/ | umlilo /umlilo/ | mulilo /mulilo/ | umlilo /umlilo/ | umlilo /umlilo/ | moto /moto/ |
| 해 | dyambu /dʒambu/ | lizazi /lizazi/ | ilanga /ilaŋɡa/ | ḓuvha /d̪uvʱa/ | lilanga /lilaŋɡa/ | ilanga /ilaŋɡa/ | zuva /zuva/ |
| 달 | nʼweti /ŋweti/ | kweli /kweli/ | inyezi /iɲezi/ | ṅwedzi /ŋwedzi/ | inyanga /iɲaŋɡa/ | inyanga /iɲaŋɡa/ | mwedzi /mwedzi/ |
| 별 | nyeleti /ɲeleti/ | naleli /naleli/ | ikwekwezi /ikʷekʷezi/ | ṋaledzi /n̪aledzi/ | inkhanyeti /iŋkʰaɲeti/ | inkanyezi /iŋkaɲezi/ | nyeredzi /ɲeredzi/ |
| 밤 | vusiku /vusiku/ | busihu /busihu/ | ubusuku /uɓusuku/ | vhusiku /vʱusiku/ | busuku /ɓusuku/ | ubusuku /ubusuku/ | usiku /usiku/ |
| 비 | mpfula /ˈmpfula/ | pula /ˈpula/ | izulu /izulu/ | mvula /ˈmvula/ | imvula /imˈvula/ | imvula /imˈvula/ | mvura /mvura/ |
| 눈 | gamboko /ɡamboko/ | litwa /ˈlitwa/ | iliqhwa /iliǃʰwa/ | mahaḓa /mahad̪a/ | lichwa /liǀʰwa/ | iliqhwa /iliǃʰwa/ | — |
| 바람 | moya /moja/ | moya /moja/ | umoya /umoja/ | muya /muja/ | umoya /umoːja/ | umoya /umoːja/ | mhepo /mʰepo/ |
| 흙 | misava /misava/ | mubu /mubu/ | ihlabathi /iɬaɓatʰi/ | mavu /mavu/ | umhlabatsi /umɬaɓatsi/ | inhlabathi /inɬaɓaːtʰi/ | ivhu /iβu/ |
| 돌 | ribye /riˈbje/ | licwe /liˈtʃwe/ | ilitje /iˈlitʃe/ | tombo /tombo/ | litje /liˈtʃe/ | ilitshe /iliˈtʃe/ | ibwe /iɓwe/ |
| 산 | ntshava /ntsʰava/ | lilundu /lilundu/ | intaba /inˈtaːɓa/ | thavha /tʰavʱa/ | intsaba /intsaɓa/ | intaba /inˈtaːɓa/ | gomo /ɡomo/ |
| 바다 | lwandle /lwandɮe/ | liwate /liwate/ | ilwandle /ilwandɮe/ | lwanzhe /lwanʒe/ | lwandle /lwandɮe/ | ulwandle /ulwandɮe/ | gungwa /ɡuŋɡwa/ |
| 어머니 | manana /manana/ | ma /ma/ | umma /umma/ | mme /mːe/ | make /make/ | umama /umama/ | amai /amai/ |
| 아버지 | tatana /tatana/ | ndate /ndate/ | ubaba /uɓaɓa/ | khotsi /kʰotsi/ | babe /ɓaɓe/ | ubaba /uɓaɓa/ | baba /baba/ |
| 딸 | nʼwana wa xisati /ŋʷana wa ʃisati/ | mwana wa musizana /mwana wa musizana/ | indodakazi /indodakazi/ | ṅwananyana /ŋʷanaɲana/ | indvodzakati /indvodzakaːti/ | indodakazi /indodakazi/ | mukunda /mukunda/ |
| 나 | mina /mina/ | na /na/ | mina /mina/ | nṋe /n̪ːe/ | mine /míne/ | mina /mina/ | ini /ini/ |
| 너 | wena /wena/ | wena /wena/ | wena /wena/ | iwe /iwe/ | wena /wéna/ | wena /wena/ | iwe /iwe/ |
| 우리 | hina /hina/ | luna /luna/ | thina /tʰina/ | riṋe /rin̪e/ | tsine /tsíne/ | thina /tʰina/ | isu /isu/ |
| 이름 | vito /vito/ | libizo /libizo/ | ibizo /iɓizo/ | dzina /dzina/ | libito /liɓiːto/ | ibizo /ibizo/ | zita /zita/ |
| 사람 | munhu /munʱu/ | mutu /mutu/ | umuntu /umuntu/ | muthu /mutʰu/ | umuntfu /umuntfu/ | umuntu /umuntu/ | munhu /munʱu/ |
| 머리 | nhloko /nɬoko/ | toho /toho/ | ihloko /iɬoko/ | ṱhoho /t̪ʰoho/ | inhloko /inɬoko/ | ikhanda /iˈkʰanda/ | musoro /musoro/ |
| 눈 | tihlo /tiɬo/ | liito /liːto/ | ilihlo /iliɬo/ | iṱo /it̪o/ | liso /liso/ | ilihlo /iliɬo/ | ziso /ziso/ |
| 귀 | ndleve /ndɮeve/ | zebe /zebe/ | indlebe /indɮɛɓe/ | nḓevhe /n̪d̪evʱe/ | indlebe /indɮɛɓe/ | indlebe /indɮɛɓe/ | nzeve /nzeve/ |
| 코 | nhompfu /nʱompfu/ | ngo /ŋo/ | ipumulo /ipuˈmulo/ | ningo /niŋo/ | likhala /likʰala/ | ikhala /ikʰala/ | mhino /mʱino/ |
| 입 | nomu /nomu/ | mulomo /mulomo/ | umlomo /umˈlomo/ | mulomo /mulomo/ | umlomo /umlomo/ | umlomo /umˈlomo/ | muromo /muromo/ |
| 이 | tino /tino/ | liino /liːno/ | izinyo /iziɲo/ | iṋo /in̪o/ | litinyo /litiɲo/ | izinyo /iziɲo/ | zino /zino/ |
| 혀 | ririmi /ririmi/ | lulimi /lulimi/ | ilimu /ilimu/ | lulimi /lulimi/ | lulwimi /lulwimi/ | ulimi /ulimi/ | rurimi /rurimi/ |
| 손 | voko /voko/ | lizoho /lizoho/ | isandla /isandɮa/ | tshanḓa /tʃʰan̪d̪a/ | sandla /sandɮa/ | isandla /isandɮa/ | ruoko /ɾwoko/ |
| 발 | nenge /neŋɡe/ | lihutu /liˈhutu/ | inyawo /iɲawo/ | mulenzhe /mulenʒe/ | lunyawo /luɲawo/ | unyawo /uɲawo/ | — |
| 마음 | mbilu /mbilu/ | pilu /pilu/ | ihliziyo /iɬizijo/ | mbilu /mbilu/ | inhlitiyo /inɬitijo/ | inhliziyo /inɬizijo/ | mwoyo /mwojo/ |
| 뼈 | rhambu /rambu/ | sapo /sapo/ | ithambo /itʰambo/ | ḽirambo /l̪irambo/ | litsambo /litsambo/ | ithambo /itʰambo/ | godo /ɡodo/ |
| 피 | ngati /ŋɡati/ | mali /mali/ | iingazi /iːŋɡazi/ | malofha /maloɸa/ | ingati /iŋɡati/ | igazi /iɡazi/ | ropa /ropa/ |
| 사랑 | rirhandzu /riɾandzu/ | lilato /lilato/ | ithando /itʰando/ | lufuno /lufuno/ | lutsandvo /lutsandwo/ | uthando /utʰando/ | rudo /ɾudo/ |
| 나무 | nsinya /nsiɲa/ | kota /kota/ | umuthi /umutʰi/ | muri /muri/ | sihlahla /siɬaɬa/ | isihlahla /isiɬaɬa/ | muti /muti/ |
| 개 | mbyana /mbjana/ | nja /ndʒa/ | inja /indʒa/ | mmbwa /mːbwa/ | inja /indʒa/ | inja /indʒa/ | mbwa /mbwa/ |
| 고양이 | mangoyi /maŋɡoji/ | kaze /kaze/ | ikati /ikati/ | katse /katse/ | likati /likati/ | ikati /ikati/ | katsi /katsi/ |
| 물고기 | nhlampfi /nɬampfi/ | tapi /tapi/ | ihlambi /iɬambi/ | khovhe /kʰovʱe/ | inhlanti /iɬanti/ | inhlanzi /iɬanzi/ | hove /hove/ |
| 새 | xinyenyana /ʃiɲeˈɲana/ | nyunywani /ɲuɲwani/ | inyoni /iɲoni/ | tshiṋoni /tʃiˈn̪oni/ | inyoni /iɲoni/ | inyoni /iɲoni/ | shiri /ʃiri/ |
| 나비 | phapharhati /pʰapʰaˈrati/ | sipulumuki /sipulumuki/ | iviyaviyani /ivijavijani/ | tshisusu /tʃʰisusu/ | luvivane /luvivane/ | ivevane /iveˈvane/ | — |
| 달걀 | tandza /tandza/ | lii /liː/ | iqanda /iǃanda/ | gumba /ɡumba/ | licandza /liǀandza/ | iqanda /iǃanda/ | zai /zai/ |
| 곰 | bere /bere/ | bele /bele/ | ibhere /ibʱere/ | biara /biara/ | libhele /libʱele/ | ibhere /ibʱere/ | — |
| 말 | hanci /hantʃi/ | pizi /pizi/ | injomani /indʒoˈmani/ | bere /bere/ | lihhashi /liɦaʃi/ | ibhiza /iˈbiza/ | bhiza /biza/ |
| 집 | yindlu /jindɮu/ | ndu /ndu/ | indlu /indɮu/ | nnḓu /n̪d̪u/ | indlu /indɮu/ | indlu /indɮu/ | mhatso /mhatso/ |
| 우유 | masi /masi/ | mabisi /mabisi/ | ibisi /iˈɓisi/ | mafhi /maɸi/ | lubisi /luˈɓisi/ | uchago /uˈtʃaɡo/ | mukaka /mukaka/ |
| 꿀 | vulombe /vulombe/ | linosi /linosi/ | iliju /ilidʒu/ | mutoli /mutoli/ | luju /ludʒu/ | uluju /uludʒu/ | uchi /utʃi/ |
| 소금 | munyu /muɲu/ | lizwai /lizwai/ | itswayi /itswaji/ | muṋo /mun̪o/ | luswayi /luswaji/ | itswayi /itswaji/ | munyu /muɲu/ |
| 포도주 | vhinyo /viɲo/ | waine /waine/ | iwayini /iwaˈjini/ | waini /waini/ | liwayini /liwajini/ | iwayini /iwaˈjini/ | waini /waini/ |
| 쌀 | rhayisi /rajisi/ | laisi /laisi/ | ireyisi /irejisi/ | raisi /raisi/ | lilayisi /lilajisi/ | — | mupunga /mupuŋɡa/ |
| 초콜릿 | chokoleti /tʃokoleti/ | chocolate | chocolate | tshokoleti | i-chocolate | — | — |
| 철 | nsimbi /nsimbi/ | sipi /sipi/ | isimbi /iˈsimbi/ | tsimbi /tsimbi/ | insimbi /inˈsimbi/ | insimbi /inˈsimbi/ | simbi /simbi/ |
| 바퀴 | vhilwa /vilwa/ | liwili /liwili/ | ivili /iˈvili/ | mulinga /muliŋa/ | lisondvo /liˈsondvo/ | ivili /iˈvili/ | vhiri /βiri/ |
| 비단 | silika /silika/ | siliki /siliki/ | isilika /isiˈlika/ | siliga /siliɡa/ | silika /silika/ | isilika /isiˈlika/ | siriki /siriki/ |
| 책 | buku /buku/ | buka /buka/ | incwadi /iŋǀʷadi/ | bugu /buɡu/ | incwadzi /iŋǀʷadzi/ | incwadi /iŋǀʷadi/ | bhuku /buku/ |
| 먹다 | ku dya /ku dʒa/ | kuca /kutʃa/ | ukudla /ukuɮa/ | u ḽa /u l̪a/ | kudla /kuɮa/ | ukudla /ukuɮa/ | kudya /kudʒa/ |
| 마시다 | ku nwa /ku nwa/ | kunwa /kunwa/ | ukusela /ukusela/ | u nwa /u nwa/ | kunatsa /kunatsa/ | ukunatha /ukunatʰa/ | kumwa /kumwa/ |
| 자다 | ku etlela /ku eˈtɬela/ | kulobala /kulobala/ | ukulala /ukulala/ | u eḓela /u eˈd̪ela/ | kulala /kulala/ | ukulala /ukulala/ | rara /ˈraɾa/ |
| 하나 | rinʼwe /riŋwe/ | nyinwi /ɲiŋʷi/ | nye /ɲe/ | nthihi /ntʰihi/ | kunye /kuɲe/ | nye /ɲe/ | rimwe /ɾimwe/ |
| 둘 | mbirhi /mbiri/ | peli /peli/ | kubili /kuɓili/ | mbili /mbili/ | kubili /kuɓiːli/ | kubili /kubili/ | piri /piri/ |
| 셋 | nharhu /ɳaɾu/ | talu /talu/ | kuthathu /kutʰatʰu/ | tharu /tʰaru/ | kutsatfu /kutsʼatfu/ | kuthathu /kutʰatʰu/ | tatu /tatu/ |
| 넷 | mune /mune/ | ne /ne/ | kune /kunɛ/ | ṋa /n̪a/ | kune /kune/ | kune /kune/ | ina /ina/ |
| 다섯 | ntlhanu /ntɬʰanu/ | ketalizoho /ketalizoho/ | ihlanu /iɬanu/ | ṱhanu /t̪ʰanu/ | sihlanu /siɬaːnu/ | hlanu /ɬaːnu/ | shanu /ʃanu/ |
| 백 | dzana /dzana/ | mwanda /mwanda/ | ikhulu /iˈkʰulu/ | ḓana /d̪ana/ | likhulu /liˈkʰulu/ | ikhulu /iˈkʰulu/ | zana /zana/ |
| 안녕하세요 | avuxeni /avuʃeni/ | lumela /lumela/ | lotjhani /lotʃʰani/ | ndaa /ndaː/ | sawubona /sawuɓona/ | salibonani /saliɓonani/ | makadii /makadiː/ |
| 감사합니다 | inkomu /iŋkomu/ | nitumezi /nitumezi/ | ngiyathokoza /ŋijatʰokoza/ | ndo livhuwa /ndo livʱuwa/ | ngiyabonga /ŋijaɓoŋɡa/ | ngiyabonga /ŋijaɓoŋɡa/ | mazviita /mazviita/ |
| 좋은 | kahle /kaɬe/ | nde /nde/ | kuhle /kuɬe/ | zwavhuḓi /zwavʱud̪i/ | kuhle /kuɬe/ | kuhle /kuɬe/ | kunaka /kunaka/ |
| 새로운 | ntshwa /ntsʰwa/ | nca /ntʃa/ | tjha /tʃʰa/ | ntswa /ntswa/ | sha /ʃa/ | tsha /tʃʰa/ | itsva /itsva/ |
| 빨강 | tshwuka /tsʰwuka/ | fubelu /fubelu/ | bomvu /ɓoːmvu/ | tswuku /tswuku/ | bovu /ɓoːvu/ | bomvu /ɓoːmvu/ | tsvuku /tsvuku/ |
| 하양 | basa /ˈbasa/ | sweu /sweu/ | mhlophe /mɬɔpʰe/ | tshena /tsʰena/ | mhlophe /mɬɔpʰe/ | mhlophe /mɬɔpʰe/ | chena /tʃena/ |
| 검정 | ntima /ntima/ | nsu /nsu/ | nzima /nzima/ | ntswu /ntswu/ | mnyama /mɲaːma/ | mnyama /mɲaːma/ | tema /tema/ |
| 초록 | rihlaza /riɬaza/ | tala /tala/ | hlaza /ɬaːza/ | dala /dala/ | luhlata /luɬaːta/ | luhlaza /luɬaːza/ | — |
| 파랑 | rihlaza /riɬaza/ | tala /tala/ | hlaza /ɬaːza/ | lutombo /lutombo/ | luhlata /luɬaːta/ | luhlaza /luɬaːza/ | — |
| 뻐꾸기 | ngwafalantala /ŋʷafalanˈtala/ | — | — | — | phezukwemkhono /pʰɛzukwɛmˈkʰono/ | inkanku /iⁿˈkaŋku/ | — |
| 컴퓨터 | khompyuta /kʰompjuta/ | kompyuta /kompjuta/ | ikhomphyutha /ikʰompʰjutʰa/ | khomphyutha /kʰompʰjutʰa/ | i-computer | ikhompiyutha /ikʰompijutʰa/ | — |
| 와이파이 | Wi-Fi | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 차(茶) | tiya /tija/ | tii /tiː/ | itiye /iˈtije/ | tie /tie/ | litiya /litija/ | itiye /itije/ | — |
| 커피 | kofi /kofi/ | kofi /kofi/ | ikofi /ikofi/ | kofi /kofi/ | likhofi /likʰofi/ | ikhofi /ikʰofi/ | — |
| 설탕 | chukela /tʃukela/ | shuga /ʃuɡa/ | itjhukela /itʃʰukela/ | swigiri /swiɡiri/ | shukela /ʃukela/ | itshukela /itʃukela/ | — |
| 오렌지 | lamula /lamula/ | olenji /olendʒi/ | orentji /orentʃi/ | swiri | — | — | — |
| 99 | makume nkaye nkaye /makume ŋkaje ŋkaje/ | — | amatjhumi alithoba nethoba /amatʃʰumi alitʰoɓa netʰoɓa/ | — | emashumi layimfica nemfica /emaʃumi lajimfiǀa nemfiǀa/ | amatshumi aficamunwemunye lesificamunwemunye /amatʃumi afiǀamunwemunje lesifiǀamunwemunje/ | makumi mapfumbamwe namapfumbamwe /makumi mapfumbamwe namapfumbamwe/ |
| 도파민 | dopamine | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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